The aim of the work was to describe the biodiversity of model groups of organisms (vascular plants, epigeic beetles and small mammals) in six transect crossing the two year old high way situated close to the town Písek (South Bohemia). The different methods were used for studied groups (phytocenological mapping, pitfall traps and mousetraps). The results documented the possibility of all studied organisms for the quick recolonization of new biotopes beside of the high way.

The one of the dog use scope is explosive substances and booby traps searching. At present, when very often terrorist attacks or threats appear this usage is more and more often. To use the dog for this purpose means the dog has to be trained by means of complex training. In my thesis I have described the basic dog training and another training focused to special activities as the searching of explosive materials and mines is. I did not describe the all dogs basic exercises which the dog must handle safely because this theme is very extensive but only such excercise which I consider as important for explosive materials searching in practises. I have used available literature about dogs training and excercise, expert editorials and guidelines, my own experience with police dogs training and skilled knowledge from workshops and seminar meetings. I have created complex overview the dog preparing and the way of dog training for this special use. I have compared some methods for dogs training and way of excercise used in USA. By means of dogs special training and by means of their use we prevent extraordinary events and we preserve the human life doubtless. The thesis corresponds with another authors similar theses.

É apresentada neste trabalho a Técnica de Pulso Térmico com os aspectos teóricos envolvidos e a montagem do sistema experimental. A técnica é destinada à determinação do potencial de superfície, centróide de carga e carga total em filmes de polímeros. A técnica foi aplicada em conjunto com a de descarga termo estimulada em \"circuito-aberto\'\' ao estudo das propriedades de transporte e armazenamento de cargas em filmes de Teflon FEP (25?m) em diferentes situações: amostras virgens, tratadas termicamente, submetidas a radiação ultra violeta e amostras submetidas à descarga iônica a baixa pressão. Vários problemas foram levantados e alguns deles abordados segundo modelos teóricos simplificados na interpretação dos dados experimentais. / Theoretical experimental aspects of the Heat Pulse Technique (HPT) are presented. The applications were the measurements of surface potentials, charge centroid, and total charge of the film samples. No tentative was made to determinate the spatial distribution of the observed charges. The HPT was used as complement of TSC open circuits measurements in the study of conduction and polarization effects in 25?m Teflon FEP films for different initial conditions of the corona-charged samples: virgin samples, annealed, u.v. irradiated, and samples submitted to ionic glow discharge. Several problems were raised and some of them were treated using very simple theoretical models to interpret the experimental results.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho à verificar, por meio do uso de armadilhas coloridas do tipo pan traps de trÃs cores diferentes (azul, amarela e branca), no inÃcio, meio e fim do perÃodo de florescimento do cajueiro, o efeito da proximidade de fragmentos vegetais maiores e menores na diversidade, riqueza de espÃcies e na abundÃncia de abelhas encontradas em Ãreas de cajucultura no municÃpio de Horizonte, Estado do Cearà durante dois anos. O trabalho foi conduzido no perÃodo de julho de 2011 a junho de 2013. As coletas de abelhas foram realizadas em cinco Ãreas, usando Ãgua com detergente para atrair as abelhas para as pan traps coloridas. Os resultados mostraram a riqueza de espÃcies e a abundÃncia de indivÃduos capturados nas pan traps variaram em funÃÃo da distÃncia e da presenÃa do grande e do pequeno fragmento vegetal, do ano e das Ãreas monitoradas. As mÃdias dos valores de riqueza total das Ãreas sem pequeno fragmento de vegetaÃÃo foram maiores que as com esses fragmentos. As Ãreas situadas a menos de 1 Km do grande fragmento de vegetaÃÃo apresentaram mais indivÃduos. A riqueza de abelhas nÃo sociais dentro do fragmento foi maior que nas distÃncias de 80 m, 160 m e 240 m do pequeno fragmento de vegetaÃÃo. Independente da Ãrea em que estavam instaladas, a pan trap azul se destacou com maior representatividade, seguida da amarela e do branco. A diversidade e a riqueza de espÃcies coletadas nas pan traps brancas foi maior, em seguida foi na azul e na amarela. O mÃtodo dos pan traps propicia conhecer as espÃcies de polinizadores potenciais que frequentam uma Ãrea agrÃcola e como variam em riqueza e abundÃncia no cultivo. A riqueza e abundÃncia de potenciais polinizadores do cajueiro dependem da proximidade de grandes fragmentos de vegetaÃÃo que funcionem como âreservatÃrios‟ dessas espÃcies para as Ãreas de cultivo. Hà um gradiente decrescente na diversidade de abelhas a partir da vegetaÃÃo nativa ao redor de plantios de cajueiro em direÃÃo ao interior do cultivo. PrÃticas amigÃveis aos polinizadores devem ser implementadas visando mitigar esse efeito.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious infectious disease and is increasing geographical expansion and urbanization. patterns of transmission of the disease are altered due to human actions. The dog is considered the main reservoir of the parasite. The development of the disease depends in part on the host immune system. Neutrophils are considered the first line of defense against pathogens and important agents in the control of LV. These cells have an additional mechanism to eliminate microorganisms that occur with the release of extracellular networks (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps -NETs). This work has two overall objectives, the first being an epidemiological study of LV in Sergipe and the second evaluation of NETs formation in human neutrophils and dogs with LV stimulated with L. infantum, so this thesis was divided into chapters, for better understanding. Epidemiological evaluation were used SINAN data and serosurveys canines Zoonosis Aracaju-SE. A descriptive analysis of the data and construction of distribution maps of disease was performed. Sergipe Aracaju and from 2008 to 2014 the incidence rate in humans with LV increased and the percentage of infected dogs has doubled in the capital. The percentage of cases positive for human VL by sex, according to the age of the patient group, showed that over 15 years the disease affects more males. The spatial distribution analysis allowed to view areas of the city with the highest concentration of human and canine VL. The neighborhoods located in poor areas or growing areas were those with the highest incidence of the disease in humans and dogs. The results show that presents endemicity for human and canine VL. In order to evaluate the formation of NETs were used human groups: Control; LV treated and positive DTH. The dogs were divided into control; Asymptomatic and symptomatic. Neutrophils were isolated from patients with LV University Hospital / UFS and dogs diagnosed with VT by Zoonoses were incubated with and without stimulation of parasite and NETs measures in the supernatant of the cultures after 90 minutes. The parasitic load determined after 24 and 48 hours of interaction with neutrophils treated by the limiting dilution technique. In the evaluation of NETs induction of human neutrophils and release dogs with LV greater amount of NETs when stimulated with L. infantum. When compared between the groups individuals positive DTH release fewer NETs stimulated or not with the parasite. At 24 and 48 hours LV treated subjects have a higher parasite load and showed positive DTH fewer parasite than the other groups tested. Dogs with LV release signals greater amount of NETs when stimulated with L. infantum and have higher parasitic load after 48 hours. It is observed that the release of NETs and control of parasitic load by neutrophils varies according to the clinical form of the LV, in humans and dogs. / A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma doença infecciosa grave e está em crescente expansão geográfica e urbanização. Os padrões de transmissão da doença são alterados devido às ações antrópicas. O cão é considerado o principal reservatório do parasito. O desenvolvimento da doença depende em parte do sistema imune do hospedeiro. Os neutrófilos são considerados a primeira linha de defesa do organismo contra agentes patogênicos e importantes no controle da LV. Estas células têm um mecanismo adicional para eliminar microorganismos que ocorre com a liberação de redes extracelulares (Neutrophil Extracelular Traps -NETs). Este trabalho teve dois objetivos gerais, sendo o primeiro um estudo epidemiológico da LV em Sergipe e o segundo a avaliação da formação de NETs em neutrófilos de humanos e cães com LV estimulados com L. infantum, assim essa tese foi dividida em capítulos, para melhor compreensão. Na avaliação epidemiológica foram utilizados dados do SINAN e inquéritos sorológicos caninos do Zoonoses de Aracaju-SE. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos dados e construção de mapas de distribuição da doença. Em Sergipe e Aracaju de 2008 a 2014 o coeficiente de incidência em humanos com LV aumentou e o percentual de cães infectados dobrou na capital. A porcentagem de casos positivos para LV humana por sexo, de acordo com a faixa etária do paciente, mostrou que acima de 15 anos a doença acomete mais o sexo masculino. A análise de distribuição espacial permitiu visualizar áreas da cidade com maior concentração de LV humana e canina. Os bairros situados em áreas com situação econômica desfavorável ou em zonas de expansão foram os que apresentaram maior incidência da doença em humanos e cães. Os resultados demonstram que apresenta caráter endêmico para a LV humana e canina. Com a finalidade de avaliar a formação de NETs foram utilizados grupos humanos: Controle; Tratados LV e DTH positivos. Os cães foram divididos em: Controle; Assintomáticos e sintomáticos. Foram isolados neutrófilos de pacientes com LV do Hospital Universitário/UFS e de cães diagnosticados com LV pelo Zoonoses foram incubadas, com e sem estímulo do parasito e NETs medidas no sobrenadante das culturas após 90 minutos. A Carga parasitária determinada após 24 e 48 horas de interação com neutrófilos tratados, através da técnica de diluição limitante. Na avaliação da indução de NETs, os neutrófilos de humanos e cães com LV liberam maior quantidade de NETs quando estimulados com L. infantum. Quando comparado entre os grupos indivíduos DTH positivos liberam menor quantidade de NETs estimulados ou não com o parasito. Em 24 e 48 horas indivíduos tratados com LV apresentam maior carga parasitária e os DTH positivos demonstraram menor quantidade do parasito do que os outros grupos testados. Os cães com sinais de LV liberam maior quantidade de NETs quando estimulados com L. infantum e apresentam maior carga parasitária após 48 horas. Observa-se que a liberação de NETs e o controle da carga parasitária através dos neutrófilos variam de acordo com a forma clínica da LV, em humanos e cães.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-11T15:29:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandredeassishudson.pdf: 3312659 bytes, checksum: 2e36fb5353979c001d54948c59f6852f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T15:46:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandredeassishudson.pdf: 3312659 bytes, checksum: 2e36fb5353979c001d54948c59f6852f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T15:46:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandredeassishudson.pdf: 3312659 bytes, checksum: 2e36fb5353979c001d54948c59f6852f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de ampliar os conhecimentos acerca da composição, ecologia, comportamento e distribuição das espécies de serpentes da Amazônia Central, especialmente da Estação Ecológica de Anavilhanas. Uma linha de armadilhas de interceptação com cerca guia, recipientes enterrados e funis foi montada no interior da unidade de conservação e também foram realizadas coletas por encontros ocasionais na floresta ombrófila densa de terra firme, dentro dos limites da reserva, e na sua área de entorno, no município de Novo Airão-AM. Com o objetivo de ampliar os conhecimentos acerca da ecologia comportamental das espécies, os diferentes comportamentos de defesa foram observados e fotografados. O método de coleta por armadilhas de funis se revelou como excelente alternativa para levantamentos de serpentes, permitindo uma verificação mais acurada da riqueza e abundância das espécies. Apresentou inúmeras vantagens em comparação ao método de recipientes enterrados, obtendo uma taxa de captura expressiva e acessando fauna distinta à coletada pelos métodos de procura visual e encontro ocasional. Em uma amostra de 108 serpentes coletadas pelo estudo foram identificadas 7 famílias com um total de 34 espécies. As espécies de serpentes mais abundantes obtidas na amostra do estudo foram Boa constrictor (16%), Bothrops atrox (15%), Atractus torquatus (7%), Erythrolamprus aesculapii (6%) e Leptodeira annulata (5%). Para comparação de similaridade com as faunas de serpentes de outros estudos em diferentes áreas da Amazônia e em outros biomas foi utilizado o cálculo dos coeficientes de semelhança biogeográfica. O gráfico da curva de acumulação de espécies não atingiu a assíntota, o que indica a necessidade de maiores estudos e coletas para se obter um inventário completo da região. Os resultados da presente pesquisa, aliados a análises acerca dos demais estudos realizados na região, que apresenta diversos ecossistemas distintos, indicam que a região da Amazônia Central, ainda muito pouco conhecida, pode ser uma das mais ricas regiões do mundo em espécies de serpentes. / The present study was carried out aiming to broaden the knowledge about the composition, ecology, behavior and distribution of snake species from Central Amazon, mainly those from Anavilhanas Ecological Station. A line of interception traps with guide fence, pitfall and funnels traps was put up inside the conservation unit. We also collected specimens by occasional finding in dense ombrophilous forest of dry land ecosystem inside the reserve and its surrounding area, in the municipality of Novo Airão, Amazonas State, Brazil. In order to contribute with the study of the species' behavioral ecology, we observed and photographed these species' different defense behavior. The collection method with funnel traps proved to be an excellent alternative for snakes surveys, allowing more accurate verification of species richness and abundance. It has several advantages in comparison with the pitfall trap method, with an expressive capture rate and access to fauna that is distinct from visual search and occasional finding methods. In a sample of 108 snakes collected, we identified seven families totaling 34 species. The most abundant sampled snake species were Boa constrictor (16%), Bothrops atrox (15%), Atractus torquatus (7%), Erythrolamprus aesculapii (6%) and Leptodeira annulata (5%). We calculated the biogeographical resemblance coefficients in order to compare the similarity to other snake fauna studies and to other biomes. The species accumulation curve did not reach the asymptote. This indicates the need for further studies and collections in order to obtain a complete inventory of the region. The results of our study, together with analyses of other studies carried out on the region, which includes various distinct ecosystems, indicate that the Central Amazon, an almost unknown region, may be one of the richest regions of the world in snake species.

L'intérêt des matériaux scintillateurs est la conversion de rayonnements de hautes énergies (particule γ, particules α, électrons,...) en photons de basse énergie détectables par les photo-détecteurs habituels. Ils sont utilisés dans de nombreuses applications : recherche en physique des hautes énergies, spectrométrie gamma pour la recherche ou la radio-protection, imagerie médicale ou technique, ainsi que pour la sécurité intérieure. Les propriétés de scintillation de ce type de matériau sont dépendantes de l'historique d'irradiation. Ce comportement, appelé effets mémoire, influe directement sur les performances des instruments utilisant ces matériaux. Trois effets mémoire différents peuvent être distingués : le vieillissement qui est une diminution du rendement de scintillation après une absorption de rayonnements ionisants, la rémanence qui est la persistance de l'émission lumineuse après la fin de l'excitation, et enfin la radio-sensibilisation qui est une augmentation, temporaire ou non, du rendement de scintillation en fonction de la dose absorbée par le scintillateur. Ce travail s'attache principalement à la compréhension du phénomène de radio-sensibilisation et à la rémanence dans les scintillateurs. Un matériau modèle, YP O4 : Ce, N d, a été utilisé afin de mettre en évidence la corrélation entre les pièges électroniques présents dans le matériau et les effets mémoire. Une fois ce lien mis en évidence, une étude sur un matériau commercial largement utilisé dans de nombreuses applications, l'iodure de césium dopé thallium, a été menéee. Sur la base de mesures de thermoluminescence, un modèle numérique a été développé afin de simuler les effets mémoire dans ces matériaux, puis de prédire leurs comportements en cas de modification des pièges électroniques. Par ailleurs, des méthodes de réduction des effets mémoire ont été étudiées via l'introduction de nouveaux pièges aux caractéristiques précises ou via la stimulation optique du matériau en parallèle de son irradiation / The interest of scintillating materials is the conversion of high energy radiations (γ or α particles, electrons, ...) in low energy photons detectable by usual photo-detectors. They are used in many applications : research in high energy physics, gamma spectrometry for research or radiation protection, medical and technical X-ray imaging, as well as for homeland security. The scintillation properties of this materials is dependent on the history of irradiation. This behavior, called memory effect, directly affects the performance of instruments using these materials. Three different memory effects can be distinguished : aging is a decrease in the scintillation yield after an absorption of ionizing radiation, the afterglow is the persistence of light emission after excitation, and finally radio-sensitization which is an increase of scintillation yield depending on the dose absorbed by the scintillator. This work mainly focus on the understanding of radio-sensitization phenomenon and afterglow in the scintillators. A model material, Y PO4 : Ce,Nd, was used to highlight the correlation between charges carrier traps present in the material and memory effects. Once this link is highlighted, a study of a commercial material widely used in many applications, thallium doped cesium iodide, was lead. Based on thermoluminescence measures, a numerical model was developed to simulate the memory effects in these materials and to predict their behavior in case of modification of charge carrier traps. Furthermore, several methods to reduce memory effects were investigated through the introduction of new traps with specific characteristics or through optical stimulation of the material in parallel to its irradiation. Finally, the role of radiosensitization in the scintillation efficiency under gamma excitation was highlighted on BaAl4O7 : Eu2+ ceramics. These results suggest a way to improve performance of some scintillating performance by the exaltation via prior irradiation

The practices related to the growing, harvesting, preparation, and celebration of food over millennia have given rise to diverse biocultural landscapes the world over. These landscapes – rich in biological and cultural diversity – are often characterised by persistent poverty, and, as such, are often the target of development interventions. Yet a lack of understanding of the interdependencies between human well-being, nature, and culture in these landscapes means that such interventions are often unsuccessful - and can even have adverse effects, exacerbating the poverty they were designed to address. This thesis investigates different conceptualisations of persistent poverty in rural biocultural landscapes, the consequences of these conceptualisations, and the ways in which development interventions can benefit from, rather than erode, biocultural diversity. The thesis first reviews conceptualisations of persistent poverty and specifically, the notion of a poverty trap (Paper I), and examines the consequences of different conceptualisations of traps for efforts to alleviate poverty (Paper II). Paper I argues that the trap concept can be usefully broadened beyond a dominant development economics perspective to incorporate critical interdependencies between humans and nature. Paper II uses multi-dimensional dynamical systems models to show how nature and culture can be impacted by different development interventions, and, in turn, how the degradation of both can undermine the effectiveness of conventional poverty alleviation strategies in certain contexts. In the second section, the thesis focuses on the effects of, and responses to, trap-like situations and development interventions in a specific context of high biocultural diversity: the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. Paper III advances a typology of responses to traps based around the mismatch of desires, abilities and opportunities. Observing daily practice provides a way to study social-ecological relationships as a dynamic process, as practices can embody traditional and tacit knowledge in a holistic way.  Paper IV examines the diverse effects of a development intervention on the coevolution of biocultural landscapes and the ways in which everyday practice – particularly around food – can be a source of both innovation and resilience. Papers I-IV together combine insights from diverse disciplines and methodologies, from systematic review to dynamic systems thinking and participant observation. Paper V provides a critical analysis of the opportunities and challenges involved in pursuing such an approach in sustainability science, underscoring the need to balance methodological groundedness with epistemological agility. Overall, the thesis contributes to understanding resilience and development, highlighting the value of viewing their interrelation as a dynamic, coevolving process. From this perspective, development should not be regarded as a normative endpoint to be achieved, but rather as a coevolving process between constantly changing ecological and social contexts. The thesis proposes that resilience can be interpreted as the active and passive filtering of practices via the constant discarding and retention of old and new, social and ecological, and endogenous and exogenous factors. This interpretation deepens understanding of resilience as the capacity to persist, adapt and transform, and ultimately shape new development pathways. The thesis also illustrates how daily practices, such as the growing, harvesting, and preparation of food, offer a powerful heuristic device for understanding this filtering process, and therefore the on-going impact of development interventions in rural landscapes across the world. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

No description available.

O nordeste paulista é composto por um mosaico de ambientes fortemente antropizado, com predominância de plantios de cana-de-açúcar, além de florestas plantadas de eucalipto e fragmentos de Cerrado. Embora o veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) seja uma espécie amplamente distribuída em diferentes biomas do Brasil, pouco é conhecido sobre a sua capacidade de adaptação em paisagens alteradas. Neste contexto, modelos de ocupação da paisagem e dados de armadilhas fotográficas foram utilizados para verificar quais fatores ambientais são importantes na escolha do uso e seleção de hábitat pelo veado-catingueiro. Foram amostradas quatro áreas em três cenas de paisagens, entre os meses de Abril e Setembro de 2013 e 2014, totalizando um esforço amostral de 6240 armadilhas/dia. Os resultados apontam que o veado-catingueiro está amplamente distribuído nos remanescentes de Cerrado do nordeste do estado de São Paulo, além de ocupar com a mesma intensidade tanto o interior como o entorno de unidades de conservação. Foi observado um efeito positivo dos plantios de silvicultura na ocupação da paisagem pela espécie. A distribuição temporal dos registros ao longo do ciclo de 24 horas também foi semelhante dentro e fora de unidades de conservação. Estes resultados sugerem que o veado-catingueiro é uma espécie ecologicamente plástica e que está se beneficiando da heterogeneidade ambiental presente no nordeste paulista. Estes hábitos generalistas lhe atribuem vantagens em comparação a outras espécies mais especialistas nesse cenário. / The northeast of São Paulo state is a region where Cerrado remants are immersed in a landscape with high human influence mediated by vast sugarcane and Eucalyptus plantations. Mammals survival in this landscape has been little explored. Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira, Fischer 1814) is a species with widespread distribution in different biomes of Brazil, however little is known about its capacity of adaptation in landscapes with intensive agriculture. We conducted a study based on occupancy modelling from camera trapping data in order to evaluate which environmental factors are important to habitat selection by brown brocket deer. The study was carried out in three agricultural landscapes at four study areas between April and September (2013 and 2014) with a total effort of 6240 traps-day. Our results show that brown brocket deer are well adapted to Cerrado/agricultural matrix in the state of Sao Paulo, showing high ecological flexibility. This deer used non-protected areas as much as protected areas. Silviculture represented the only landscape covariate with high relative importance for brown brocket deer. Also, brown brocket deer shows rhythm of activity similar in and out protected areas. Our results suggest that brown brocket deer is extremely plastic species that is benefiting from environmental heterogeneity present in São Paulo\'s northeast. The generalist habit of this deer gives it advantage when compared to other more specialist species in this scenario.