O principal objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a aplicabilidade de um minerador de dados para obter relações entre padrões de viagens encadeadas e características sócio-econômicas de viajantes urbanos. Para representar as viagens encadeadas, as viagens correspondentes a cada indivíduo do banco de dados foram codificadas em termos de seqüência de letras que indicam uma ordem cronológica em que atividades são desenvolvidas. O minerador de dados utilizado neste trabalho é árvore de decisão e classificação, uma ferramenta de análise disponível no software S-Plus. A análise foi baseada na pesquisa origem-destino realizada pelo Metrô-SP na região metropolitana de São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas domiciliares, em 1987. Um dos importantes resultados é que indivíduos que têm atributos sócio-econômicos e de viagens similares não se comportam de maneira similar; pelo contrário, eles fazem diferentes padrões de viagens encadeadas, as quais podem ser descritas em termos de probabilidade ou freqüência associada a cada padrão. Portanto, o minerador de dados deve possuir a habilidade para representar essa distribuição. A consistência do resultado foi analisada comparando-os com alguns resultados encontrados na literatura referente a análise de viagem baseada em atividades. A principal conclusão é que árvore de decisão e classificação aplicada a dados individuais, contendo encadeamento de viagem codificado e atributos socioeconômicos e de viagem, permite extrair conhecimento e informações ocultas que ajudam a compreender o comportamento de viagem de viajantes urbanos. / The main aim of this work is to analyze the applicability of a data miner for obtaining relationships between trip-chaining patterns and urban trip-makers socioeconomic characteristics. In order to represent the trip-chains, trips corresponding to each individual in the data set were coded in terms of letters indicating a chronological order in which activities are performed. Data miner applied in this work is decision and classification tree, an analysis tool available in S-Plus software package. The analysis was based on the origin-destination home-interview survey carried out by Metrô-SP in São Paulo metropolitan area. One of the important findings is that individuals having similar socieconomic and trip attributes do not behave in a similar way; on the contrary, they make different trip-chaining patterns, which may be described in term of probability or frequency associated to each pattern. Therefore, the data miner should have ability to represent that distribution. The consistency of results was analyzed by comparing them with some results found in literature related to activity-based travel analysis. The main conclusion is that decision and classification tree applied to individual data, containing coded trip-chaining and socioeconomic and trip attributes, allows extracting hidden knowledge and information that help to understand the travel behaviour of urban trip-makers.

This diploma thesis is focused on technological sights located in the Pilsen region. The selection contains only those technological sights that are suitable for primary schools. The theoretical section introduces terms project and project-based learning. It describes the realization of a project, its advantages and difficulties. It explores extensively the educational theme A human and His World, technology education and technological literacy. The end of the theoretical section deals with the term technological sight and also the characteristics of six selected technological sights in the Pilsen region. The practical section of the thesis involves a field research of technological sights, planning field trips, possibility to join a field trip to a selected project for primary school pupils and in the end also creating worksheets for field trips.

Le travail abordé dans le cadre de cette thèse constitue une contribution à la compréhension de l'effet TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) dans les aciers et à la modélisation du comportement élastoplastique de ces aciers. Le présent travail est consacré à l'analyse du comportement de trois aciers à effets TRIP (Inox 304L, Inox 304L-Cu et TRIP 800) et à l'identification des paramètres pilotant leur comportement pour des chargements monotones et séquentiels. Le but est de regarder l'influence relative du trajet de chargement et de la transformation martensitique. Deux modèles de comportement élastoplastique ont été analysés et implémentés dans le code de calcul éléments finis-ABAQUS. Le premier est le modèle de Lemaitre et Chaboche, prenant en compte l'écrouissage cinématique sans l'effet TRIP. Le deuxième est un modèle dit semi-physique, élatoplastique par phase, (développé par Cherkaoui). Il tient compte du multiphasage et de l'évolution de la fraction de martensite. Différents essais mécaniques ont été réalisés (essais monotones, essais séquentiels, essais hétérogènes et essais d'emboutissage) afin de constituer une base de données expérimentales en vue de l'identification du comportement élastoplastique. Une méthode d'identification inverse a été développée afin d'identifier les paramètres des deux modèles élastoplastiques. Dans les aciers multiphasés, en raison de la faible fraction d'austénite résiduelle, la transformation martensitique ne peut pas influencer énormément le comportement mécanique macroscopique lors d'un chargement thermomécanique. En conséquence, l'application d'un modèle classique (modèle de Lemaître et Chaboche dans cette étude) permet de prédire simplement le comportement mécanique des aciers à effet TRIP (304L-Cu et TRIP 800). En revanche, dans les aciers entièrement austénitiques (304L) où l'effet TRIP change considérablement la courbe de comportement mécanique, le modèle de Lemaître et Chaboche n'est pas approprié pour prédire leur comportement mécanique. Il est alors nécessaire d'utiliser un modèle qui prend en compte l'effet TRIP (modèle semi-physique dans ce travail).

QC 20100927

Framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs) help developers build applications based on object-oriented frameworks. FSMLs formalize abstractions and rules of the framework's application programming interfaces (APIs) and can express models of how applications use an API. Such models, referred to as framework-specific models, aid developers in understanding, creating, and evolving application code. We present the concept of FSMLs, propose a way of specifying their abstract syntax and semantics, and show how such language specifications can be interpreted to provide reverse, forward, and round-trip engineering of framework-specific models and framework-based application code. We present a method for engineering FSMLs that was extracted post-mortem from the experience of building four such languages. The method is driven by the use cases that the FSMLs under development are to support. We present the use cases, the overall process, and its instantiation for each language. The presentation focuses on providing concrete examples for engineering steps, outcomes, and challenges. It also provides strategies for making engineering decisions. The presented method and experience are aimed at framework developers and tool builders who are interested in engineering new FSMLs. Furthermore, the method represents a necessary step in the maturation of the FSML concept. Finally, the presented work offers a concrete example of software language engineering. FSML engineering formalizes existing domain knowledge that is not present in language form and makes a strong case for the benefits of such formalization. We evaluated the method and the exemplar languages. The evaluation is both empirical and analytical. The empirical evaluation involved measuring the precision and recall of reverse engineering and verifying the correctness or forward and round-trip engineering. The analytical evaluation focused on the generality of the method.

<p>Object-oriented frameworks are currently widely used in software application development. Unfortunately, they are known to be generally difficult to use because of the difficulty in understanding the concepts and constraints in different frameworks. With the formalization of framework concepts and constraints in domain-specific modeling languages called framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs), previous works have shown that round-trip engineering between models of applications using frameworks and the application code is possible to aid framework application development.</p> <p>Framework-specific modeling languages only capture, however, framework concepts and constraints and hence, lack the expressiveness of general-purpose modeling languages. For this reason, the complete code for an entire framework application cannot be generated from the model in the model editor using round-trip engineering, and the user would need to switch to the code editor to program the application logic code. Also, since models are only abstractions of code, implementation details in code may be missing in models. Although default implementation details can be used when generating code from a model, the generated code might require further customization by the user, which would also require switching to the code editor.</p> <p>To reduce the need for the user to switch between the model editor and the code editor and to reduce the need to customize the generated code, this thesis presents a model-guided approach to providing code assistance for framework application development directly in the code editor, where additional implementation details can also be obtained. An approach to building a context-sensitive code assistant that aids the user in the implementation of framework concepts with the consideration of framework constraints is described. A prototype has further been implemented and applied on two widely popular frameworks. The evaluation in this thesis analyzes and characterizes framework concepts and shows that the framework-based code assistant can reduce the need to customize the generated code in the code editor when compared to code generation from the model editor.</p>

Framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs) help developers build applications based on object-oriented frameworks. FSMLs formalize abstractions and rules of the framework's application programming interfaces (APIs) and can express models of how applications use an API. Such models, referred to as framework-specific models, aid developers in understanding, creating, and evolving application code. We present the concept of FSMLs, propose a way of specifying their abstract syntax and semantics, and show how such language specifications can be interpreted to provide reverse, forward, and round-trip engineering of framework-specific models and framework-based application code. We present a method for engineering FSMLs that was extracted post-mortem from the experience of building four such languages. The method is driven by the use cases that the FSMLs under development are to support. We present the use cases, the overall process, and its instantiation for each language. The presentation focuses on providing concrete examples for engineering steps, outcomes, and challenges. It also provides strategies for making engineering decisions. The presented method and experience are aimed at framework developers and tool builders who are interested in engineering new FSMLs. Furthermore, the method represents a necessary step in the maturation of the FSML concept. Finally, the presented work offers a concrete example of software language engineering. FSML engineering formalizes existing domain knowledge that is not present in language form and makes a strong case for the benefits of such formalization. We evaluated the method and the exemplar languages. The evaluation is both empirical and analytical. The empirical evaluation involved measuring the precision and recall of reverse engineering and verifying the correctness or forward and round-trip engineering. The analytical evaluation focused on the generality of the method.

<p>Object-oriented frameworks are currently widely used in software application development. Unfortunately, they are known to be generally difficult to use because of the difficulty in understanding the concepts and constraints in different frameworks. With the formalization of framework concepts and constraints in domain-specific modeling languages called framework-specific modeling languages (FSMLs), previous works have shown that round-trip engineering between models of applications using frameworks and the application code is possible to aid framework application development.</p> <p>Framework-specific modeling languages only capture, however, framework concepts and constraints and hence, lack the expressiveness of general-purpose modeling languages. For this reason, the complete code for an entire framework application cannot be generated from the model in the model editor using round-trip engineering, and the user would need to switch to the code editor to program the application logic code. Also, since models are only abstractions of code, implementation details in code may be missing in models. Although default implementation details can be used when generating code from a model, the generated code might require further customization by the user, which would also require switching to the code editor.</p> <p>To reduce the need for the user to switch between the model editor and the code editor and to reduce the need to customize the generated code, this thesis presents a model-guided approach to providing code assistance for framework application development directly in the code editor, where additional implementation details can also be obtained. An approach to building a context-sensitive code assistant that aids the user in the implementation of framework concepts with the consideration of framework constraints is described. A prototype has further been implemented and applied on two widely popular frameworks. The evaluation in this thesis analyzes and characterizes framework concepts and shows that the framework-based code assistant can reduce the need to customize the generated code in the code editor when compared to code generation from the model editor.</p>

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Pour limiter la consommation des véhicules, les industries automobiles demandent aux aciéristes de développer des aciers de plus en plus fins avec des hautes résistances. Les aciers très haute résistance (THR) comme les aciers TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) permettent d'effectuer des pièces automobiles aux formes complexes. Néanmoins, le compréhension des mécanismes de mise en forme de ces aciers n'est pas simple et implique une étude détaillée des mécanismes de rupture apparaissant durant la mise en forme. Ainsi, les liens entre les paramètres microstructuraux, en particulier les structures en bandes, et la mise en forme ont été étudiés pour obtenir une meilleure prédiction de la capacité en pliage des aciers en fonction de leur microstructure. Dans cette étude, quatre aciers TRIP présentant des performances en pliage différentes ont été caractérisés à la fois en pliage en V et en pliage sous traction. A partir d'observations au microscope optique et à balayage, nous avons démontré que les fissures s'initiaient à partir de la surface ou juste en dessous en pliage en V alors qu'elles s'initiaient au niveau de la ségrégation centrale en pliage sous traction. Les surfaces de rupture après pliage sont ductiles et l'endommagement apparait principalement par décohésion de l'interface ferrite/martensite et occasionnellement par rupture des ilots martensitiques. Une procédure originale basée sur des échantillons rectifiés présentant la bande de ségrégation à différents endroits dans l'épaisseur a été établi. Ce travail a permis de proposer une relation entre l'épaisseur d'une bande, son endommagement et sa déformation locale atteinte pendant un test de pliage en V. Pour développer un critère de rupture pour ces tests de pliage, les champs de contrainte et déformation ont été calculés par simulation numérique pour ces deux tests. Pour ce faire, une base de données expérimentale incluant des tests de traction sur éprouvettes lisses et entaillées et des tests de cisaillement a été établie. La loi de comportement du matériau a été déterminée à partir de cette base expérimentale et présente un comportement élastoplastique anisotrope avec écrouissage mixte. La simulation numérique des deux essais de pliage associée à un critère d'endommagement a permis de prédire de manière satisfaisante les champs de déformation, les courbes force/déplacement ainsi les angles de rupture. La possibilité d'utiliser des modèles simplifiés (tels qu' un critère d'écoulement isotrope, un écrouissage purement isotrope, des calculs en 2D et des conditions aux limites simplifiées) a également été discuté.