This study examines the effects of contamination on the redevelopment and valuation of industrial land. The period covered by the study was one in which environmental legislation in the United Kingdom was undergoing significant changes. The Government's proposal to introduce registers of 'potentially contaminated sites' was fiercely opposed by different interest groups and was abandoned. New legislative proposals followed but will not take effect before 1997. During the same period, the guidance given to the valuers of industrial properties, and of other properties which may be affected by contamination, has been limited in scope and difficult to implement. It is argued that contaminated land is an important resource and that a 'risk assessment' approach should be adopted for valuation purposes and the appraisal of redevelopment proposals. The processes involved in the investigation of contaminated sites, the selection of treatment methods and the role of the valuer in these actions are considered. Alternative approaches to the valuation and appraisal of contaminated sites are described, both in situations where the existing industrial use is to continue and where redevelopment is proposed. Value was found to be affected both by the cost to treat the contamination and perceived 'risk factors', which are collectively termed 'stigma'.Besides valuers, many different actors are involved in the property development process. These actors are likely to hold differing views in respect of treatment methods, the value and desirability of redeveloping contaminated sites, according to the nature of their involvement. Questionnaire surveys were undertaken of valuers and other professionals involved in redevelopment, in order to test their perceptions of the risks involved. The views of a 'general population' sample were also obtained in respect of a number of environmental issues, in order to compare the views of two 'expert' groups with those of a wider population. Interviews were conducted with a number of leading valuers, so as to assess current practice in reflecting the possibility of contamination in valuations. The surveys enabled professional perceptions of the stigma effect to be determined. Case studies involving the redevelopment of contaminated sites were researched and the impact of stigma upon transaction prices was assessed. The findings of the research enabled a predictive model to be developed for use in the valuation of contaminated land and this was tested by reference to ten case studies. The perception of risk, associated with contaminated land, held by valuers was clearly identified to be higher than that perceived by the other group of'experts' involved in the development process. All of the professionals were generally supportive of current Government proposals but with some reservations. Property investors were identified as being the most cautious of all actors involved in property development. Further research proposals are described.

1. INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is now the most common gynaecological cancer and the fourth the most common cancer among women in Lithuania. Referring to the epidemiological research ovarian cancer has the tendency to become more common: in 1990 there were 345 new cases of ovarian cancer and in 2004 - already 406 new cases. In 2004 ovarian cancer morbidity was 22.2/100 000 of inhabitants in Lithuania. Ovarian cancer is in the fifth position in the structure of death to cancer.Since there are no specific early symptoms and effective diagnostics of ovarian cancer so even 70 percent of diagnosed cases were stages III or IV. After the cytoreduction surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with cysplatin / cyclophosphamide (CP) the survival among stage III cases was 10-20 percent and among stage IV cases not even 10 percent. In the structure of death to cancer ovarian cancer is in the sixth position - 16.1/100 000 of women. Since there is no effective prevention so the only way to prolong survival of patients is to optimise the treatment. It has been set that the optimal cytoreduction surgery could be performed only for about 50 percent of patients with stages III or IV ovarian cancer. As an alternative to conventional surgery for this group of patients the neoadjuvant chemotherapy - medical cytoreduction was applied. It could lead to the optimal conditions for cytoreduction surgery and further to prolongation of the survival. Referring to the literature the influence of neoadjuvant... [to full text]

Esta tese teve como objetivo principal identificar e avaliar alternativas de projetos sustentáveis de tratamento de esgoto. Para tanto, seguiu-se as seguintes etapas: i) revisão sistemática para levantar a literatura sobre métodos de tratamento de esgoto entre os anos 2002 e 2012; ii) levantamento da legislação federal e do estado do Rio Grande do Sul quanto aos parâmetros a serem atendidos em projetos de esgotamento , e da opinião da equipe técnica (responsável pelo tratamento de esgoto em concessionárias municipais e estaduais) sobre os requisitos legais e as prioridades no planejamento de ações de melhoria no controle; iii) levantamento da percepção ambiental dos moradores do município de São Marcos/RS e das soluções para os problemas de esgotamento sanitário da cidade. Eles propuseram quatro soluções para os problemas; iv) proposta de uma ferramenta computacional para auxiliar na seleção de alternativas sustentáveis (social, ambiental e economicamente) de tratamento de esgoto. Esta ferramenta foi desenvolvida para facilitar a tomada de decisão quanto ao melhor projeto, tendo em vista que são inúmeros os parâmetros (de cunho técnico, de legislação, ambientais, sociais - inclusive as expectativas dos moradores- e econômicos) a serem considerados em um projeto sustentável; v) teste da ferramenta, considerando as quatro alternativas de sistemas propostas pelos moradores de São Marcos/RS. A ferramenta foi considerada útil pelos técnicos da prefeitura apesar de terem proposto a exclusão de vários critérios (sociais e ambientais) já que eles (os técnicos) consideram os fatores econômicos os mais importantes. Não há razão para reduzir os 45 critérios da ferramenta, pois espera-se que ela seja um instrumento não só de tomada de decisão, mas também de conscientização para que os projetos sejam mais sustentáveis. Ela pode e deve ser testada em outros municípios de pequeno, médio e grande porte a título de validação. / This thesis has as main objective the identification and evaluation of sewage treatment projects. It comprises the following: I) systematic literature review from 2002 to 2012, on articles discussing methods of sewage treatment; II) evaluation of the opinion of the technical staff (responsible for wastewater treatment in municipal and state utilities) about the parameters required by federal and state legislation and the priorities for an action and control plan; III) appraisal on the environmental perception of the residents of the municipality of Sao Marcos and their proposals for solving the dewatering problems; IV) proposal of a computational tool, auxiliary on the development of sustainable sewage treatment projects. A tool is necessary for handling the various variables (technical, economic, social and environmental) to be considered in order to achieve sustainability; V) testing of the tool, considering the four alternatives proposed by Sao Marcos residents. Technicians found the tool useful, although many criteria (social and environmental) were not necessary, since economics is the most important criteria. There is no reason to eliminate any of the 45 criteria, since the expectation is to use the tool as a means for introducing sustainability concepts in sewage treatment projects. The tool should be validated in other municipalities (small, medium and large).

Esta tese teve como objetivo principal identificar e avaliar alternativas de projetos sustentáveis de tratamento de esgoto. Para tanto, seguiu-se as seguintes etapas: i) revisão sistemática para levantar a literatura sobre métodos de tratamento de esgoto entre os anos 2002 e 2012; ii) levantamento da legislação federal e do estado do Rio Grande do Sul quanto aos parâmetros a serem atendidos em projetos de esgotamento , e da opinião da equipe técnica (responsável pelo tratamento de esgoto em concessionárias municipais e estaduais) sobre os requisitos legais e as prioridades no planejamento de ações de melhoria no controle; iii) levantamento da percepção ambiental dos moradores do município de São Marcos/RS e das soluções para os problemas de esgotamento sanitário da cidade. Eles propuseram quatro soluções para os problemas; iv) proposta de uma ferramenta computacional para auxiliar na seleção de alternativas sustentáveis (social, ambiental e economicamente) de tratamento de esgoto. Esta ferramenta foi desenvolvida para facilitar a tomada de decisão quanto ao melhor projeto, tendo em vista que são inúmeros os parâmetros (de cunho técnico, de legislação, ambientais, sociais - inclusive as expectativas dos moradores- e econômicos) a serem considerados em um projeto sustentável; v) teste da ferramenta, considerando as quatro alternativas de sistemas propostas pelos moradores de São Marcos/RS. A ferramenta foi considerada útil pelos técnicos da prefeitura apesar de terem proposto a exclusão de vários critérios (sociais e ambientais) já que eles (os técnicos) consideram os fatores econômicos os mais importantes. Não há razão para reduzir os 45 critérios da ferramenta, pois espera-se que ela seja um instrumento não só de tomada de decisão, mas também de conscientização para que os projetos sejam mais sustentáveis. Ela pode e deve ser testada em outros municípios de pequeno, médio e grande porte a título de validação. / This thesis has as main objective the identification and evaluation of sewage treatment projects. It comprises the following: I) systematic literature review from 2002 to 2012, on articles discussing methods of sewage treatment; II) evaluation of the opinion of the technical staff (responsible for wastewater treatment in municipal and state utilities) about the parameters required by federal and state legislation and the priorities for an action and control plan; III) appraisal on the environmental perception of the residents of the municipality of Sao Marcos and their proposals for solving the dewatering problems; IV) proposal of a computational tool, auxiliary on the development of sustainable sewage treatment projects. A tool is necessary for handling the various variables (technical, economic, social and environmental) to be considered in order to achieve sustainability; V) testing of the tool, considering the four alternatives proposed by Sao Marcos residents. Technicians found the tool useful, although many criteria (social and environmental) were not necessary, since economics is the most important criteria. There is no reason to eliminate any of the 45 criteria, since the expectation is to use the tool as a means for introducing sustainability concepts in sewage treatment projects. The tool should be validated in other municipalities (small, medium and large).

Esta tese teve como objetivo principal identificar e avaliar alternativas de projetos sustentáveis de tratamento de esgoto. Para tanto, seguiu-se as seguintes etapas: i) revisão sistemática para levantar a literatura sobre métodos de tratamento de esgoto entre os anos 2002 e 2012; ii) levantamento da legislação federal e do estado do Rio Grande do Sul quanto aos parâmetros a serem atendidos em projetos de esgotamento , e da opinião da equipe técnica (responsável pelo tratamento de esgoto em concessionárias municipais e estaduais) sobre os requisitos legais e as prioridades no planejamento de ações de melhoria no controle; iii) levantamento da percepção ambiental dos moradores do município de São Marcos/RS e das soluções para os problemas de esgotamento sanitário da cidade. Eles propuseram quatro soluções para os problemas; iv) proposta de uma ferramenta computacional para auxiliar na seleção de alternativas sustentáveis (social, ambiental e economicamente) de tratamento de esgoto. Esta ferramenta foi desenvolvida para facilitar a tomada de decisão quanto ao melhor projeto, tendo em vista que são inúmeros os parâmetros (de cunho técnico, de legislação, ambientais, sociais - inclusive as expectativas dos moradores- e econômicos) a serem considerados em um projeto sustentável; v) teste da ferramenta, considerando as quatro alternativas de sistemas propostas pelos moradores de São Marcos/RS. A ferramenta foi considerada útil pelos técnicos da prefeitura apesar de terem proposto a exclusão de vários critérios (sociais e ambientais) já que eles (os técnicos) consideram os fatores econômicos os mais importantes. Não há razão para reduzir os 45 critérios da ferramenta, pois espera-se que ela seja um instrumento não só de tomada de decisão, mas também de conscientização para que os projetos sejam mais sustentáveis. Ela pode e deve ser testada em outros municípios de pequeno, médio e grande porte a título de validação. / This thesis has as main objective the identification and evaluation of sewage treatment projects. It comprises the following: I) systematic literature review from 2002 to 2012, on articles discussing methods of sewage treatment; II) evaluation of the opinion of the technical staff (responsible for wastewater treatment in municipal and state utilities) about the parameters required by federal and state legislation and the priorities for an action and control plan; III) appraisal on the environmental perception of the residents of the municipality of Sao Marcos and their proposals for solving the dewatering problems; IV) proposal of a computational tool, auxiliary on the development of sustainable sewage treatment projects. A tool is necessary for handling the various variables (technical, economic, social and environmental) to be considered in order to achieve sustainability; V) testing of the tool, considering the four alternatives proposed by Sao Marcos residents. Technicians found the tool useful, although many criteria (social and environmental) were not necessary, since economics is the most important criteria. There is no reason to eliminate any of the 45 criteria, since the expectation is to use the tool as a means for introducing sustainability concepts in sewage treatment projects. The tool should be validated in other municipalities (small, medium and large).

I dagens samhälle är det många individer som har svårigheter med sociala sammanhang. För vissa individer är det en bristande förmåga på grund av deras funktionsnedsättning. För andra individer skapar denna svårighet en funktionsnedsättning. Konsekvensen av det är isolering, psykisk ohälsa, dålig självbild som kan leda till utanförskap. Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka vilka behandlingsmetoder som finns för personer som har upplevd eller diagnostiserad svårighet för sociala sammanhang. Studien genomfördes i form av en kartläggande litteraturstudie. Det resulterade med 13 internationella artiklar med och utan kontrollgrupp. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i socialpedagogik samt stämplingsteorin. Resultatet av studien påvisade att kognitiv beteendeterapi är den kändaste behandlingsmetod inom detta område. Vidare framkom det att kognitiv beteendeterapi finns i flera olika former, bland annat internetbaserad och gruppbaserad kognitiv beteendeterapi. / In today's society, there are many individuals who have difficulties with social contexts. For some individuals, it is a lack of ability due to their disability. For other individuals, this difficulty creates a disability. The consequence of this is isolation, mental illness, poor self-esteem that can lead to exclusion. The purpose of this study is to investigate what treatment methods are available for people who have experienced or diagnosed difficulty with social contexts. The study was conducted in form of a scoping study. It resulted in 13 international articles with and without a control group. The study is based on social pedagogy and labeling theory. The results of the study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy is the most common treatment method in this area. Furthermore, the results showed that cognitive behavioral therapy exists in several different forms, including Internet-based and group-based cognitive behavioral therapy.

The aim of this scientific research is to investigate how social workers in social service agencies that are determined to work in line with the critical appraisal model make decisions on treatment methods for adolescents with substance abuse disorder. The research is also intended to investigate the challenges involved in the implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP). It is a qualitative study with semi structured interviews. The study results reveal that social workers in Sweden do provide evidence-based treatment methods for adolescents with substance abuse disorder but they do not go through scientific research before deciding on treatment methods for clients. The National Board of Health and Welfare National guidelines (socialstyrelsens nationella riktlinjer) suggest evidence-based treatment methods for social work practitioners and all they need to do is to select treatment methods that match the needs of clients from a list of evidence-based treatment methods. The study also reveals that case officers make decisions on treatment methods for clients but therapists must not implement the treatment methods if they do not find it useful for clients. In addition, Swedish social workers to a greater extent are provided with resources that can lead to a successful implementation of evidence-based practice. Out of seven participants in the current study, only one participant mentioned lack of financial resources as an obstacle to the provision of evidence-based training to social workers in the institution where he works.

No description available.

<p>Mine waste from Ljusnarsbergsfältet in Kopparberg, Sweden, is considered to constitute a great risk for human health and the surrounding environment. Some of the waste rock consists of sulphide minerals. When sulphide minerals come into contact with dissolved oxygen and precipitation, oxidation may occur resulting in acid mine drainage (AMD) and the release of heavy metals. The purpose of this study has been to characterise the waste material and try to chemically stabilize the waste rock with a mixture of sewage sludge and calcium carbonate. The drawback of using organic matter is the risk that dissolved organic matter can act as a complexing agent for heavy metals and in this way increase their mobility. An additional study to examine this risk has therefore also been performed.</p><p>The project started with a pilot study in order to identify the material fraction that was suitable for the experiment. When suitable material had been chosen, a column test was carried out for the purpose of studying the slurry’s influence on the mobility of metals along with the production of acidity. To clarify the organic material’s potential for complexation a pH-stat batch test was used. Drainage water samples, from the columns, were regularly taken during the experiment. These samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, redox potential, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphate and leaching metals. The effluent from the pH-stat-test were only analysed on a few occasions and only for metal content and change in DOC concentration.</p><p>The results from the laboratory experiments showed that the waste rock from Ljusnarsberg easily leached large amounts of metals. The stabilization of the waste rock succeeded in maintaining a near neutral pH in the rock waste leachate, compared to a pH 3 leachate from untreated rock waste The average concentration of copper and zinc in the leachate from untreated waste rock exceeded 100 and 1000 mg/l respectively, while these metals were detected at concentrations around 0.1 and 1 mg/l, respectively, in the leachate from the treated wastes. Examined metals had concentrations between 40 to 4000 times lower in the leachate from treated waste rock, which implies that the stabilisation with reactive amendments succeeded. The long term effects are, however, not determined. The added sludge contributed to immobilise metals at neutral pH despite a small increase in DOC concentration. The problem with adding sludge is that if pH decreases with time there is a risk of increased metal leaching.</p> / <p>Gruvavfallet från Ljusnarsbergsfältet i Kopparberg anses utgöra en stor risk för människors hälsa och den omgivande miljön. En del av varpmaterialet, ofyndigt berg som blir över vid malmbrytning, utgörs av sulfidhaltigt mineral. Då varpen exponeras för luft och nederbörd sker en oxidation av sulfiderna, vilket kan ge upphov till surt lakvatten och läckage av tungmetaller. Syftet med arbetet har varit att karaktärisera varpen och försöka stabilisera den med en blandning bestående av mesakalk och avloppsslam, samt att undersöka risken med det lösta organiska materialets förmåga att komplexbinda metaller och på så vis öka deras rörlighet.</p><p>Efter insamling av varpmaterial utfördes först en förstudie för att avgöra vilken fraktion av varpen som var lämplig för försöket. När lämpligt material valts ut utfördes kolonntest för att studera slam/kalk-blandningens inverkan på lakning av metaller, samt pH-statiskt skaktest för att bedöma komplexbildningspotentialen hos det organiska materialet vid olika pH värden. Från kolonnerna togs lakvattenprover kontinuerligt ut under försökets gång för analys med avseende på pH, konduktivitet, alkalinitet, redoxpotential, löst organiskt kol (DOC), sulfat och utlakade metaller. Lakvattnet från pH-stat-testet provtogs vid ett fåtal tillfällen och analyserades endast med avseende på metallhalter och förändring i DOC-halt.</p><p>Resultatet från den laborativa studien visade att varpmaterialet från Ljusnarsberg lätt lakades på stora mängder metaller. Den reaktiva tillsatsen lyckades uppbringa ett neutralt pH i lakvattnet från avfallet, vilket kan jämföras med lakvattnet från den obehandlade kolonnen som låg på ett pH kring 3. Medelhalten av koppar och zink översteg under försöksperioden 100 respektive 1000 mg/l i lakvattnet från det obehandlade avfallet, medan halterna i det behandlade materialets lakvatten låg kring 0,1 respektive 1 mg/l. Av de studerade metallerna låg halterna 40-4000 gånger lägre i lakvattnet från den behandlade kolonnen, vilket innebär att slam/kalk-blandningen har haft verkan. Stabiliseringens långtidseffekt är dock okänd. Det tillsatta slammet resulterade inte i någon större ökning av DOC-halten i det pH-intervall som åstadkoms med mesakalken. Utifrån pH-stat-försöket kunde det konstateras att det tillsatta slammet bidrog till metallernas immobilisering vid neutralt pH, trots en liten ökning av DOC-halten. Om en sänkning av pH skulle ske med tidens gång föreligger dock risk för ökat metalläckage.</p>

Mine waste from Ljusnarsbergsfältet in Kopparberg, Sweden, is considered to constitute a great risk for human health and the surrounding environment. Some of the waste rock consists of sulphide minerals. When sulphide minerals come into contact with dissolved oxygen and precipitation, oxidation may occur resulting in acid mine drainage (AMD) and the release of heavy metals. The purpose of this study has been to characterise the waste material and try to chemically stabilize the waste rock with a mixture of sewage sludge and calcium carbonate. The drawback of using organic matter is the risk that dissolved organic matter can act as a complexing agent for heavy metals and in this way increase their mobility. An additional study to examine this risk has therefore also been performed. The project started with a pilot study in order to identify the material fraction that was suitable for the experiment. When suitable material had been chosen, a column test was carried out for the purpose of studying the slurry’s influence on the mobility of metals along with the production of acidity. To clarify the organic material’s potential for complexation a pH-stat batch test was used. Drainage water samples, from the columns, were regularly taken during the experiment. These samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, redox potential, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphate and leaching metals. The effluent from the pH-stat-test were only analysed on a few occasions and only for metal content and change in DOC concentration. The results from the laboratory experiments showed that the waste rock from Ljusnarsberg easily leached large amounts of metals. The stabilization of the waste rock succeeded in maintaining a near neutral pH in the rock waste leachate, compared to a pH 3 leachate from untreated rock waste The average concentration of copper and zinc in the leachate from untreated waste rock exceeded 100 and 1000 mg/l respectively, while these metals were detected at concentrations around 0.1 and 1 mg/l, respectively, in the leachate from the treated wastes. Examined metals had concentrations between 40 to 4000 times lower in the leachate from treated waste rock, which implies that the stabilisation with reactive amendments succeeded. The long term effects are, however, not determined. The added sludge contributed to immobilise metals at neutral pH despite a small increase in DOC concentration. The problem with adding sludge is that if pH decreases with time there is a risk of increased metal leaching. / Gruvavfallet från Ljusnarsbergsfältet i Kopparberg anses utgöra en stor risk för människors hälsa och den omgivande miljön. En del av varpmaterialet, ofyndigt berg som blir över vid malmbrytning, utgörs av sulfidhaltigt mineral. Då varpen exponeras för luft och nederbörd sker en oxidation av sulfiderna, vilket kan ge upphov till surt lakvatten och läckage av tungmetaller. Syftet med arbetet har varit att karaktärisera varpen och försöka stabilisera den med en blandning bestående av mesakalk och avloppsslam, samt att undersöka risken med det lösta organiska materialets förmåga att komplexbinda metaller och på så vis öka deras rörlighet. Efter insamling av varpmaterial utfördes först en förstudie för att avgöra vilken fraktion av varpen som var lämplig för försöket. När lämpligt material valts ut utfördes kolonntest för att studera slam/kalk-blandningens inverkan på lakning av metaller, samt pH-statiskt skaktest för att bedöma komplexbildningspotentialen hos det organiska materialet vid olika pH värden. Från kolonnerna togs lakvattenprover kontinuerligt ut under försökets gång för analys med avseende på pH, konduktivitet, alkalinitet, redoxpotential, löst organiskt kol (DOC), sulfat och utlakade metaller. Lakvattnet från pH-stat-testet provtogs vid ett fåtal tillfällen och analyserades endast med avseende på metallhalter och förändring i DOC-halt. Resultatet från den laborativa studien visade att varpmaterialet från Ljusnarsberg lätt lakades på stora mängder metaller. Den reaktiva tillsatsen lyckades uppbringa ett neutralt pH i lakvattnet från avfallet, vilket kan jämföras med lakvattnet från den obehandlade kolonnen som låg på ett pH kring 3. Medelhalten av koppar och zink översteg under försöksperioden 100 respektive 1000 mg/l i lakvattnet från det obehandlade avfallet, medan halterna i det behandlade materialets lakvatten låg kring 0,1 respektive 1 mg/l. Av de studerade metallerna låg halterna 40-4000 gånger lägre i lakvattnet från den behandlade kolonnen, vilket innebär att slam/kalk-blandningen har haft verkan. Stabiliseringens långtidseffekt är dock okänd. Det tillsatta slammet resulterade inte i någon större ökning av DOC-halten i det pH-intervall som åstadkoms med mesakalken. Utifrån pH-stat-försöket kunde det konstateras att det tillsatta slammet bidrog till metallernas immobilisering vid neutralt pH, trots en liten ökning av DOC-halten. Om en sänkning av pH skulle ske med tidens gång föreligger dock risk för ökat metalläckage.