In modernen Entwicklungsmodellen wird definiert, dass Entwicklung durch Erbanlagen und Umweltfaktoren bestimmt ist. Ebenso können Athleten durch Üben und Lernen bzw. Training ihre Entwicklung selbst gestalten. Hier stellt sich die Frage, welche körperlichen Voraussetzungen, welche Umweltbedingungen und welche Trainingskennziffern des Athleten besonders günstig auf die Möglichkeiten der Leistungsausbildung und Motivation wirken und somit die Wettkampfleistung beeinflussen. Dazu werden ausgewählte Faktoren bei erstplatzierten Triathleten der Deutschen Nachwuchs-meisterschaft genauer untersucht. Hier wird deutlich, dass die weiblichen erfolgreichen Probanden einen niedrigen BMI-Wert sowie ein retardiertes Alter aufweisen. Im Vergleich mit den DTU-Vorgaben trainieren im Mittel die jüngeren Probanden zu viel, die Junioren zu wenig. Ausgenommen davon ist das Athletiktraining, welches im Mittel deutliche Defizite in allen Altersklassen aufweist. Nachwuchsstützpunktgruppen und Unterstützungsleistungen des Umfeldes der Athleten, erweisen sich als leistungsförderlich. Die Ergebnisse bilden das Fundament für weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 5 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 6 2.1 Leistungsstruktur 6 2.1.1 Leistungsstruktur im Triathlon-Nachwuchsbereich 7 2.1.2 Wettkampfstruktur im Triathlon-Nachwuchsbereich 9 2.2 Langfristiger Leistungsaufbau der DTU 11 2.3 Interaktionistischer Ansatz 13 3 Problemstellung 16 4 Zielstellung 17 5 Fragestellung 18 6 Untersuchungsmethodik 19 6.1 Untersuchungsdesign 19 6.2 Stichprobe 20 6.3 Testgütekriterien 20 6.4 Methodenkritik 21 7 Ergebnisdarstellung 22 7.1 Konstitution 22 7.1.1 Körperhöhe 22 7.1.2 Körpermasse 23 7.1.3 Body-Mass-Index 24 7.2 Alter 25 7.2.1 Relativer Alterseffekt 25 7.2.2 Biologisches Alter 25 7.3 Trainingskennziffern 26 7.3.1 Übergangsperiode 27 7.3.2 Ruhetage 27 7.3.3 Trainingslager 28 7.3.4 Jahresumfänge Schwimmen 29 7.3.5 Jahresumfänge Rad 30 7.3.6 Jahresumfänge Lauf 31 7.3.7 Jahresumfänge Athletik 32 7.3.8 Trainingsstunden im Jahr 33 7.4 Umweltbedingungen 33 7.4.1 Schule und Internat 34 7.4.2 Trainingsumfeld 35 7.4.3 weitere Umfeldbedingungen 36 7.4.4 Finanzielles 37 8 Ergebnisdiskussion 38 8.1 Konstitution 38 8.2 Alter 39 8.3. Trainingskennziffern 40 8.4 Umweltbedingungen 41 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 43 Literaturverzeichnis 46 Abbildungsverzeichnis 49 Tabellenverzeichnis 50 Anhänge 51

Aktualumas. Mūsų šalyje triatlonas yra jauna sporto šaka, todėl ir sportuojančiųjų bei dalyvaujančiųjų varžybose nėra gausu. Nėra parengtos ir pasiteisinusios triatlono treniruočių metodikos. Triatlonininko rengimo procesas susijęs ne tik su šių sporto šakų specifika, bet ir jų tarpusavio sąveika ir įvairių specifinių priemonių ir metodų įvairove. Todėl ir aktualu tirti Lietuvos triatlonininkų rengimo procesą ir ieškoti specifinių priemonių ir metodų šiam procesui tobulinti. Tikslas – ištirti Lietuvos didelio meistriškumo triatlonininko daugiametės treniruotės procesą rengiantis pasaulio čempionatams. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti didelio meistriškumo triatlonininko daugiamečių treniruočių priemones ir metodus. 2. Ištirti didelio meistriškumo triatlonininko treniruočių fizinių krūvių taikymą daugiamečiame treniruočių cikle, jų kaitą. 3. Ištirti didelio meistriškumo triatlonininko fizinio ir funkcinio pajėgumo kaitą daugiamečiame treniruočių cikle. 4. Ištirti pratybų aukštikalnėse įtaką triatlonininko funkciniams rodikliams ir varžybų rezultatams. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad didelio meistriškumo triatlonininko daugiametėje treniruotėje buvo taikomos skirtingos treniruočių priemones ir metodai: - plaukime buvo taikomas tolygusis, intervalinis ir kontrolinis; - dviračių treniruotėse – tolygusis, tempo ir kontrolinis; - bėgime – tolygusis, kartotinis, tempo ir kontrolinis. Treniruotės fiziniai krūviai daugiamečiame... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Relevance. Triathlon is a young kind of sports in this country, that is why the number of those active in it and participating in the competitions is not big. Good methods of triathlon training have not been created yet. The process of preparation of a triathlonist is connected not only with the particularity of these kinds of sports but also with their interaction and variety of different special means and methods. That is why it is a matter of great relevance to analyze the process of preparation of Lithuanian triathlonists and to look for special means and methods for improving this process. Aim- to analyze the process of a Lithuanian top mastership triathlonist’s long- term training process during the preparation for world championships. Tasks: 1. To determine means and methods of long- term training of top mastership triathlonist. 2. To analyze applying and changing physical loads during the cycle of long- term training of top mastership triathlonist. 3. To analyze alternation of physical and functional capacities of top mastership triathlonist during the cycle of long- term training. 4. To analyze the influence of training in the mountains for the triathlonist’s functional indicators and competition results. The results of the analysis have showed that in a long- term training of the top mastership triathlonist different methods and means were applied: - for swimming- even, interval and control were applied; - for cycling training- even, speed and... [to full text]

TITLE OF THESIS: Analysis of postural functions and posture in triathletes aged 10-15 years. OBJECTIVES OF THESIS: The aim of this work is to analyze the condition of the musculoskeletal system and posture in triathletes aged 10-15 years and based on that to create a health compensation program and then verify and be able to objectify the main musculoskeletal problems, recommend and provide remedies. METHODS USED: In my diploma thesis I used in testing the level of motor skills tests tested by CTA for the age group of triathletes 8-15 years and then I compared them according to the table determining the level of assumptions using T-points. I used a ray graph to summarize the average results of the group. I tested the analysis of postural functions and posture using physiotherapeutic tests according to the authors Jaroš and Lomíček, and I used Matthias' test as a supplement. During testing according to Jaroš and Lomíček, I used a plumb line, protractor and grid to make the evaluation as accurate as possible. During the physiotherapy measurements, I took photos and videos, thanks to which I was able to better identify postural defects, however they could not be presented in the diploma thesis. I recorded the individual results in tables. RESULTS: My research showed that regular application of a...

In early 2020, many businesses (including gyms) were instructed to shut down for an unspecified period of time as a response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Casagrande et al., 2020, p.1; Erskine, M., 2020, para.1; O’Brien, 2020, Gyms and Health Centers section, para.1-16). As a result, many people experienced a change in how much they exercised and the quality and quantity of their sleep (Antunes et al., 2020, pp.3,5; Bigalke et al., 2020, p.7; Cellini et al., 2021, pp.113- 115, 117; Constandt et al., 2020, p.4; Pérez-Carbonell et al., 2020, pp.164, 166; Puccinelli et al., 2021, p.6). There was also an increase in the levels of negative mental states, such as anxiety and depression in various populations (Daly et al., 2020, pp.2-5). This study primarily explored changes in exercise and sleep (quality and quantity) as a result of the pandemic in a highly athletic adult population of rowers and triathletes. The data collected from the study also touched upon the changes in the mental states of the participants. A survey was sent across Canada to rowing and triathlon clubs from SurveyMonkey that had both qualitative and quantitative questions to examine these areas of contention. A majority of participants indicated that their sleep quality had worsened as a result the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there wasn’t enough evidence to indicate that the pandemic affected the length of their sleep. The athletic performance of the athletes, as measured by self-report, decreased during the pandemic in an overwhelming number of participants. Finally, although there were many indications of worsened mental health states (such as reports of increased anxiety), there wasn’t a validated questionnaire used to measure changes in mental health concerns in the population related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some mental health concerns that were shared by the participants indicated other causes than only the pandemic. Future research should include more objective measures of sleep duration and anxiety and depression scores to better clarify those hypotheses. / Graduate

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / Background: A triathlon comprises of a combination of swimming, cycling and running. Triathlons are usually classified as sprint distance, Olympic distance, and Ironman or ultra-distance. Triathlon was popularized in the 2000 Summer Olympic Games and, despite this, there is insufficient data relating to injuries in the South African context. This study aimed to determine the injury profile of amateur and semi-professional Kwa-Zulu Natal triathletes. Methods: This Institutional Research Board approved, cross sectional study, included 80 active members of the Kwa-Zulu Natal Triathlon Association. All triathletes completed a questionnaire on training and injury profiles; with only those having had a musculoskeletal complaint additionally completing a clinical consultation. In order to assess associations between presence of injury and explanatory variables, binary logistic regression using backward selection based on likelihood ratios was used. Data was described using frequency tables for categorical data and summary statistics for continuous data. Odds ratios was reported and a p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. For triathletes reporting injuries, linear regression was used for factors associated with injury severity. Results: Fifty seven triathletes responded giving a response rate of 71% (68% male, 32% female). The point and period (year) prevalence of triathlon-related musculoskeletal pain was 17.5% and 68.4% respectively. The ranking of the most common site of injury in the last 12 months included the knee (64%), low back (21%) and thigh (18%); with females having had a significantly higher risk of injury than males (p=.019). Additionally, injury risk also increased with weight (p=.055), number of triathlons undertaken in the previous year (p=.031), number of triathlons in the last 4 months (p=.009) and running distance during competition times (p=.011). Injury risk decreased with increasing distance of cycling (p=.061) and swimming (p=.030) in a competition, and length of training in- and off-season (p=.105 and p=.043 respectively). Strong trends were demonstrated between injury severity and long-slow training distance (p=.006) and weight (p=.006). By contrast to risk of injury, injury severity was negatively associated with weight, while a long-slow distance was positively associated with the severity of the injury. Of all the health professions, chiropractic was the most utilized health profession. Conclusion and recommendations: The results concur with previous research, but add insights into factors predisposing triathletes to injury. The most common injuries require investigation to develop preventative interventions to reduce injuries in triathletes. Health professionals require education about triathlon-related injuries to improve preventative and curative interventions.

Introdução: A associação da fadiga muscular com o aumento da força vertical de reação do solo representa risco para a fratura por estresse de tíbia em esportes como a corrida de longa distância e o triatlo. Objetivos: analisar e comparar parâmetros do componente vertical das forças de reação do solo e parâmetros musculares isocinéticos da flexão-plantar (FP) e dorsiflexão (DF) do tornozelo entre corredores de longa distância, triatletas e indivíduos não-atletas. Materiais e Métodos: foram avaliados 75 indivíduos do sexo masculino, divididos em: Grupo Triatleta (GT) (n=26), Grupo Corredores de Longa Distância (GCL) (n=26) e Grupo Controle de não- atletas (GC) (n=23). Para avaliação da força vertical foi utilizada uma plataforma de força, onde os indivíduos realizaram passos de corrida em uma distância pré-determinada. Foram coletados dez passos (cinco com o membro direito e cinco com o esquerdo). A avaliação isocinética foi realizada no modo concêntrico/excêntrico e excêntrico/concêntrico da flexão-plantar (FP) e dorsiflexão (DF) do tornozelo direito e esquerdo. Foram feitas cinco repetições na velocidade de 60º/s e 30 repetições a 180º/s, com repouso de 10 segundos entre as séries. Resultados: O GC e o GT apresentaram forças verticais menores e maior tempo de contato com o solo e de aplicação da força na aceleração vertical máxima que o GCL. O tempo de aplicação de força foi maior no GC que o GT. A avaliação isocinética (180º/s) mostrou: maiores valores da DF excêntrica e FP concêntrica no GC e GT quando comparados com o GCL; maiores valores para DF concêntrica no GC comparado do GT e GCL e GT maior GCL; TA foi maior na DF excêntrica do GCL que GC; a maior relação agonista-antagonista FP e DF foi no modo concêntrico-excêntrico do GC quando comparado com GT e GCL. Na avaliação a 60º/s, maior PT durante a FP excêntrica e DF concêntrica no GC que GT e GCL e maior FP concêntrica no GT e GC. Conclusões: Os atletas mostraram menor força e resistência isocinéticas e maiores valores de impacto que os controles. Os triatletas tiveram menor impacto e melhor desempenho na variável de resistência muscular. / Introduction: The association of fatigue with increasing vertical force of ground reaction represent a risk for Tibial stress fracture in sports like long distance running and triathlon. Objectives: To analyze and compare the parameters of the vertical component of ground reaction forces and the parameters of muscle isokinetic ankle flexion-plantar (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) among long distance runners, triathletes and non-athletes. Materials and Methods: total of 75 males, divided into three groups: Triathletes (GT) (n=26), Long Distance Runners (GR) (n=23) and nonathletes Controls (GC) (n=26) participated in the study. The force platform were used to record vertical forces and the subjects were instructed to perform race steps for a predetermined distance and to complete ten practical experience (five with the right limb and five with the left), which consisted of consistent landing from one of his feet in the center of the platform. The isokinetic evaluation was performed in the concentric/eccentric and eccentric/concentric ankle plantar-flexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) (60°/s and 180°/s). Results:The GC and GT showed lower vertical forces, increased total time ground support and time of application of force at maximum vertical acceleration than GR. In this last variable, the GC had a time of application of force even greater than GT. To isokinetic evaluation at 180 ° / s, GT and GC presented TW significantly higher than GR, during DF eccentric and PF concentric; in DF concentric, the GC was higher than GR and GT and GT higher than GR; GR presented TA significantly higher than GT and GC, during DF eccentric; GC presented agonist-antagonist ratio for PF and DF in the concentriceccentric mode, higher than GT and GCL. For evaluation at 60 °/s, the GC presented s PT significantly higher than GT and GR, during PF eccentric and DF concentric; FP concentric GC higher than GT. Conclusions: The athletes presented lower isokinetics strength and endurance and higher impact values than the controls. The triathletes had less impact and better performance in variable muscular endurance.

Exercise intensity and its distribution is probably the most important and most heavily debated variable of endurance training. Training induces adaptation but also induces stress responses. Controlling the training-intensity distribution may provide a mechanism for balancing these two effects. It has been reported that elite endurance athletes train with a high volume and load, relative to the sport. These athletes spend the vast majority (>80%) of training time at relatively low intensities (lower than the lactate threshold, zone one), and therefore <20% of training time above the lactate threshold (zones two and three). Experimental studies support the beneficial effects of a high training volume in zone one, and show detrimental effects of replacing zone one training with training in zone two. This is likely due to enhanced recovery from training in zone one compared with training in zone two. The acute recovery following training sessions in zones two and three has been reported to not be different, but the recovery following training in zone one has been reported to be faster. Improvements in physiological adaptation and endurance performance have been reported to be greater following training programmes with higher exercise intensities. Therefore, it has been suggested that a polarised training model, which includes ~80% of training in zone one with ~20% of training in zone three is more beneficial than a threshold training model, with the majority of training in zone two. However, research into an optimal training-intensity distribution is limited. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were to assess the effectiveness of training-intensity distribution on the improvements in physiological adaptation, endurance performance and assess if manipulating training-intensity distribution had an effect on immune function. Study one revealed that the lactate threshold, the lactate turnpoint and maximal performance measures in swimming, cycling and running, assessed using the methods outlined in the study, are reproducible in trained endurance athletes. These tests can therefore be used by trained endurance athletes as part of a physiological testing programme to assess not only endurance performance, but also to demarcate training intensity zones for exercise intensity prescription and monitor moderate to large adaptations to training. Practitioners should take care when deciding on the duration between tests to test for adaptations from training, as adaptations need to be greater than these detected test-retest variations to be considered physiologically meaningful. To the best of the author’s knowledge, study two was the first study to have assessed training-intensity distribution in a group of multisport athletes. Training was monitored over a 6-month period, and testing took place every two months to assess the effect of the training on physiological adaptation. Although speculative due to the number of variables involved, the results suggest that a greater proportion of training time spent in zone one and a lower proportion of training time spent in zone two is beneficial to physiological adaptation. However, given the number of variables associated with assessing the training-intensity distribution in multisport athletes, it is not easy to draw conclusions as to the effectiveness of the training in the different disciplines on the key measures of adaptation in the different disciplines. Study two highlighted the need for future research to focus on experimental manipulation of training-intensity distribution and thus improve our understanding of its impact on the training-induced adaptations in endurance athletes. Study three manipulated the training-intensity distribution in trained endurance athletes in just one discipline, to reduce the number of variables involved. A polarised training model was compared to a threshold training model on the effectiveness to improve physiological adaptation and endurance performance. Results revealed that a polarised training model is recommended for trained cyclists wishing to maximally improve performance and physiological adaptation over a short-term (six week) training period. The first part of study four assessed the effect of a polarised and a threshold training model on immune function markers in trained cyclists. Both endurance training programmes had similar volume, and were sufficient to induce improvements in performance and physiological adaptation. However, despite likely differences in recovery, both training programmes had no effect on the proportion of low or high differentiated or senescent CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells in blood. Therefore, training adaptation was achieved at no cost to this particular aspect of immune function. From these results and evidence from previous studies, it seems likely that athletes need to be overreached to induce any change in immune function following a period of intensified training. The second part of study four assessed the impact of an ironman triathlon race on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) antibody titres and the frequency of low and high differentiated and senescent blood T-cells in trained endurance athletes. Previous work has revealed that an ironman triathlon race increases the proportion of senescent CD4+ T cells and decreases the proportion of naive CD4+ T cells, and thus induces changes the immune space which could leave an individual at a greater risk of infection. This study however, did not find any changes in the proportions of these T cell subsets following an ironman triathlon race. The mean results of this study suggest that there is no relationship between EBV and VZV-specific antibody concentrations and the proportion of senescent, low and highly differientiated T cells. However, on analysis of individual subject data, it seems possible that subjects with a high antibody titre for EBV or VZV 3 wks before a competition might be more at risk of infection post race. A greater subject number would be needed in order to make a more conclusive statement about this relationship. The results of this thesis suggest that future research is required in the area of training-intensity distribution. Firstly, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms responsible for the effectiveness of a polarised training model in trained endurance athletes is limited, and thus studies should attempt to address this issue. Our current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying a blunted T cell response following strenous exercise is also limited. A change in the immune space to a greater proportion of senescent T cells and a lower proportion of naive T cells might contribute to this blunted response. In the current thesis however, the proportions of these T cell markers were unchanged following the training/racing interventions. It is possible that with a higher training load, there could be changes in these markers, and thus this is an exciting area that could have potential implications on athlete health. Finally, testing for antibody titres in endurance athletes is possibly an avenue to detect individuals at the greatest risk of infection if subjected to a large physical and/or mental stress. This could have implications on maintaining athlete health and therefore, allowing athletes to train consistently.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos pre-textuais.pdf: 26933 bytes, checksum: 3105dcb4f3f8fa77a10a967188c8320b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Triathlon Ironman is characterized for a resistance activity consisting of 3,8 km of swimming, 180 km of cycling and 42,2 km of running, in which the athlete is exercised, in average, for about 13 hours. In this context, the athlete displayed to such load of effort and ambient adversities experiences acute organic alterations in his biological systems, including the hydroelectrolytic disturbs. The objective of this study is to describe the hydric and electrolytic alterations found in triathlon Ironman athletes in the years from 2002 to 2005. 109 voluntary athletes had been evaluated before and immediately after the events carried through in Florianópolis-SC Brazil, with blood analysis of sodium and potassium electrolytes, and measure of body mass. The data of the sodium serum of 89 athletes had been correlated with the degree of dehydration and percentile modifications of body weight. Data of 77 athletes, in relation to the serum potassium, had been evaluated separately in a descriptive form. Six athletes (6,7%) had presented euhydrated or superhydrated to the end of the test, 50 athletes had dehydrated from 0 to 3% (56,2%), 29 from 3 to 6 % (32,6%) and 4 athletes (4,5%) had dehydrated more than 6%. It had a trend to occur hyponatremia between those had dehydrated little or gained weight. The potassium had a behavior inside of the limits of normality in all sample. The conclusion is that the hydroelectrolytic disturbances (hyponatremia and dehydration) are incident in this sportive modality, being the superhydration the probable etiology of hyponatremia denoted by the gain or discrete losses of weight. / O Ironman é uma das variações da modalidade de triatlo e caracteriza-se por uma atividade de longa duração, constituída por 3,8 Km de natação, 180 Km de ciclismo e 42,2 Km de corrida, na qual o atleta exercita-se em média por cerca de 13 horas. Neste contexto o atleta exposto a tal carga de esforço e adversidades ambientais experimenta alterações orgânicas agudas em seus sistemas biológicos, inclusive distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as alterações hídricas e eletrolíticas encontradas em atletas de triatlo Ironman nos anos de 2002 a 2005. Com este intuito 109 atletas voluntários foram avaliados antes e após a prova, sendo submetidos a análise sangüínea dos eletrólitos sódio e potássio e pesagem de massa corpórea. Os dados do sódio sérico de 89 atletas foram correlacionadas com o percentual de desidratação e alterações percentuais de peso corporal. Dados de 77 atletas, quanto ao potássio sérico, foram avaliados isoladamente de uma forma descritiva. A análise estatística consistiu de uma parte descritiva, com a determinação das estatísticas descritivas básicas, e de uma parte inferencial, que estudou a significância estatística da correlação entre os resultados dos exames. Seis atletas (6,7%) apresentaram-se euhidratados ou superhidratados ao final da prova, 50 atletas desidrataram de 0 a 3% (56,2%), 29 de 3 a 6 % (32,6%) e 4 atletas (4,5%) desidrataram mais que 6%. Houve uma tendência a ocorrer hiponatremia, uma das mais preocupantes alterações hidroeletrolíticas, entre aqueles que desidrataram menos ou ganharam peso. O potássio teve um comportamento dentro dos limites da normalidade em toda amostra. Conclui-se que os distúrbios hidroelétrolíticos são incidentes nesta modalidade esportiva, e a superhidratação, evidenciada pelo ganho ou perdas discretas de peso, é a etiologia provável da hiponatremia.

Introdução: A associação da fadiga muscular com o aumento da força vertical de reação do solo representa risco para a fratura por estresse de tíbia em esportes como a corrida de longa distância e o triatlo. Objetivos: analisar e comparar parâmetros do componente vertical das forças de reação do solo e parâmetros musculares isocinéticos da flexão-plantar (FP) e dorsiflexão (DF) do tornozelo entre corredores de longa distância, triatletas e indivíduos não-atletas. Materiais e Métodos: foram avaliados 75 indivíduos do sexo masculino, divididos em: Grupo Triatleta (GT) (n=26), Grupo Corredores de Longa Distância (GCL) (n=26) e Grupo Controle de não- atletas (GC) (n=23). Para avaliação da força vertical foi utilizada uma plataforma de força, onde os indivíduos realizaram passos de corrida em uma distância pré-determinada. Foram coletados dez passos (cinco com o membro direito e cinco com o esquerdo). A avaliação isocinética foi realizada no modo concêntrico/excêntrico e excêntrico/concêntrico da flexão-plantar (FP) e dorsiflexão (DF) do tornozelo direito e esquerdo. Foram feitas cinco repetições na velocidade de 60º/s e 30 repetições a 180º/s, com repouso de 10 segundos entre as séries. Resultados: O GC e o GT apresentaram forças verticais menores e maior tempo de contato com o solo e de aplicação da força na aceleração vertical máxima que o GCL. O tempo de aplicação de força foi maior no GC que o GT. A avaliação isocinética (180º/s) mostrou: maiores valores da DF excêntrica e FP concêntrica no GC e GT quando comparados com o GCL; maiores valores para DF concêntrica no GC comparado do GT e GCL e GT maior GCL; TA foi maior na DF excêntrica do GCL que GC; a maior relação agonista-antagonista FP e DF foi no modo concêntrico-excêntrico do GC quando comparado com GT e GCL. Na avaliação a 60º/s, maior PT durante a FP excêntrica e DF concêntrica no GC que GT e GCL e maior FP concêntrica no GT e GC. Conclusões: Os atletas mostraram menor força e resistência isocinéticas e maiores valores de impacto que os controles. Os triatletas tiveram menor impacto e melhor desempenho na variável de resistência muscular. / Introduction: The association of fatigue with increasing vertical force of ground reaction represent a risk for Tibial stress fracture in sports like long distance running and triathlon. Objectives: To analyze and compare the parameters of the vertical component of ground reaction forces and the parameters of muscle isokinetic ankle flexion-plantar (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) among long distance runners, triathletes and non-athletes. Materials and Methods: total of 75 males, divided into three groups: Triathletes (GT) (n=26), Long Distance Runners (GR) (n=23) and nonathletes Controls (GC) (n=26) participated in the study. The force platform were used to record vertical forces and the subjects were instructed to perform race steps for a predetermined distance and to complete ten practical experience (five with the right limb and five with the left), which consisted of consistent landing from one of his feet in the center of the platform. The isokinetic evaluation was performed in the concentric/eccentric and eccentric/concentric ankle plantar-flexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) (60°/s and 180°/s). Results:The GC and GT showed lower vertical forces, increased total time ground support and time of application of force at maximum vertical acceleration than GR. In this last variable, the GC had a time of application of force even greater than GT. To isokinetic evaluation at 180 ° / s, GT and GC presented TW significantly higher than GR, during DF eccentric and PF concentric; in DF concentric, the GC was higher than GR and GT and GT higher than GR; GR presented TA significantly higher than GT and GC, during DF eccentric; GC presented agonist-antagonist ratio for PF and DF in the concentriceccentric mode, higher than GT and GCL. For evaluation at 60 °/s, the GC presented s PT significantly higher than GT and GR, during PF eccentric and DF concentric; FP concentric GC higher than GT. Conclusions: The athletes presented lower isokinetics strength and endurance and higher impact values than the controls. The triathletes had less impact and better performance in variable muscular endurance.

Name of Work Comparison of heart-rate, lactate levels, swimming speed in streamlined (aerodynamic) channel and swimming pool. Goal of Work To determine whether the same swimming speed affects the heart-rate and blood lactate in exactly the same way, in both the aerodynamic channel and in the swimming pool. To check the velocity of water flowing in a streamlined channel. Method Data collection (blood lactate, values of heart-rate, speed of swimming) will be done first in the swimming pool and then in the streamlined channel, the so-called FLUM. Probands will swim progressively faster in swimming sections of equal length. To obtain lactate levels, the invasive method will be used. Cardiac frequency will be obtained from heart-rate monitors, which each proband will have mounted on the body throughout testing. To verify the speed of flowing water, measuring equipment (propellers) borrowed from the Czech Agricultural University Prague, will be used. Results The work provides information on whether there is a difference in values or internal performance when comparing the speed in swimming pools with the speed in a streamlined channel. If so, the researcher will create a formula to convert the swimming speed in the aerodynamic channel to the speed level in a swimming pool. To create a formula that would...