Ce travail de thèse s'organise en trois parties l'observation de l'effet de l'avancée dans l'âge sur la performance entriathlon, l'étude du modèle du Master triathlète (i.e. > 40 ans) à travers les facteurs de la performance et la mesurede l'impact du vieillissement sur le rendement énergétique du pédalage. Le recrutement de Masters triathlètesentraînés a permis d'étudier rigoureusement l'impact du vieillissement sur les fonctions physiologiques impliquéesdans la performance, tout en contrôlant les effets supplémentaires liés à l'adoption d'un mode de vie sédentaire. Surune épreuve de triathlon et pour chaque mode de locomotion, le déclin de la performance a une forme exponentielle.Un déclin significatif sur triathlon distance olympique a été observé sur la performance totale à partir de 45 ans chezles Masters triathlètes hommes. Il est plus précoce chez les femmes. Il est plus prononcé sur Ironman que surdistance olympique. Comparé aux autres modes de locomotion, un moindre déclin des performances en cyclisme estobservé. Avant et après un triathlon distance olympique, VO 2max, vVO2max, les vitesses aux seuils ventilatoires etl'efficience énergétique étaient significativement plus faibles chez les Masters triathlètes, mais le couple maximalvolontaire était similaire pour les deux groupes. 24 heures après la course, une diminution significative et similairepour les deux groupes a été observée pour VO 2max et vVO2max. Il n'a pas été observé de différence sur le couplemaximal isométrique ou sur l'efficience énergétique de la course à pied en sous maximal. Lors de l'épreuve detriathlon, il n'a pas été observé de différence d'intensité relative d'effort entre les deux groupes. Ces résultatsindiquent que chez les sujets bien entraînés, l'intensité relative de l'effort sur l'ensemble d'un triathlon distanceolympique et la fatigue 24 heures après la course semblent indépendant de l'âge. La dernière partie du travailexpérimental consistait à mesurer l'impact du vieillissement sur le rendement énergétique du pédalage au sein d'unepopulation de cyclistes et triathlètes tous bien entraînés sur une large tranche d'âge. Un déclin significatif a étécaractérisé. Les hypothèses explicatives sont multifactorielles. Une relation entre l'efficience énergétique et laréduction de puissance ou la modification de la composition corporelle avec l'âge a été établie. D'autres hypothèsessont évoquées comme le remodelage du schéma d'activation musculaire et l'expertise du pédalage, les propriétésmécaniques du muscle ou la part du coût énergétique de la ventilation.

The purpose of this study was to lower body core temperature prior to a simulated portion of a triathlon (swim-15min; bike-45min) and examine whether precooling could attenuate thermal strain and increase subjective exercise tolerance in the heat. Six endurance trained triathletes (mean ± SE, 28 ± 2 yr, 8.2 ± 1.7 % body fat) completed two randomly-assigned trials, one week apart. The precooling trial (PC) involved lowering body core temperature (-0.5°C) in water prior to swimming and cycling. The control trial (CON) was identical except no precooling was performed. Water temperature and environmental conditions were maintained at -25.6°C and -26.6°C/60% RH respectively, throughout all testing. Mean time to precool was 31:37 ± 8:03 and average time to reach baseline temperature during cycling was 9:35 ± 7:60. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and skin (Tsk) and core (Ta) temperatures were recorded following the swim segment and throughout cycling. No significant differences in mean body (TO or Tsk were noted between PC and CON, but a significant difference (P<0.05) in T, between treatments was noted through the early phases of cycling. No significant differences were reported in HR, V02, RPE, TS or sweat rate (SR) between treatments. Body heat storage (S) was negative following swimming in both PC (92 ± 6 W/m2) and CON (66 ± 9 W/m2). A greater increase in S occurred in PC (109 ± 6 W/m2) vs. CON (79 ±4 W/m2) during cycling (P<0.05) . Precooling attenuated the rise in T,, but this effect was transient. Based on the results from this study, precooling is not recommended prior to endurance exercise in the heat. / School of Physical Education

This study was designed to determine the impact of glycerol hyperhydration, compared with a placebo hyperhydration, on the run performance during an Olympic distance triathlon. Ten competitive triathletes (mean peak oxygen consumption, VO2 peak = 65.5 ± 5.5 ml.kg.-1min-1) undertook two simulated Olympic Distance Triathlons in 31° C and 61% relative humidity. The trials were split into two work phases: a fixed workload phase comprising a 18-20 min swim and a 60 min cycle and, a self regulated time trial run over 10 kilometres conducted on a treadmill. One hundred and fifty min prior each trial, either a glycerol solution (1 g.kg.-1 body mass (BM) in a 4% carbohydrate – electrolyte drink) or a placebo of equal volume of the 4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution was ingested over one hour. The total fluid intake in each trial was 23 ml.kg.-1 BM. A randomised, double blind, cross over design was used. Due to either 1) the arduous nature of the trials 2) the side effects associated with the ingestion of glycerol 3) or the combination of the two aforementioned reasons, only five of the 10 subjects completed the final 10 km self regulated time trial for both treatments. Only the data obtained from these five subjects were reported in this study. Glycerol ingestion expanded body water over the placebo by 154 ml (26%). At 60 and 90 min after the start of drinking, urine output was significantly higher with glycerol than placebo treatment (216.4, 366.4 ml vs 81.0, 242.0 ml, respectively) but significantly higher at 120 min in the placebo (421.6 ml vs 131.2 ml). There were no significant differences in heart rate and rectal temperature during the swim and cycle phases. However, there were significant increases in heart rate (at 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 min) and rectal temperature (at 5, 20 and 30 min) during the 10 km run in the glycerol trial. The mean 10 km run time for the placebo trial was 40 min 21 sec (± 2.9 min) while the glycerol trial was 39 min 22 sec (± 2.0 min). The mean difference of 2.1% in finishing time between trials was not significant. Three of the five subjects in the glycerol trial improved their 10 km time by 7.0, 2.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The finishing time for one subject did not change for both trials while another subject had deteriorated by 2.3% in the glycerol trial. In the glycerol treatment, five subjects complained of bloating and nausea while only one subject complained of feeling unwell in the placebo treatment. Data from this study have shown that glycerol hyperhydration did not significantly improve performance while plasma volume expansion and subsequent lower rectal temperature and lower heart rates were not evident. The exact mechanisms of how glycerol hyperhydration can improve performance warrant further investigation. / Masters in Applied Science

This study was designed to determine the impact of glycerol hyperhydration, compared with a placebo hyperhydration, on the run performance during an Olympic distance triathlon. Ten competitive triathletes (mean peak oxygen consumption, VO2 peak = 65.5 ± 5.5 ml.kg.-1min-1) undertook two simulated Olympic Distance Triathlons in 31° C and 61% relative humidity. The trials were split into two work phases: a fixed workload phase comprising a 18-20 min swim and a 60 min cycle and, a self regulated time trial run over 10 kilometres conducted on a treadmill. One hundred and fifty min prior each trial, either a glycerol solution (1 g.kg.-1 body mass (BM) in a 4% carbohydrate – electrolyte drink) or a placebo of equal volume of the 4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution was ingested over one hour. The total fluid intake in each trial was 23 ml.kg.-1 BM. A randomised, double blind, cross over design was used. Due to either 1) the arduous nature of the trials 2) the side effects associated with the ingestion of glycerol 3) or the combination of the two aforementioned reasons, only five of the 10 subjects completed the final 10 km self regulated time trial for both treatments. Only the data obtained from these five subjects were reported in this study. Glycerol ingestion expanded body water over the placebo by 154 ml (26%). At 60 and 90 min after the start of drinking, urine output was significantly higher with glycerol than placebo treatment (216.4, 366.4 ml vs 81.0, 242.0 ml, respectively) but significantly higher at 120 min in the placebo (421.6 ml vs 131.2 ml). There were no significant differences in heart rate and rectal temperature during the swim and cycle phases. However, there were significant increases in heart rate (at 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 min) and rectal temperature (at 5, 20 and 30 min) during the 10 km run in the glycerol trial. The mean 10 km run time for the placebo trial was 40 min 21 sec (± 2.9 min) while the glycerol trial was 39 min 22 sec (± 2.0 min). The mean difference of 2.1% in finishing time between trials was not significant. Three of the five subjects in the glycerol trial improved their 10 km time by 7.0, 2.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The finishing time for one subject did not change for both trials while another subject had deteriorated by 2.3% in the glycerol trial. In the glycerol treatment, five subjects complained of bloating and nausea while only one subject complained of feeling unwell in the placebo treatment. Data from this study have shown that glycerol hyperhydration did not significantly improve performance while plasma volume expansion and subsequent lower rectal temperature and lower heart rates were not evident. The exact mechanisms of how glycerol hyperhydration can improve performance warrant further investigation. / Masters in Applied Science

Triathlon has had a rapid evolution from its origins 25 years ago in the United States to becoming a full summer Olympic sport in Sydney 2000. It is a sport that combines the three disciplines of swimming, cycling and running linked together with two transitions. It is this combination of events that gives triathlon its uniqueness in the area of exercise science. As a very young sport, the body of knowledge is somewhat limited, but is steadily growing. The following document aims to shed some new light on a range of aspects within the sport of triathlon and highlight triathlon as a sport in its own right with very specific demands when compared with each of the three individual sub-disciplines

Thesis (MNutr(Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the body composition, dietary intake and supplement use among training olympic and ironman distance triathletes residing in the Western Cape region. Design: Descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study design Setting: Western Cape Province (South Africa) Subjects: Triathletes residing in the Western Cape region registered with Triathlon South Africa (N = 26) Outcome measures: Percentage body fat, total energy intake, macro– and micronutrient intake, use and reasons for use of nutritional supplements or nutritional ergogenic aids. Results: The mean age of the men and women was 37.9 [Standard Deviation (SD) 6.82] and 37.5 (9.6) years respectively. The corresponding mean amount of training per week for men and women respectively were 15.1 (4.1) and 15.3 (4.7) hours. The percentage body fat as determined by multi-frequency bio-electrical impedance analysis of the men and women were 12.97% (4.3) and 21.4% (6.3) respectively. The mean dietary macronutrient intake as determined by a three day food record for men was for total energy intake 14 534.7kJ (4509.8), carbohydrate intake 5.3g/kg body weight (BW) (1.9), protein intake 2.0g/kg BW (0.5) and fat intake 34.6% (10.31) of total energy requirements. Dietary micronutrients not reaching 67% of dietary reference intakes (DRI) from food alone included iodine (44%) and fluoride (49%). Vitamin C (154%). Micronutrient intake above upper limit (UL) was sodium (213%), manganese (162%) and niacin (228%). The dietary macronutrient intake for women was for total energy intake 9004.1kJ (2368.8), carbohydrate intake 3.5g/kg BW (1.0), protein intake 1.2g/kg BW (0.2) and fat intake 29.8% of total energy intake (6.0). Micronutrients not reaching 67% of the DRI were chloride (61%), iodine (31%) and fluoride (52%). Micronutrient intake above the UL was vitamin C (218%) and manganese (174%). The dietary intake of the men was inadequate in carbohydrate, provided sufficient energy and protein and excessive fat. The dietary intake of the women was inadequate in total energy and carbohydrate, with an adequate protein intake and excessive fat intake. Although the sample size was very small, some associations were found between dietary intake and clinical health status. Seventy three percent of the triathletes use over the counter dietary supplements. The supplements used most often included carbohydrate supplements (81%), multivitamin and mineral supplements (81%) single vitamins (65%), protein supplements (100%), single minerals (58%), antioxidants (54%) and herbal supplements (42%). Most popular reasons for consuming supplements included recovery (62%), increasing energy supply (61%), enhancing immune function (50%), exercise performance enhancement (46%), increasing muscle mass (54%) and to make up for an inadequate diet or nutrient replacement (31%). Conclusion: Percentage body fat of the men and women were at the upper end of the range associated with elite athletes. The athletes have a fairly good intake of macro– and micro-nutrients. Inadequate habitual carbohydrate intake can be attenuated by the vast majority of the triathletes taking additional carbohydrate supplementation. Supplements were used widely among the athletes, whether it is scientifically proven to be beneficial or not.

A corrida representa um importante segmento do triathlon, sendo precedida pela prova de ciclismo. A compreensão dos efeitos do ciclismo sobre o desempenho da corrida, portanto, se torna indispensável para a otimização dos resultados finais de uma prova. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar as variáveis cinemáticas, eletromiográficas e o consumo de oxigênio da corrida no triathlon com àquelas de uma corrida isolada e de uma corrida prolongada. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas no presente estudo: (1) freqüência e amplitude de passada; (2) o valor RMS (root mean square) médio do sinal EMG dos músculos bíceps femoral, reto femoral, vasto lateral, gastrocnêmio medial e tibial anterior; e, (3) o VO2. Participaram desse estudo nove triatletas do sexo masculino. O protocolo de avaliação foi realizado em três etapas: (1) teste para obtenção do VO2 máx, realizado em esteira ergométrica; (2) teste que envolveu a sucessão ciclismo-corrida da prova de triathlon (CT), com 40 km de ciclismo, seguidos de10 km de corrida – em um contexto de prova simulada; e (3) teste de corrida prolongada (CP), em que o atleta correu o tempo correspondente aos 40 km de ciclismo somado a 10 km de corrida. Os primeiros 10 km dessa corrida prolongada constituíram a corrida isolada (CI). Os dados cinemáticos, eletromiográficos e o VO2 foram coletados e analisados a partir de três intervalos: 1°, 5° e 9° km de corrida. O nível de significância dos testes estatísticos aplicados foi de α < 0,05. Os resultados não demonstraram diferenças significativas entre as diferentes corridas. Já entre os intervalos, foi verificada uma diminuição da amplitude de passada entre os intervalos 1 e 2, e entre os intervalos 1 e 3, bem como um aumento do valor RMS do músculo vasto lateral do intervalo 1 para o intervalo 3. A partir da análise específica da corrida do triathlon, foi encontrado um aumento da freqüência e da amplitude de passada entre os intervalos. A inexistência de diferenças entre as corridas se contrapõe aos resultados de estudos encontrados na literatura. Entretanto, os presentes resultados podem ser justificados à medida que o VO2 de teste se manteve abaixo do VO2 correspondente ao segundo limiar ventilatório. A existência de diferenças significativas entre os intervalos para algumas das variáveis analisadas pode sugerir a incidência de fadiga no transcorrer da atividade. / Running represents an important segment of triathlon and is preceded by cycling. Therefore, studying the influence of cycling in running performance is essential for performance optimization. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic and electromyographic variables and oxygen uptake of the triathlon running with a prolonged run and an isolated run. The following parameters were analyzed and compared: (1) the kinematic variables stride frequency and stride length; (2) mean value of the RMS signal of EMG of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior muscles; and, (3) the VO2. Nine male triathletes performed the tests, which were performed on three stages: (1) VO2 max test, performed on a treadmill; (2) 40km of cycling followed by 10km of running time-trial (CT), with 40 km of cycling, followed by 10 km of running – simulated race; (3) prolonged run test (CP): the athletes ran the time corresponding to the 40 km of cycling and more 10 km of running after it. The first 10 km of this prolonged run test was considered the isolated run (CI). Kinematic and eletromyographic variables and VO2 variables were collected and analyzed at three distinct moments: 1°, 5° e 9° km of the run. Statistical tests were applied for an α < 0.05. No significant differences were found between the running types. Between moments, decreased on stride length between moments 1 and 2, and between moments 1 and 3, was observed. There was an increase in the EMG signal RMS of the vastus lateralis from moment 1 to moment 3. In the comparison of triathlon running moments, were found increase in stride frequency and in stride length between moments. No differences were found in literature between running types, a completely opposite result compared to our results. However, these results can be justified for the VO2 values, which remained bellow the VO2 values corresponding to ventilatory threshold. The significant differences between moments of some variables may suggest a fatigue effect in the results.

A corrida representa um importante segmento do triathlon, sendo precedida pela prova de ciclismo. A compreensão dos efeitos do ciclismo sobre o desempenho da corrida, portanto, se torna indispensável para a otimização dos resultados finais de uma prova. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar as variáveis cinemáticas, eletromiográficas e o consumo de oxigênio da corrida no triathlon com àquelas de uma corrida isolada e de uma corrida prolongada. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas no presente estudo: (1) freqüência e amplitude de passada; (2) o valor RMS (root mean square) médio do sinal EMG dos músculos bíceps femoral, reto femoral, vasto lateral, gastrocnêmio medial e tibial anterior; e, (3) o VO2. Participaram desse estudo nove triatletas do sexo masculino. O protocolo de avaliação foi realizado em três etapas: (1) teste para obtenção do VO2 máx, realizado em esteira ergométrica; (2) teste que envolveu a sucessão ciclismo-corrida da prova de triathlon (CT), com 40 km de ciclismo, seguidos de10 km de corrida – em um contexto de prova simulada; e (3) teste de corrida prolongada (CP), em que o atleta correu o tempo correspondente aos 40 km de ciclismo somado a 10 km de corrida. Os primeiros 10 km dessa corrida prolongada constituíram a corrida isolada (CI). Os dados cinemáticos, eletromiográficos e o VO2 foram coletados e analisados a partir de três intervalos: 1°, 5° e 9° km de corrida. O nível de significância dos testes estatísticos aplicados foi de α < 0,05. Os resultados não demonstraram diferenças significativas entre as diferentes corridas. Já entre os intervalos, foi verificada uma diminuição da amplitude de passada entre os intervalos 1 e 2, e entre os intervalos 1 e 3, bem como um aumento do valor RMS do músculo vasto lateral do intervalo 1 para o intervalo 3. A partir da análise específica da corrida do triathlon, foi encontrado um aumento da freqüência e da amplitude de passada entre os intervalos. A inexistência de diferenças entre as corridas se contrapõe aos resultados de estudos encontrados na literatura. Entretanto, os presentes resultados podem ser justificados à medida que o VO2 de teste se manteve abaixo do VO2 correspondente ao segundo limiar ventilatório. A existência de diferenças significativas entre os intervalos para algumas das variáveis analisadas pode sugerir a incidência de fadiga no transcorrer da atividade. / Running represents an important segment of triathlon and is preceded by cycling. Therefore, studying the influence of cycling in running performance is essential for performance optimization. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic and electromyographic variables and oxygen uptake of the triathlon running with a prolonged run and an isolated run. The following parameters were analyzed and compared: (1) the kinematic variables stride frequency and stride length; (2) mean value of the RMS signal of EMG of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior muscles; and, (3) the VO2. Nine male triathletes performed the tests, which were performed on three stages: (1) VO2 max test, performed on a treadmill; (2) 40km of cycling followed by 10km of running time-trial (CT), with 40 km of cycling, followed by 10 km of running – simulated race; (3) prolonged run test (CP): the athletes ran the time corresponding to the 40 km of cycling and more 10 km of running after it. The first 10 km of this prolonged run test was considered the isolated run (CI). Kinematic and eletromyographic variables and VO2 variables were collected and analyzed at three distinct moments: 1°, 5° e 9° km of the run. Statistical tests were applied for an α < 0.05. No significant differences were found between the running types. Between moments, decreased on stride length between moments 1 and 2, and between moments 1 and 3, was observed. There was an increase in the EMG signal RMS of the vastus lateralis from moment 1 to moment 3. In the comparison of triathlon running moments, were found increase in stride frequency and in stride length between moments. No differences were found in literature between running types, a completely opposite result compared to our results. However, these results can be justified for the VO2 values, which remained bellow the VO2 values corresponding to ventilatory threshold. The significant differences between moments of some variables may suggest a fatigue effect in the results.

CANDOTTI, C. T. Características biomecânicas e fisiológicas da técnica de pedalada de ciclistas e triatletas. Tese de doutorado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano. Escola de Educação Física. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2003. Este estudo foi realizado com o propósito de buscar informações, dos pontos de vista biomecânico e fisiológico, que permitissem estudar a técnica da pedalada e a economia de movimento do complexo atleta-bicicleta, criando condições para o estudo de possíveis implicações da técnica da pedalada na economia de movimento dessa modalidade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram os seguintes: (1) comparar a técnica da pedalada de ciclistas e triatletas a partir da análise da força efetiva, do índice de efetividade e da economia de movimento; e (2) verificar a magnitude do sinal eletromiográfico (sinal EMG) de músculos do membro inferior direito. Foram avaliados oito ciclistas e nove triatletas em um cicloergômetro computadorizado, no qual foi acoplado um pedal-plataforma de força computadorizado para a obtenção das componentes normal e tangencial da força aplicada sobre o pedal. Foram testadas quatro diferentes cadências (60, 75, 90 e 105 rpm), cada uma por um período de 3 min, sendo que os sujeitos pedalaram na carga correspondente ao segundo limiar ventilatório individual. Foram registrados, simultaneamente e de forma sincronizada, as componentes normal e tangencial da força aplicada no pedal, os ângulos do pedal e do pé-de-vela, o consumo de oxigênio e a ativação muscular. Os eletrodos foram alinhados longitudinalmente às fibras musculares e fixados sobre a porção central mais proeminente dos músculos glúteo máximo (GM), reto femoral (RF), vasto lateral (VL), bíceps femoral (BF), tibial anterior (TA) e gastrocnêmio medial (GA). O eletrodo de referência foi fixado sobre a face lateral e medial da tíbia. O sinal EMG foi analisado no domínio do tempo, a partir do root mean square (valor RMS), em intervalos de 40 ms (janelamento de Hamming). Para a normalização do sinal EMG, foi utilizado o valor máximo atingido durante a pedalada a 60 rpm, entre as curvas analisadas, sendo expresso em porcentagem. Foram calculadas as magnitudes dos vetores da força resultante e da força efetiva para a obtenção do índice de efetividade da pedalada, utilizando-se a média de 10 ciclos consecutivos de pedalada. Também foi calculada a economia de movimento desse mesmo período. Os resultados demonstraram que ciclistas e triatletas possuem padrões distintos de pedalada, sendo que os ciclistas apresentaram níveis significativamente superiores aos triatletas a 60 e 75 rpm, tanto para a força efetiva quanto para a economia de movimento. Os resultados sugerem que o índice de efetividade não é a melhor garantia de performance técnica, quando comparado a força efetiva, pois não foi encontrada diferença significativa para este índice entre ciclistas e triatletas. A técnica da pedalada interferiu na economia de movimento, uma vez que a força efetiva foi diretamente responsável pelas alterações na economia de movimento. Os resultados desse estudo demonstraram que a magnitude do sinal EMG foi significativamente diferente para o grupo de ciclistas e triatletas: (1) no primeiro quadrante (0º - 90º), para os músculos gastrocnêmio medial (GA) e vasto lateral (VL) na cadência 75 rpm, e para os músculos reto femoral (RF) e VL na cadência 90 rpm; (2) no segundo quadrante da pedalada (90º - 180º), para o músculo VL nas cadências 60 rpm e 105 rpm; e (3) no quarto quadrante da pedalada (270º - 360º), para o músculo tibial anterior (TA) na cadência 105 rpm. Os músculos monoarticulares apresentaram-se ativados em apenas uma fase da pedalada (propulsão ou recuperação), enquanto que os músculos biarticulares foram ativados em ambas as fases (p < 0,05). / CANDOTTI, C. T. Biomechanics and physiological characteristics of the cyclists and triathletes pedaling technique. Tese de doutorado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano. Escola de Educação Física. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2003. This study was developed in order to search for data in the biomechanical and physiological aspects that allow the study of the pedaling technique and the movement economy, thus creating conditions for the study of possible influences of pedaling technique in movement economy of this modality. The purposes of this study were the following: (1) to compare the cyclist and triathletes pedaling technique from the analysis of effective force, effectiveness index, and movement economy; and (2) to verify the electromyographic signal (EMG signal) magnitude of right lower limb muscles. Eight cyclists and nine triathletes were evaluated in a computerized cycle ergometer, in which was fixed a dynamometric pedal for getting the normal and tangential components of the force applied on the pedal. Four distinct cadences were tested (60, 75, 90, and 105 rpm), each one for a period of 3 min, with the subjects pedaling at the load relating to the second individual ventilatory threshold. The tangential and normal components of the force applied on the pedal, the pedal and crank angles, and the electrical activation of six right lower limb muscles were registered in a simultaneous and synchronized manner. The electrodes were longitudinally lined to muscle fibers and fixed over the muscle belly of six muscles: biceps femoris (BF); vastus lateralis (VL); gluteus maximus (GM); rectus femoris (RF); tibialis anterior (TA); and medial gastrocnemius (GAS). The reference electrode was placed on the tibia. The EMG signal was analyzed in time domain, from root mean square (RMS value), in 40 ms intervals (Hamming). The maximum value reached along the 60-rpm pedaling (in percentage) was used for EMG signal normalization. In order to get the pedaling effectiveness index, the resultant force and effective force magnitudes were calculated, using the 10 consecutive pedaling cycles. Movement economy of the same period was also calculated. The results showed that cyclists and triathletes have different pedaling patterns; and cyclists showed significantly higher levels than triathletes at 60 and 75 rpm, for both effective force and movement economy. The results suggest that effectiveness index is not the best way for evaluating pedaling technique, because there was not significant difference for effectiveness index between cyclists and triathletes. The pedaling technique interfered in movement economy, because effective force was directly responsible for the alterations in movement economy. The results of this study showed that the EMG signal magnitude was significantly different for cyclists and triathletes groups: (1) in the first quadrant (0º - 90º), for GAS and VL in 75 rpm cadence, and for RF and VL in 90 rpm cadence; (2) in the second cycling quadrant (90º - 180º), for VL muscle in 60 rpm and 105 rpm cadences; and (3) in the forth cycling quadrant (271º - 360º), for TA muscle in 105 rpm cadence. The monoarticular muscles showed activation in just one pedaling period (propulsion or recuperation), while biarticular muscles were activated in both periods (p < 0.05).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Rio.pdf: 2520590 bytes, checksum: 09103fdb3e032d0f827ab872c4edbb12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to identify the main dermatological lesions on long-term triathletes (Ironman) who participated in the race in May 2012. This is a descriptive and exploratory research with a population of 2,000, the sample composed of athletes who were seen at the Physiotherapy tents, put together on the race day, composed of the first 100 attendance by the researcher, equivalent to 14%. In general, approximately 40% of the athletes who complete the race are seen by a Physiotherapy team, 20% of athletes who finish the race are seen by the medical staff; 5-7% end up not finishing the race. Approximately 800 athletes circulated by the Physiotherapy tent, 350 athletes in the medical field, and 150 athletes did not finish the race. According to the attendance, 85 athletes were male and 15 female, 20 athletes occupied ratings among the top 50 overall, 9 were between 51-100, 15 athletes between 101-200; 56 athletes 201-800 . 81% of athletes had confirmed the use of sunscreen before the training, but without replacement when the trainings were long. 59% had spots on the skin. In foot injuries the frequency was: callosities 32%, nails 60%, bubbles 90%. Considering the exposure of the athletes to the diversity of physical agents (solar radiation, humidity, temperature, air); mechanical agents (bicycle, clothes, shoes, helmet, etc..); Training time (20-30 hours per week), and other agents, triathlon athletes of long term should conduct periodic visits to the dermatologist and so follow the guidelines to not aggravate the lesions that will be vulnerable during training. / Este estudo tem como propósito Identificar as principais lesões dermatológicas em triatletas de longa duração (IRONMAN) que participaram da prova em maio de 2012. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que apresenta características descritiva e exploratória com uma população de 2000, a amostra foi composta pelos atletas que foram atendidos nas tendas de Fisioterapia, montadas no dia da prova, composta pelos 100 primeiros atendimentos pela pesquisadora, equivalente a 14%. Em geral, Aproximadamente 40% dos atletas que completam a prova são atendidos pela equipe de Fisioterapia; 20% dos atletas que terminam a prova são atendidos pela equipe Médica; 5 a 7% acabam não concluindo a prova. Circularam pela tenda de Fisioterapia aproximadamente de 800 atletas; 350 atletas na área médica; e 150 atletas que não completaram a prova. De acordo com os atendimentos, 85 atletas eram do sexo masculino e 15 do sexo feminino; 20 atletas ocuparam classificações entre os 50 primeiros lugares no geral; 9 ficaram entre 51 a 100; 15 atletas entre 101 a 200; 56 atletas de 201 a 800. 81% dos atletas confirmaram o uso de protetor solar antes dos treinamentos, mas sem reposição quando os treinos eram longos. 59% apresentaram manchas na pele. Nas lesões do pé a frequência foi: calosidade 32%, unhas 60%, bolhas 90%. Considerando a exposição dos atletas as diversidades dos agentes físicos (radiações solares, umidade, temperatura, ar); agentes mecânicos (bicicleta, roupa, calçado, capacete, etc.); tempo de treinamento (20 a 30 horas semanais); e outros agentes, atletas do triatlo de longa duração devem realizar visitas periódicas ao dermatologista e assim seguir as orientações para não agravar as lesões que estarão vulneráveis durante os treinamentos.