A aplicação do novo conceito de tratamento térmico, chamado de têmpera e partição (Q&P), desenvolvido para a obtenção de aços da terceira geração da classe AHSS (Advanced high strengh steel ou aços avançados de alta resistência), mostra-se uma alternativa para o processamento de ferros fundidos nodulares com alta resistência mecânica. No processo Q&P, o carbono presente na martensita supersaturada, formada na etapa de têmpera, é utilizado para estabilizar a austenita não transformada durante a etapa de partição, mantendo-a estável na temperatura ambiente. Essa rota de tratamento térmico consiste em realizar uma têmpera no material (após uma etapa prévia de austenitização) numa faixa de temperatura entre o Ms e Mf (temperatura de início e fim da transformação martensítica, respectivamente), seguido de um reaquecimento e manutenção a uma temperatura acima do Ms (etapa isotérmica de partição) com o objetivo de que o carbono migre da martensita supersaturada para a austenita remanescente promovendo sua estabilização. Essa partição do carbono só é possível caso a precipitação da cementita seja suprimida, e isso é conseguido com a presença de elementos de liga, como o Si e/ou Al. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo sobre as características microestruturais e mecânicas de um ferro fundido nodular (3,47%C; 2,47%Si; 0,2%Mn) submetido ao tratamento térmico de têmpera e partição, o qual foi denominado neste trabalho como, Q&PDI (Quenched and Partitioned Ductile Iron ou Ferro Fundido Nodular Temperado e Particionado). Para isso foi realizada uma austenitização plena nas amostras, a 880°C, por duas horas, seguida de uma têmpera em óleo pré-aquecido nas temperaturas de 140 e 170°C. A etapa de partição foi feita nas temperaturas de 300, 375 e 450°C, com intervalos de tempo variando de 5 a 120 minutos. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada através de microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e EBSD. A técnica de difração de raios-X foi empregada para quantificar a fração volumétrica e o teor de carbono na austenita retida. Ensaios de dilatometria, difração de raios-X \"in situ\" e nanoindentação foram empregados para auxiliar na análise das transformações de fases que ocorreram na etapa de partição, como a transformação bainítica e a precipitação de carbonetos de transição nas placas de martensita. A caracterização mecânica foi feita através de ensaios de tração, impacto, dureza, nanoindentação, tenacidade à fratura e resistência à fadiga. Ensaios de compressão auxiliaram na análise da transformação martensítica induzida por deformação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível obter ferros fundidos nodulares com alta resistência mecânica (limite de resistência >1450 MPa), com consideráveis ductilidade (de até 9%) e energia absorvida sob impacto (de até 81 J), bem como tenacidades à fratura de 55 MPa.m1/2 e limites de fadiga de 550 MPa. Este comportamento é proporcionado por uma microestrutura singular, constituída por uma dispersão homogênea de placas de martensita numa matriz de ausferrita bastante refinada, com consideráveis frações volumétricas de austenita retida (max. 23%). / Quenching and partitioning (Q & P), a new heat treatment concept developed to obtain third generation AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel), is an alternative for processing of nodular cast irons in order to obtain high mechanical strength. In the Q & P process, the carbon present in the supersaturated martensite formed in the quenching step diffuses towards the untransformed austenite during the partition step, keeping it stable at room temperature. This heat treatment route consists of quenching the material (after a previous step of austenitization) in a temperature range between Ms and Mf (beginning and end temperature of the martensitic transformation, respectively), followed by reheating and maintenance at a temperature above the Ms (isothermal stage of partition) allowing the carbon to migrate from the supersaturated martensite to the remaining austenite, promoting its stabilization. This partition of carbon is only possible if precipitation of cementite is suppressed; this is achieved adding alloying elements such as Si and/or Al. In this work a study was made on the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of a ductile iron (3.47%C; 2.47%Si; 0.2%Mn), submitted to a Q&P heat treatment, in this work named Q & PDI (Quenched and Partitioned Ductile Iron). A full sample austenitization was carried out at 880 ° C for two hours, followed by a pre-heated oil quanching at temperatures of 140 and 170 ° C. The partitioning step was at temperatures of 300, 375 and 450Â ° C, with time intervals ranging from 5 to 120 minutes. Microstructural characterization was performed through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EBSD. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to quantify the volumetric fraction and the carbon content in the retained austenite. Dilatometry, X-ray diffraction \"in situ\" and nanoindentation were also used to aid in the analysis of the phase transformations that occurred in the partitioning stage, such as the bainitic transformation and the precipitation of transition carbides in the martensite plates. Mechanical characterization was performed through tensile, impact, hardness, nanoindentation, fracture toughness and fatigue strength tests. Compression tests aided in the analysis of the deformation induced martensitic transformation. The results showed that it is possible to obtain nodular cast irons with high mechanical strength (resistance limit> 1450 MPa), with considerable ductility (up to 9%) and energy absorbed under impact (up to 81 J), as well as fracture toughness of 55 MPa.m -1 / 2 and fatigue limits of 550 Mpa. This behavior is provided by a unique microstructure, consisting of a homogeneous dispersion of martensite plates in a very refined ausferrite matrix, with considerable volumetric fractions of retained austenite (max. 23%).

Este estudo teve como propósito investigar se os atrativos turísticos e os serviços agregados ao Passeio de Trem Maria-Fumaça atendem às expectativas do turista. O paradigma adotado foi o de corte qualitativo servindo-se da metodologia descritiva do tipo estudo de caso. Análise documental, observação, entrevista, história oral, questionário, memorial descritivo, nota de campo e registro de relatos orais foram utilizados como instrumentos para coleta de informações. Os participantes do estudo foram os protagonistas definidos como sendo as diversas categorias de turistas estudadas, os animadores lúdicos e Susana Giordani, gestora do passeio, além de testemunhas oculares e fontes primárias. Por se tratar de estudo qualitativo, para descrição, análise e discussão dos resultados, foram elaboradas categorias de análise. Para os turistas definiram-se as seguintes: expectativa do turista (1); e emoções e sentimentos que o passeio desperta (2). Já em relação à gestora do passeio, as categorias foram: o produto pensado pela gestora (1); o sucesso do passeio na ótica da gestora (2); e o significado do passeio para a região, os animadores lúdicos e a comunidade na ótica da gestora (3). Aos animadores lúdicos, as categorias foram assim definidas: o olhar do animador lúdico em relação ao passeio (1); e o sucesso do passeio na opinião dos animadores (2). Os resultados apontaram que as animações culturais e lúdicas são o diferencial do passeio. Apesar das críticas negativas assinaladas, o Passeio de Trem Maria-Fumaça corresponde às expectativas da demanda turística. / This study had by purpose to investigate if attractive tourists and the aggregate services to the Maria-Fumaça Train Trip take care of the tourist expectations. The adopted paradigm was the qualitative cut serving itself of the descriptive methodology type case study. Documental analysis, comment, interview, verbal history, questionnaire, descriptive petition, field note, and verbal reports register were used as instruments for information collect. The study participators were definite protagonists as being the several tourists categories studied, the playful entertainers and the trip manager, beyond eyewitnesses and primary sources. By being a qualitative study, for description, analysis and discussion of results, the categories of analysis were elaborated. For tourists the following ones were defined: tourist expectation (1); and emotions and feelings that the trip awakes (2). Regarding the trip manager the categories were: the product thought by manager (1); the success of the trip in the manager optics (2); and the meaning of the trip to the region, the playful entertainers and the community in the manager optics (3). To the playful entertainers, the categories were: the playful entertainer look regarding the trip (1); and the success of the trip in the entertainer opinion (2). The results pointed that the cultural and playful animations are the trip differential. Despite the negative critics, the Maria-Fumaça Train Trip corresponds to the tourist demand expectations.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-13T20:55:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-27T19:51:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-11-27T19:55:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T19:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo Mendes Araújo.pdf: 902913 bytes, checksum: 8cb53fb2eb44649a8f571f643c310239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-05 / FAPEAM - Fapeam - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / In the late nineteenth century, a significant number of foreign researchers visited Brazil in order to conduct exploratory trips. One of these explorers was Karl von den Steinen who was in Brazil on two occasions, the first being in 1884 when he visited the Xingu region in the company of two other Germans, several Brazilian military and hired guides. This research presents the results of reading and analyzing the travel report produced by the Brazilian Army Infantry Captain Francisco de Paula Castro in 1884, during the voyage of exploration of the Xingu River. The work rescues information about the assembly, as well as the scientific expedition led by the German doctor and ethnologist Karl von den Steinen from the official records for almost six months away. The research sought to explore the details presented by the official on the contact of the exploiters with the Indians found along the way. The study also sought to examine the role played by Francisco de Paula Castro during the expedition jobs from the report of the confrontation with texts written by Karl von den Steinen on the scientific expedition. The work brings results in the recovery of important issues and events occurred during the exploratory trip of 1884. / No final do século XIX, um significativo número de pesquisadores estrangeiros esteve no Brasil a fim de realizar viagens exploratórias. Um desses exploradores foi Karl von den Steinen que esteve no Brasil em duas oportunidades, sendo a primeira em 1884 quando visitou a região do Xingu na companhia de outros dois alemães, vários militares brasileiros e guias contratados. Esta pesquisa apresenta o resultado da leitura e análise do relatório de viagem produzido pelo capitão de infantaria do Exército Brasileiro Francisco de Paula Castro em 1884, durante a viagem de exploração do rio Xingu. O trabalho resgata informações sobre a montagem, bem como, a expedição científica liderada pelo médico e etnólogo alemão Karl von den Steinen a partir dos registros do oficial durante quase seis meses de viagem. A pesquisa buscou explorar o detalhamento apresentado pelo oficial sobre o contato dos exploradores com os indígenas encontrados ao longo da viagem. O estudo também procurou examinar o papel desempenhado por Francisco de Paula Castro durante os trabalhos da expedição a partir do confronto do relatório com os textos produzidos por Karl von den Steinen sobre a expedição científica. O trabalho traz como resultado a recuperação de importantes aspectos e acontecimentos ocorridos durante a viagem exploratória de 1884.

Due to rapid increasing in complexity of Internet, quantifying the performance of protocol helps in assessing the application behavior with respect to network performance. TCP is an important protocol that is used by some important applications on Internet such as HTTP, FTP and soon. To analyze TCP, Round trip times is one of the metric used. As it is a internal metric of TCP used to find the retransmission timeout of sent packet. Round trip times means measuring elapsed time between the sent packet and recieving its acknowledgment that covers the sequence number of the sent packet(i.e., from source to destination and vice-a-versa). Round trip times is a metric that is recognised by IETF as Quality of Service parameter. We design a tool here that will calculate the round trip times for each stream. This round trip times helps us to understand the protocol behavior. In this document, we discuss the design, implementation issues carried out while developing the tool. This tool is capable of reading offline as well as online streams and helps us to analyze the statistics obtained from collected round trip times of each stream. / 91-40-24023214

Le bassin versant du fleuve Niger est directement influencé par les fluctuations de la mousson africaine, qui impactent les ressources en eau et entraînent des évènements extrêmes tels que des inondations ou des sécheresses. En retour, les forts taux d'évaporation observés dans le Delta intérieur du Niger, large région annuellement inondée, impactent le climat, au moins à l'échelle régionale. Une meilleure compréhension des processus hydrodynamiques de ce bassin ne peut cependant être obtenue sans un réseau d'observations ayant une couverture spatiale et temporelle suffisante. La mission SWOT fournira des cartes 2D de hauteurs et pente des eaux de surface avec une résolution encore jamais atteinte en altimétrie (50 à 100 mètres). Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la phase de préparation à la mission SWOT et se propose d'offrir des perspectives d'utilisation de ces données satellites pour l'amélioration des modèles d'hydrologie globale. Dans un premier temps, le modèle hydrologique du CNRM, ISBA-TRIP, incluant un schéma d'inondations et un réservoir simple d'aquifères ajouté durant cette thèse est évalué sur le bassin du Niger à l'aide de multiples observations in-situ et satellites. L'étude montre que le modèle simule de façon cohérente l'évolution des eaux de surface, des zones inondées, et les anomalies de stock d'eau sur le bassin. Ensuite, un schéma d'assimilation de données est mis en place afin d'optimiser un des paramètres clés en hydrologie, le coefficient de Manning. Ce coefficient, décrivant la propriété du sol à 'retenir' les flux d'eau, influence fortement la dynamique des eaux de surface, et notamment les hauteurs d'eau et le débit. L'assimilation des données SWOT est appliquée dans le cadre d'une expérience jumelle, qui consiste à considérer une simulation de référence, appelée 'vérité', de laquelle sont issues les observations virtuelles de hauteur d'eau SWOT. L'étude montre que l'assimilation des hauteurs d'eau SWOT permet l'optimisation du coefficient de Manning, distribué spatialement, malgré l'hypothèse d'équifinalité. Les hauteurs d'eau et les débits sont considérablement améliorés, et on obtient une meilleure simulation des anomalies de stocks d'eau sur le bassin ainsi que des zones inondées sur le Delta intérieur du Niger (occurrence, intensité). Enfin, le potentiel des données SWOT pour améliorer les prévisions hydrologiques sur des périodes plus longues que celle de la phase d'assimilation est mis en évidence. / The hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes of the Niger basin are largely influenced by the West African monsoon variabilty. In the last 3 decades these variations have resulted in an increase of extreme events such as floods and droughts. Retrospectively, the climate might be impacted by the evaporation fluxes from the inner Delta flooded region, at least regionally. A better understanding of the Niger basin water cycle is a crucial issue for water resources management but requires observation datasets with a large spatial and temporal coverage. The SWOT satellite mission will provide 2D global maps of water level and slope at an unprecedented resolution (50 to 100 meters). Within the framework of the preparation of the SWOT mission, this thesis aims at proposing a SWOT data assimilation strategy for the improvement of global scale hydrological models. First, the ISBA-TRIP hydrological model from CNRM is evaluated over the Niger basin. This model includes an inundation scheme and simple aquifer reservoir. The model diagnostics are compared to an extensive set of in-situ and satellite observations. According to its relative simple physics, the model is able to simulate in a realistic manner, the continental water dynamics : discharge, water levels, floods, total water storage variations. Sensitivity tests are also performed to determine the most sensitve ISBA-TRIP parameters. Among them, the Manning coefficient has a key role in the flow dynamics but its estimation is difficult and usually based on geomorphologic relationships. The second part of this work consists in setting up a SWOT data assimilation strategy for the optimization of the ISBA-TRIP parameters. Since the SWOT observations are not available yet and also to assess the skills of the assimilation method, the study is carried out in the framework of an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). The corrected parameter is the Manning coefficient, spatially distributed over the river. The assimilation allows a good improvement of the relative bias of discharge and water level over the river. The Manning coefficient is also globally improved and tends to an optimal value. Moreover, the water storage anomalies and flooded fraction are also better simulated. Finally, the study shows that the method is useful for hydrological forecasting over longer time periods than those of the calibration.

This thesis deals with reimbursement of travel expenses for domestic and foreign business trips. The thesis contains the information necessary to determine the correct value of the individual types of travel expenses. First, the principles applied in the provision of travel expenses are discussed. Then business trips and conditions of their realization are defined. The core of the thesis presents description of fare, food allowance, accommodation and necessary incidental expenses for domestic and foreign business trips. Flat-rate compensation and conditions of use are also mentioned. The issue of providing travel expenses is also considered in terms of taxes. Next part of the thesis describes using of exchange rates when travelling abroad and shows how to account advance payments and claims for travel expenses in double-entry accounting. Discussed problems are interlined with practical examples for better understanding. At the end of the thesis, a comprehensive example of calculation and charging of travel expenses is contained.

El río Marañón forma uno de los más largos y complejos valles interandinos del Perú, fluyendo desde el centro de la cordillera andina hasta convertirse en el principal afluente del río Amazonas. Actualmente, su estado natural e importante conectividad se encuentran amenazadas por la propuesta de desarrollar diversos proyectos hidroeléctricos a lo largo de toda la cuenca. Esta investigación, mediante una metodología cualitativa exploratoria, busca analizar la potencialidad del desarrollo turístico como alternativa socioeconómica y de conservación en la zona del cañón del Marañón, específicamente al suroeste de la región Amazonas. Para ello se considera el contexto local y se identifica y analiza los grupos de interés clave y su visión de desarrollo en esta zona. A partir de aquí se proponen lineamientos que permiten la colaboración y el desarrollo coordinado de las primeras acciones para la sostenibilidad, ambiental, social y económica, del turismo de aventura en el cañón del Marañón. Los resultados del estudio identifican las actividades de aventura, naturaleza y culturales como las más adecuadas a realizarse, así como los potenciales impactos económicos, sociales y ambientales, positivos y negativos de la operación turística. Finalmente, se proponen primeras acciones que permitirían maximizar los impactos positivos y reducir los negativos, asegurando el desarrollo turístico, el beneficio de los grupos de interés involucrados y la sostenibilidad del destino. / The Marañón river forms one of the longest and most complex inter-Andean valleys in Perú, flowing from the center of the Andean mountain range to become the main tributary of the Amazon River. Currently, its natural state and important connectivity are threatened by the proposal to develop various hydroelectric projects throughout the entire basin. This research, through an exploratory qualitative methodology, seeks to analyze the potential of tourism development as a socioeconomic and conservation alternative in the Marañón canyon area, specifically in the southwest of the Amazonas region. For this, the local context is considered and the key stakeholders and their vision of development in this area are identified and analyzed. From here, guidelines are proposed that allow the collaboration and coordinated development of the first actions for the environmental, social and economic sustainability of adventure tourism in the Marañón canyon. The results of the study identify which adventure, nature and cultural activities are the most appropriate to be carried out, as well as the potential economic, social and environmental impacts of the tourism operation. Finally, first actions are proposed that would make it possible to maximize the positive impacts and reduce the negative ones, ensuring tourism development, the benefit of all the stakeholders involved and the sustainability of the destination. / Tesis

The aim of the project was to prepare the given model of the current path in the environment of the SolidWorks programme, in order to simulate the flow path in the environment of the Ansys programme, where there was calculated the distribution of current density,voltage drops and heat loss on the the specified current track according to specified conditions. The obtained results are analyzed at the conclusion of this work.

The master's thesis is focused on creation internal directives for selected company. The thesis includes the legislative background of accounting and areas, for which were created directives. Intradepartmental adaptations of these documents were created in accordance with legislation and needs of company. They were created suggestions for new directions for the chart of accounts, business trips and travelling expenses, foreign currency rates and luncheon vouchers.

Dans cette étude, nous analysons les conséquences mécaniques des transformations de phase diffusives, particulièrement la plasticité de transformation ou TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) ainsi que le comportement élasto-viscoplastique. Cette plasticité de transformation, explicable par le mécanisme de Greenwood-Johnson, est souvent décrite avec le modèle de Leblond qui fait l'hypothèse d'un comportement élastoplastique. Dans ce modèle comme dans la majorité des analyses expérimentales et des modélisations (analytiques, par éléments finis, FFT ou encore champ de phase), une des hypothèses principales est de ne pas prendre en compte le caractère visqueux du comportement. Or plusieurs études récentes montrent que le comportement des deux phases (parente et produite) peut être très sensible au taux de déformation imposé, particulièrement à haute température. D'où l'intérêt de développer une modélisation rendant compte des effets visqueux présents lors de certaines transformations. Pour ce faire, nous adoptons une modélisation numérique où le comportement de chaque phase est décrit par une loi élasto-viscoplastique à écrouissage mixte associée à la loi de Norton ; la cinétique de transformation est imposée et le problème d'interactions mécaniques entre phases est traité par la méthode des éléments finis. D'une part, la contribution de la viscosité au TRIP est quantifiée pour différents taux de déformation imposés durant la transformation de phase. D'autre part, l'effet du taux de transformation (configuration arbitraire) sur la prédiction du TRIP est évalué et caractérisé. Une extension des modèles existants (à cinétique périodique et aléatoire) est proposée. Elle consiste d'abord à étudier et évaluer l'effet de la morphologie de germe ainsi que l'anisotropie de croissance sur la prédiction du TRIP. Ensuite, une amélioration avec un modèle anisotherme, basé sur des mesures expérimentales existantes, a été introduite. Elle consiste principalement à tenir compte de la variation des propriétés mécaniques en fonction de la température. Les analyses montrent que la prise en compte de la viscosité peut conduire à des effets importants sur la prédiction du TRIP par rapport aux résultats obtenus avec un modèle élastoplastique classique. Elles montrent en particulier, en configuration anisotherme, une amélioration de la prédiction du TRIP mesuré expérimentalement lors de la transformation perlitique d'un acier 100Cr6 [Tahimi, 2012]. Cette étude permet par ailleurs de dégager des tendances évidentes dans les relations entre le TRIP et l'histoire de la transformation : chargement mécanique et cinétique de transformation, morphologie des germes et anisotropie de croissance. Ces résultats pourront contribuer à l'élaboration d'un modèle analytique simple prenant en compte la viscosité. / In this study, the mechanical consequences of phase transformations in steel, particularly, the TRansformation Induced Plasticity TRIP as well as the elasto-viscoplastic behavior has been analyzed. This transformation plasticity, due to the Greenwood-Johnson mechanism, is often described with the model of Leblond with the assumption of an elastoplastic behavior. Moreover, in the majority of experimental analysis or numerical finite elements modeling FEM or phase field modeling PFM, the viscous criteria were not considered. However, several recent studies have demonstrated that both phases (parent and product) show high strain-rate sensitivity at elevated temperatures. Hence, the principal interests using the FEM modeling to extend these main reference models of [Leblond, 89] and [Taleb-Sidoroff, 2003], with taking into account the viscous effects, which are present during some phase transformations, especially at high temperatures. To do this, the behavior of each phase is described by an elasto-viscoplastic law with mixed hardening associated to the Norton law. The transformation kinetics is imposed and the problem of mechanical interactions between phases is processed by the finite element method. On the one hand, the contribution from viscosity to TRIP was quantified for different strain-rate during phase transformation. On the other hand, the effect of an arbitrarily-set of transformation-rate in the FEM simulations was evaluated and characterized. An extension of the existing models (for periodic and random kinetics) is proposed. It consists at first in studying and in evaluating the effect of both the morphology of nuclei and the growth anisotropy, on the prediction of TRIP. Then, an improvement with non-isothermal model, based on existing experimental measures, was introduced. It consists mainly in taking into account the variation of the mechanical properties of the mixture of both phases, according to the temperature. The predictions show that in such cases, the consideration of the viscosity can lead to major changes of the estimated TRIP compared with results obtained from a classic plastic model. Also, the prediction of TRIP can be significantly influenced by the choice of the morphology of germs and by the type of growth: isotropic or anisotropic. These improvements, particularly with the non-isothermal configuration, show a good agreement with experimental measures of TRIP on the 10006 steel during pearlite phase transformation [Tahimi, 2012]. This study allows besides, releasing obvious trends in the relations between the TRIP and the history of the phase transformation: mechanical loading and kinetics of transformation, morphology of nuclei and growth anisotropy. These results can contribute to the elaboration of a simple analytical model taking into account the viscous criteria.