Cette thèse présente des mesures de transport électronique dans des systèmes bi-dimensionels et uni-dimensionels à base de graphène sous champ magnétique pulsé (60T). L'objectif de ces travaux consiste à sonder la dynamique des porteurs de charge en modifiant la densité d'états du système par l'application d'un champ magnétique. Une première partie est consacrée à l'étude de l'influence des îlots électrons-trous sur les propriétés de transport du graphène au voisinage du point de neutralité de charge. Nous avons constaté l'apparition de fluctuations de la magnéto-résistance liée à la transition progressive des îlots de taille finie dans le régime quantique lorsque le champ magnétique augmente. Nous avons aussi montré que la variation de l'énergie de Fermi, liée à l'augmentation de la dégénérescence orbitale des niveaux de Landau, est directement responsable d'une modification du ratio entre électrons et trous. Dans une deuxième partie consacrée à l'étude des nanorubans de graphène, nous avons exploré deux gammes de largeur différentes. Dans les rubans larges (W>60nm), la quantification de la résistance a été observée révélant ainsi une signature évidente de la quantification du spectre énergétique en niveaux de Landau. Le confinement magnétique des porteurs de charge sur les bords des nanorubans a permis de mettre en évidence, pour la première fois, la levée de dégénérescence de vallée liée à la configuration armchair du ruban. Pour des rubans plus étroits (W<30nm), en présence de défauts de bord et d'impuretés chargées, la formation progressive des états de bords chiraux donne lieu à une magnéto-conductance positive quelque soit la densité de porteurs. Enfin, la dernière partie traite du magnéto-transport dans le graphene multi-feuillet. En particulier, nous avons observé l'effet Hall quantique dans les systèmes tri-couche de graphène. Une étude comparative des résultats expérimentaux avec des simulations numériques a permis de déterminer l'empilement rhombohedral des trois couches de graphene constituant l'échantillon / This thesis presents transport measurements on two-dimensional and one-dimensional graphene-based systems under pulsed magnetic field (60T). The objective of this work is to probe the dynamics of charge carriers by changing the density of states of the system by applying a strong magnetic field. The first part is devoted to the study of the influence of electron-hole pockets on the transport properties of graphene near the charge neutrality point. We found the appearance of fluctuations in the magneto-resistance due to the progressive transition of the electron/hole puddles of finite size in the quantum regime as the magnetic field increases. We have also shown that the variation of the Fermi energy, due to the increase of orbital Landau level degeneracy, is directly responsible of a change in the electron and hole ratio. The second part is devoted to the study of graphene nano-ribbons, we explored two different ranges of width. In the broad nano-ribbons of width W larger than 60 nm, the quantification of the resistance is observed, revealing a clear signature of the quantization of the energy spectrum into Landau levels. We show for the first time the effect of valley degeneracy lifting induced by the magnetic confinement of charge carriers at the edges of the armchair nano-ribbons. For narrower nano-ribbons (W <30 nm) in presence of edge defects and charged impurities, the progressive formation of chiral edge states leads to a positive magneto-conductance whatever the carrier density. Finally, the last part of this thesis deals with magneto-transport fingerprints in multi-layer graphene as we observed the quantum Hall effect in tri-layer graphene. A comparative study of the experimental results with numerical simulations was used to determine the rhombohedral stacking of three layers of graphene in the sample

This study focuses on defining correctional education and correctional educators and identifying characteristics of correctional students. This study specifically focuses on the Tri-County Correctional Education Association. A Web site has been developed for this association in order to support and inform the correctional educators.

This thesis investigates into possibilities of a design of a workplace for device endurance experiments against strong high-frequency electromagnetic field. It deals with testing methods, describes advantages and disadvantages of such methods. It investigates possibiities of testing devices, possible magnitudes of fieldstrenght. One can find in the thesis a review of a way of testing using a high-intensity electromagnetic field. A concept of a construction of a stripline including a practical example is a part of the thesis.

Climate change and ozone depletion are topical challenges the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities, particularly emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODSs). One such substance is chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), a cheap, widely used refrigerant with a high global warming potential of 1780. Botswana is a signatory to the Montreal Protocol (MP), which guides international efforts to phase-out HCFC-22 and requires signatories to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP). This study, which used a mixed methods approach, was conducted to evaluate the phase-out of HCFC-22 management strategies and their environmental and socioeconomic implications in Botswana. A census of nine HCFC-22 importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services, HCFC-22 importers, customs officers from 20 purposively selected Botswana entry ports and HCFC-22 consumers from the importing companies. Category-specific respondent questionnaires and interview guides, site visits and assessment of records were used to gather data. Of particular interest were the annual HCFC-22 importation figures for each company, the Botswana Unified Revenue Services and the National Ozone Unit, as well as the level of compliance of the companies’ HCFC-22 phase-out management practices with relevant national regulations, the Botswana HPMP and the MP resolutions. Botswana’s HCFC-22 importers were found to be moderately to highly compliant to nonregulatory elements rather than regulatory elements. Overall, HCFC-22 consumption decreased from the baseline to 10.5% for the first stage (2013-2015), which was slightly more than the 10% reduction expected. A steady decrease in HCFC-22 consumption was noted towards the 35% target for 2020, largely due to awareness-raising initiatives directed at the surveyed stakeholders. Absolute HCFC-22 consumption dropped by approximately 510400 kgs from 2011-2017 or 28072 ozone depleting potential saved. On the downside, gaps were identified in the industry-wide quota-system, data reporting, prevention of illegal ODS trade, service technician training, user knowledge of alternatives and disposal of ODS equipment. The study recommends the use of a planning, policy formulation and implementation framework that integrates and balances three fundamentals, namely, stakeholder involvement, the process and the plan enablers.

Transit travel time is affected by many factors including traffic signals and traffic condition. Transit agencies have implemented strategies such as transit signal priority (TSP) to reduce transit travel time and improve service reliability. However, due to the lack of empirical data, the joint impact of these factors and improvement strategies on bus travel time has not been studied at the stop-to-stop segment level. This study utilizes and integrates three databases available along an urban arterial corridor in Portland, Oregon. Data sources include stop-level bus automatic vehicle location (AVL) and automatic passenger count (APC) data provided by the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (TriMet), the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) signal phase log data, and intersection vehicle count data provided by the City of Portland. Based on the unique collection and integration of these fine granularity empirical data, this research utilizes multiple linear regression models to understand and quantify the joint impact of intersection signal delay, traffic conditions and bus stop location on bus travel time and its variability at stop-to-stop segments. Results indicate that intersection signal delay is the key factor that affects bus travel time variability. The amount of signal delay is nearly linearly associated with intersection red phase duration. Results show that the effect of traffic conditions (volumes) on bus travel time varies significantly by intersection and time of day. This study also proposed new and useful performance measures for evaluating the effectiveness of TSP systems. Relationships between TSP requests (when buses are late) and TSP phases were studied by comparing TSP phase start and end times with bus arrival times at intersections. Results show that green extension phases were rarely used by buses that requested TSP and that most green extension phases were granted too late. Early green effectiveness (percent of effective early green phases) is much higher than green extension effectiveness. The estimated average bus and passenger time savings from an early green phase are also greater compared to the average time savings from a green extension phase. On average, the estimated delay for vehicles on the side street due to a TSP phase is less than the time saved for buses and automobiles on the major street. Results from this study can be used to inform cities and transit agencies on how to improve transit operations. Developing appropriate strategies, such as adjusting bus stop consolidation near intersections and optimizing bus operating schedules according to intersection signal timing characteristics, can further reduce bus travel time delay and improve TSP effectiveness.

Cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR Eco-Tech TRIPTIC, a eu comme objectif de contribuer au tri industriel en cadence de polymères contenant des traceurs détectables grâce à leurs propriétés en fluorescence X ou UV. Dans un premier temps, étant donné que le coût des traceurs choisis pour l’étude TRIPTIC est assez élevé, nous avons réalisé une étude préliminaire, avec des particules modèles de silice, visant à optimiser la dispersion de charges dans une matrice polypropylène/éthylène propylène rubber (PP/EPR). Nous avons montré que l’extrusion à taux de cisaillement élevé est une technologie efficace permettant une dispersion homogène de charges de tailles micro ou nanométriques. Dans un deuxième temps, après optimisation des conditions de dispersion, nous avons extrapolé nos résultats à la dispersion de particules de traceurs UV dans différentes matrices thermoplastiques. Nous avons montré que la dispersion de 1000 ppm de particules de traceurs, de tailles micrométriques, dans des matrices polypropylènes, en extrusion à haute vitesse (N= 800 rpm), n’a pas d’impact sur les propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques des mélanges tracés, ainsi que sur la photo-dégradation sous rayonnement UV. Cette fine dispersion a non seulement permis la conservation des propriétés des polymères tracés mais aussi une bonne détection dynamique, tant en fluorescence X qu’UV, sur un prototype conçu par des partenaires du projet (Pellenc Selective Technologies, CEA-LITT et ENSAM- LCPI). Enfin, nous avons validé l’extrusion à haute vitesse pour compatibiliser des mélanges de polymères ternaires (PP/EPR)/PE (polyéthylène) pouvant correspondre à la valorisation de polymères post-consommation, par exemple dans l’hypothèse où on souhaite recycler (PP/EPR) et PE ensembles. Les propriétés prometteuses des mélanges obtenus doivent leur permettre de trouver des applications dans l’industrie automobile, par exemple. Cette voie est d’un grand intérêt pour les applications industrielles, car elle permet d’envisager des propriétés mécaniques élevées pour les polymères recyclés. Elle ouvre aussi de nouvelles perspectives pour l’élaboration de matériaux allégés, obtenus à partir de matières vierges ou recyclées. / This thesis, which is part of the ANR Eco-Tech TRIPTIC project, had the objective of contributing to industrial sorting rate of polymers containing tracers detectable by their fluorescence X or UV properties. At first, given that the cost of tracers selected for TRIPTIC study is quite high, a preliminary study is conducted with models of silica particles to optimize the dispersion of fillers in polypropylene / ethylene-propylene rubber (PP / EPR) matrix. It was found that processing under high shear rate is an effective technology for accomplishing a homogeneous dispersion of micro or nanoscale fillers. In a second step, after optimization of dispersion conditions, our results are extrapolated to the dispersion of UV tracer in different thermoplastic matrices. It was shown that the dispersion of 1000 ppm of micrometer tracer particles, in polypropylene matrices, extruded at high shear rates (N = 800 rpm), has no impact on the mechanical and physico-chemical properties as well as in the photo-degradation of the polymer after UV irradiation exposure. This fine dispersion was beneficial not only for the conservation of the properties of traced polymers but also for achieving a good dynamic detection of UV or X tracers using a prototype developed by the project partners ( Pellenc Selective Technologies , CEA- LITT and ENSAM - RPI ). Finally, high shear processing has successfully used to the compatibilization of ternary blends ( PP / EPR ) / PE (polyethylene) which may correspond to the post-consumer polymers. This technique has proved to be an effective method to produce polymer blends with unique mechanical properties. This novel strategy of compatibilization is of a particular interest, especially for industrial application prospects. It also opens new perspectives for materials lightening as well as “high shear recycling” of immiscible polymers.

La découverte de médicaments en oncologie repose encore majoritairement sur les criblages pharmacologiques à haut débit. Cependant, les modèles traditionnels de culture cellulaire en deux dimensions (2D) ne reflètent pas les conditions physiopathologiques des tumeurs solides in situ. Au laboratoire, notre hypothèse est que le manque de représentativité des cellules en culture 2D par rapport aux tumeurs in situ lors des essais de criblage pharmacologique in vitro est responsable du faible taux de succès des petites molécules lors d’essais cliniques. Pour pallier ce problème, nous avons développé une méthode de culture à long-terme en trois dimensions (3D) avec des cellules d’adénocarcinome du poumon qui permet le maintien des cellules en sphéroïdes jusqu’à 38 jours. Les cellules s’adaptent rapidement à la culture 3D en diminuant leur taille et en ralentissant significativement leur métabolisme. Au niveau épigénétique, l’expression du complexe KAT3A/KAT3B et de BRG1 est significativement diminuée, et ce de manière temps-dépendante. À l’inverse, l’expression de HDAC6 est augmentée lors du passage en 3D. Finalement, nous avons vérifié si les changements épigénétiques induits par la culture 3D influençaient significativement la réponse aux médicaments. Ainsi, nous avons traité les cellules en 2D et après 10 ou 24 jours en 3D avec une pharmacothèque de 154 médicaments épigénétiques. 60% des médicaments ont démontré une activité anticancéreuse significative sur les cellules en 2D, contrairement à 9% sur les sphéroïdes de 10 jours. Avec les sphéroïdes de 24 jours, uniquement 1 médicament, le MS023, un inhibiteur des arginines méthyltransférases (PRMT) de type I, a été efficace. L’augmentation de la sensibilité au MS023 concorde avec une augmentation de la méthylation des arginines dans les sphéroïdes. En conclusion, mon projet démontre que la culture 3D modifie l’épigénome des cellules cancéreuses du poumon de manière temps-dépendant et que ces changements sensibilisent les cellules à une inhibition des PRMT de type I. L’étude des sphéroïdes nous permet d’améliorer notre compréhension de la biologie tumorale et des processus de découverte de médicaments ce qui pourrait pallier le faible taux de succès associé aux modèles 2D classique. / Small molecule development in oncology mainly involves high-throughput drug screenings and preclinical validation studies using cancer cells grown in two-dimension (2D). However, classical cell culture methods poorly reflect tumor biology and cell epigenome. Here, our objective is to develop a 3D model that displays key epigenetic features of solid tumors in order to identify new actionable targets. First, we determined culture conditions for long-term expansion of adenocarcinoma spheroids to allow cell adaptation and the occurrence of specific epigenetic features triggered by 3D condition. Our results demonstrate that cells cultivated in 3D spheroids exhibit significant phenotypic and epigenetic changes as compared to 2D monolayers. Notably, we observed numerous expression changes of key epigenetic regulators, all taken place at a different time-point of the 3D cell culture. We observed a decrease in the expression of the KAT3A/KAT3B complex as well as BRG1. HDAC6 expression also increased in 3D. Then, we asked whether epigenetic changes triggered by 3D culture would modify drug sensitivity. We performed a screening of 154 epigenetic drugs on cancer cells cultivated in 2D and in 3D at two different time points. 60% of epigenetic drugs showed significant anticancer activity against 2D monolayers. Interestingly, A549 cells in 3D spheroids became gradually resistant over time. Against 3D spheroids cultivated for 10 days, only 9% of epigenetic drugs in the drug library showed anticancer activity. Against 3D spheroids cultivated for 24 days, only a single epigenetic compound called MS023, a selective agent against type I PRMTs, reduced cell viability significantly. This sensitivity is correlated with an increase of arginine methylation observed within spheroids. Taken together, we show that 3D spheroids trigger a time-dependent epigenetic context that increases lung cancer cells sensitivity to type I PRMT inhibition. 3D spheroids of well-characterized cancer cell lines will improve our understanding of tumor biology and drug discovery and can overcome the high false discovery rate associated with 2D classical models.

Grammatical classification ("tagging") of words in language samples is a component of syntactic analysis for both clinical and research purposes. Previous studies have shown that probability-based software can be used to tag samples from adults and typically-developing children with high (about 95%) accuracy. The present study found that similar accuracy can be obtained in tagging samples from school-aged children with and without language impairment if the software uses tri-gram rather than bi-gram probabilities and large corpora are used to obtain probability information to train the tagging software.

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Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit concerne la fabrication de biomatériaux poreux à base d’acide polylactique pour les tissus conjonctifs et calcifiés en utilisant des procédés de chimie verte. Le but de cette thèse est de corréler l’influence de certains paramètres de procédés à la structure morphologique et les propriétés des mousses générées. Nous avons étudié, d’un côté, les effets de mélange d’acide hyaluronique et d’acides polylactiques afin d’améliorer les propriétés d’adhésion de ces biomatériaux. Nos résultats montrent bien une augmentation de l’énergie d’adhésion mais aussi une diminution de la taille équivalente des pores et de la porosité des biomatériaux poreux après moussage par les fluides supercritiques. D’un autre côté, nous avons étudié les effets de mélanges des triphosphates de calcium et d’acides polylactiques en tant que substitut osseux. L’influence d’un ajout de cires en tant qu’agent porogène a été discutée et les méthodes de préparation des pastilles (voie sèche ou humide) ont été analysées. Dans cette optique la fabrication semi-industrielle de biomatériaux poreux a été testée en fixant les paramètres du procédé de moussage par le CO2 supercritique (pression, température et temps de saturation, vitesse de dépressurisation) et nous avons contrôlé les mousses de formulations optimisées en termes de porosité et de distribution des pores. En conclusion, ce travail rend possible d’adapter les paramètres des procédés de CO2 supercritique et de co-broyage aux propriétés des biomatériaux poreux. En perspective, cette ouvre la voie à de nouvelles recherches à la fois dans les domaines des modèles 3D tumoraux et d’ingénierie tissulaire. / The work presented in this manuscript concerns the production of scaffolds based polylactides for connective tissues and bone regeneration by adapting green technology. The aim of this thesis was to correlate the influence of different process parameters on the morphological structures and properties of the scaffold generated. On one hand, we studied effect of the blending of hyaluronic acid and polylactides to enhance the surface adhesion properties of scaffolds. Our results relate to an increase in surface properties but a decrease of equivalent pore size and porosity after foaming scaffolds by supercritical process. Calcium Tri-Phosphate On other hand, we studied the effect of the blending of calcium tri-phosphates and polylactides as bone substitute. Influence of adding wax as porogen agent has been discussed and a comparison between wet and dry methods to generate scaffolds has been analyzed. For this purpose, semi-industrial fabrication of porous biomaterials has been tested by blocking supercritical CO2 parameters (saturation pressure, temperature and time, depressurization rate) and you have control the optimized formulation composite scaffold, in term of porosity and distribution of pores. In conclusion, this work made it possible to adapt the process parameters of supercritical CO2 and co-grinding at the properties of scaffolds. In perspective, this research opens new development ways in scaffolds, in both domains of 3D tumoral model and tissue engineering.