Syftet med undersökningen är att belysa hur tecken som stöd (TSS) används i förskolan samt hur pedagogerna upplever detta. Anser de att det finns fördelar respektive nackdelar gällande barns språkutveckling och kommunikation vid användandet av TSS? Följande frågeställning har formulerats utifrån syftet: Hur/när använder sig pedagoger av TSS i förskolan samt hur upplever de att detta gynnar barns språkutveckling och kommunikation? Hur upplever pedagogerna sin egen roll i användandet av TSS samt upplever de att det finns fördelar respektive nackdelar med att använda TSS? Undersökningen är kvalitativ och har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer med fem pedagoger som arbetar i förskolan, varav en är specialpedagog. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna är positiva till användningen av TSS samt att de upplever att det gynnar barns språkutveckling och kommunikation. De undersökta förskolorna har olika användningsområden när det gäller TSS, det kan fungera som ett verktyg exempelvis vid flerspråkighet samt vid funktionshinder. Pedagogerna anser att TSS kan vara till stöd för alla barn i förskolan och att det främjar delaktighet och samhörighet till gruppen. Det framkommer att det är av stor betydelse att alla vuxna och barn kan kommunicera med tecken för att alla ska känna sig inkluderade i verksamheten. Pedagogerna anser att det behövs utbildning inom teckenkommunikation för att detta arbetssätt ska genomsyra verksamheten.

This study investigated the feasibility of using a portable geotextile fabric based filtering device to remove suspended solids from raw sewage. This device was considered to replace a conventional primary clarifier. The proposed filtration process directs wastewater influent through a geotextile fabric filter. As filtering progresses, and solids accumulate on the fabric, the loaded fabric is scrolled to present a fresh surface. Only non-woven polypropylene geotextile fabrics were investigated. These products are constructed by spunbonding or needle-punch technique. Needle-punched fabrics proved superior in terms of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) filtering performance and fabric usage rates. Spunbonded products absorbed less moisture, reducing loaded fabric weight. Fabric thickness did not affect filtration efficiencies for either type of geotextile. Process variables affecting unit performance were investigated. Flow rate, head level, and fabric tension did not affect TSS removal. Fabric tension, however, is limited by tensile strength of the geotextile material. Two wastewater receving basin configurations for the device were investigated. An influent basin with two 450 angled walls forming a V-shape performed better in terms of fabric feed rates. It is recommended for full-scale applications. Finally, several methods were used in an effort to improve treatment performance. Polymer use, and polymer use in conjunction with pre-screening of wastewater, were both used. Polymer use alone did not increase the operating efficiency. Polymer use, along with pre-screening, was promising enough to consider this as a stand-alone treatment system. / Master of Science

Therapeutic Staff Support, commonly known as TSS, provide one-on-one direct care (in home, school, and community settings) to children diagnosed with a severe emotional or behavioral disorder. In this dissertation I explore wraparound agencies practices of monitoring Therapeutic Staff Support treatment integrity. Using a qualitative design, 26 participants from three wraparound agencies were selected for this study. Data collection included interviews and documents (treatment plans, progress notes, and psychologist recommendations). Two primary research questions guided my inquiry into wraparound agencies monitoring practices of TSS: How do wraparound agencies monitor TSS treatment delivery? Does monitoring incorporate strategies for targeting TSS misutilization? Two secondary questions were: What are some potential threats to TSS treatment integrity? How do TSS address threats that directly affect students in schools? Findings suggest wraparound agencies use myriad methods to monitor TSS treatment adherence and accountability mechanisms adequately address TSS job performance. Similarly, I find agencies shape treatment document designs (plans and progress notes) to facilitate their use. Findings also point to five categories of issues which serve as potential threats to effective TSS treatment administration. I also find TSS misutilization was not a factor although there was no method of monitoring it. TSS did, however, find themselves performing multifaceted roles (often in response to threats directly affecting their students) which extended beyond their required roles of treatment agent and data collector; eight roles emerged. Ultimately, findings suggest documentation review and BSC observations are the most common approaches to monitoring TSS treatment integrity. Themes for threats (consistent with those found in other treatment literature) and themes used for TSS typology can be explored in future studies. / Urban Education

Food service establishments that use onsite wastewater treatment systems are experiencing hydraulic and organic overloading of pretreatment systems and/or drain fields. Design guidelines for these systems are typically provided in State regulations and based on residential hydraulic applications. For the purposes of this research, hydraulic loading indicates the daily flow of water directed to the wastewater system. Organic loading refers to the composition of the wastewater as quantified by five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total fats, oils and greases (FOG), and total suspended solids (TSS). The first part of this study included an analysis of the central tendencies of analytical data of four wastewater parameters from 28 restaurants representing a broad spectrum of restaurant types. Field sampling consisted of two sets of grab samples collected from each restaurant for six consecutive days at approximately the same time each day. These sets were collected approximately two weeks apart. The numerical data included BOD5, FOG, and TSS. The fourth parameter evaluated was daily flow. Data exploration and statistical analyses of the numerical data from the 28 restaurants was performed with the standard gamma probability distribution model in ExcelTM and used to determine inferences of the analytical data. The analysis shows higher hydraulic and organic values for restaurant wastewater than residential wastewater. The second part of the study included a statistical analysis of restaurant management practices and primary cuisine types and their influence on BOD5, FOG, TSS, and daily flow to determine if management practices and/or cuisine types may be influencing wastewater composition and flow. A self-reporting survey was utilized to collect management practice and cuisine type information. Survey response information and analytical data were entered into an ExcelTM spreadsheet and subsequently incorporated into SASTM statistical software for statistical analysis. Analysis indicated that the number of seats in a restaurant, use of self-serve salad bars, and primary cuisine types are statistically significant indicators of wastewater characteristics.

Urban development leads to increased impermeable landscapes that interrupt the hydrological cycle by creating an impermeable barrier to the natural infiltration of precipitation. Precipitate, unable to infiltrate, flows over impermeable surfaces as sheet runoff, carrying the pollutants from the land with it; thus comprising the quality of the stormwater. The runoff is redirected (frequently untreated) to nearby waterways altering their water quality and quantity, thereby, adversely affecting receiving aquatic ecosystems. Suspended solids and elevated heavy metal concentrations in stormwater are the leading causes of water quality degradation in urban waterways in New Zealand. It is widely reported that vehicles and metal roofs are a major direct source of the key pollutants (total suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metals) in stormwater runoff; however, the contribution of atmospheric deposition, as an indirect source, in stormwater runoff is rarely considered. This is principally due to the many uncertainties and challenges with measuring and managing these pollutants in stormwater runoff. Therefore, a monitoring programme into the dynamics controlling atmospherically derived pollutant build-up and wash-off from urban surfaces was conducted. In particular, this research focused on the spatial and temporal variability of Cu, Zn, Pb, and TSS deposition in different land-use areas; the influence of pavement type on atmospherically-deposited pollutant loads in stormwater; and the contribution of wet deposition and dry deposition to the total deposition loads. Impermeable concrete boards (≈ 1 m2) were deployed for 11 months in different land-use areas (industrial, residential and airside) in Christchurch, New Zealand, to capture spatially distributed atmospheric deposition loads in runoff over varying meteorological conditions. Mixed-effect regression models were developed to explain the influence of different meteorological characteristics on pollutant build-up and wash-off dynamics. Next, impermeable asphalt, permeable asphalt, impermeable concrete, and permeable concrete boards were deployed for two months in a residential land-use area to determine the influence of pavement composition and roughness on pollutant loads in stormwater. Finally, wet deposition samples were analysed in an industrial land-use area for 8 months to monitor the contribution of wet deposition to atmospherically-deposited pollutant loads. All samples were analysed for total and dissolved Cu, Zn, Pb, and TSS. Pavement type: Results showed that both impermeable and permeable concrete were efficient at retaining Cu and Zn. Bitumen leaching from the impermeable asphalt was a significant source of Zn to runoff. However, bitumen leaching from the permeable asphalt did not contain elevated Zn loads. Infiltrate from the permeable asphalt provided little/no removal of Cu and Zn. Impermeable asphalt provided greater retention of TSS and Pb over impermeable concrete because its rougher surface entrapped more particulates. TSS and Pb loads were the lowest from the permeable pavements due to the pavers filtering out particulates. Spatial variability: Results showed that all three land-use areas exhibited similar patterns of varying metal and TSS loads, indicating that atmospherically-deposited metals and TSS had a homogenous distribution within the Christchurch airshed. This suggested that the pollutants originated from a similar source and that the surrounding land-use was not an important factor in determining atmospheric pollutant loads to stormwater runoff. Although, higher pollutant loads were found for the industrial area, this was attributed to local topographic conditions rather than land-use activity. Temporal variability: Results illustrated the importance of antecedent dry days on pollutant build-up. Peak rainfall intensity and rain duration had a significant relationship with TSS and Pb wash-off; rain depth had a significant relationship with Cu and Zn wash-off. This suggested that the pollutant speciation phase plays an important role in surface wash-off. Rain intensity and duration influenced particulate pollutants, whereas, rain depth influenced dissolved pollutants. Additionally, mixed-effect models could predict approximately 53-69% of the variation in airborne pollutant loads in runoff. Deposition pathways: Wet deposition was an important contributor of dissolved Zn to stormwater runoff. However, dry deposition was the greatest source of total Cu, Zn, and Pb loads in stormwater runoff. This is principally due to the low annual rainfall in Christchurch limiting pollutant removal via wet deposition unlike dry deposition, which is continually occurring. Understanding the dynamics of airborne pollutant deposition and their contribution to stormwater pollution could help stormwater managers in strategic decision-making processes such as choice of location and installation of different treatment systems.

A 70-year-old, immunocompromised patient presented to the emergency room (ER) five weeks after she was started on clopidogrel. She complained of skin eruption, mouth ulcers, fatigue, and myalgia over the past two weeks. Labs showed severe hyponatremia, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, and elevated liver enzymes. She was treated with steroids and discharged after her condition improved. However, a month later, she returned to the ER, complaining of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, chills, and shortness of breath over the past two days. She was lethargic and had orthostatic hypotension. She deteriorated clinically within a few days, with worsening lethargy and the development of respiratory distress along with profound hypotension. She needed mechanical ventilation and vasopressors. In addition, she had melena, severe thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia. With supportive care, she improved and was discharged after a long stay in the intensive care unit. Retrospectively, the first hospitalization was believed to be caused by drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Treating that with steroids compromised her immune system beyond her pre-existing primary immunodeficiency status. At the time of her second hospitalization, she met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for a toxic shock syndrome (TSS) diagnosis. Her TSS started four days after a skin biopsy, which was done as part of her skin rash workup. It was thought that the source of the exotoxin that mediated her TSS was her skin, given the temporal relationship of the skin biopsy to her TSS. Another potential source of the exotoxin was the gastrointestinal tract, given the predominant gastrointestinal symptoms she had at the time of her second admission.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Despite the economic and social relevance of the reservoirs, its construction changes the water quality. In this sense, remote sensing has contributed to monitor the water quality providing spatial and temporal analysis information. The objective was to analyze the relation between limnological variables and spectral data of the Passo Real reservoir RS, Brazil, combining in situ and RapidEye data. The limnological data were collected at April 17and 18, 2009, concomitant to RapidEye acquisition (April 17, 2009). The following limnological data were determined: water transparency (Secchi disk); temperature; total of suspended solids (TSS); chlorophyll a (Chl a) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). After atmospheric correction, for each filed sampling point was applied a 3x3 window to extract reflectance data. By using descriptive statistic, regression analysis and spatial estimative, the RapidEye reflectance and band ratio data were related to the optically active elements of water. Based on the Chl a concentration, the reservoir presented the following trophic environments: ultraoligotrophic, oligotrophic and mesotrophic. According to the CONAMA nº 357/2005 resolution, in April 2009, the Passo Real reservoir s water meet the type I. The empirical models allowed to estimative the TSS concentration e water transparency (R² = 0.87 e R² = 0.79) using the near infrared and red bands, respectively. Because of the low correlation between Chl a and the spectral data, there was a low consistency between the estimated data and field collected data (interpolated). It was found that is possible to develop empirical models to estimate the TSS concentration and water transparency using RapidEye satellite scene. The bands ratios presented similar results than the obtained from the correlation between the bands and limnological variables. The highest correlation coefficients for the TSS were obtained through the B5/B1 and B5/B2 rations (r = 0.94 e r = 0.93, respectively). The ratio B1/B3 presented the highest correlation with the water transparency (r = 0.94). The results obtained with RapidEye image, highlight the perspective to use satellite data as analysis tool for water quality monitoring. / Apesar da importância econômica e social dos reservatórios, a sua construção provoca alterações na qualidade da água. Nesse sentido, o sensoriamento remoto tem contribuído no monitoramento da qualidade da água com informações para análise espacial e temporal. O objetivo foi analisar as relações entre variáveis limnológicas e espectrais no reservatório Passo Real RS, Brasil, utilizando dados coletados in situ e do satélite RapidEye. A coleta de dados limnológicos ocorreram nos dias 17 e 18 de abril de 2009 coincidindo com a passagem do satélite RapidEye (17 de abril de 2009). Os seguintes dados limnológicos foram determinados: transparência da água (disco de Secchi); temperatura; total de sólidos em suspensão (TSS); clorofila a (Chl a) e carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). Após a correção dos efeitos atmosféricos, para cada ponto amostral de campo foi aplicada uma matriz 3x3 para extração dos dados de reflectância. Com o uso da estatística descritiva, análise de regressão e estimativas espaciais, a reflectância e as razões entre bandas do RapidEye foram relacionados aos elementos opticamente ativos da água. Com base na concentração de Chl a o reservatório apresentou os seguintes ambientes tróficos: ultraoligotrófico, oligotrófico e mesotrófico. A água do reservatório Passo Real no mês de abril de 2009 se enquadram na classe I de acordo com a resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005. Os modelos empíricos permitiram estimar a concentração de TSS e transparência da água (R² = 0,87 e R² = 0,79) usando as bandas do infravermelho próximo e vermelho, respectivamente. Devido aos baixos valores de correlação da Chl a com os dados espectrais, houve baixa consistência dos dados estimados pela imagem e dados coletados a campo (interpolados). Verificou-se que é possível desenvolver um modelo empírico para estimar a concentração de TSS e transparência da água a partir de imagem de satélite RapidEye. Os resultados das razões de bandas foram semelhantes aos obtidos a partir da correlação entre os valores espectrais e as variáveis limnológicas. Os melhores coeficientes de correlação para o TSS, foram encontrados para as razões de bandas B5/B1 e B5/B2, r = 0,94 e r = 0,93, respectivamente. A razão B1/B3 resultou na melhor correlação com a transparência da água, r = 0,94. Os resultados obtidos com a imagem RapidEye, abrem a perspectiva para a utilização de imagens orbitais como ferramenta de análise e monitoramento da qualidade da água em reservatórios.

This paper aims to argue that TSS prevention has been and continues to be the responsibility of the menstruator and that this responsibility restricts menstrual freedoms. First, this paper will demonstrate that tampons were an integral part of menstrual culture when the TSS health crisis began in 1980. Secondly, the efforts of the CDC to mitigate, how the mitigations played out in print media, and what tampon manufacturers were doing will be analyzed to argue that mitigations restricted menstrual freedom while simultaneously making any future occurrence of TSS a product of user error. Finally, the current preventative advice given to menstruators, current CDC activity, and current scientific understandings and activity are analyzed to argue that menstruators are still restricted and made responsible for TSS today.

Bioretention cells have become a commonly used green infrastructure technique to help infiltrate and remove contaminants from stormwater runoff. Bioretention cells are constructed from a layered or heterogeneous soil mixture designed to optimize their ability to infiltrate influent stormwater and remove contaminants carried by the water as it filters through the soil media. The soil mixture, composition, and planting vary depending the local regulatory agencies. As urbanization occurs across the United States, more natural land is converted from pervious surfaces, such as grasslands and forests, to impervious surfaces such as asphalt and concrete, to help reduce the impact of the runoff generated by this increased flow bioretention cells are an often-used method to treat stormwater. These impervious surfaces do not allow rainfall to infiltrate, and the water runs off into receiving water bodies such as rivers and streams as a non-point source pollutant. To help reduce pollutant loadings into receiving water bodies, Low Impact Development (LID) techniques were developed to reduce stormwater volume, peak flow, and contaminant loading rates. The bioretention cell is one of the most popular LID techniques and is comprised of a soil media that is either a layered or homogenous media, which is built following a regional agency’s standard. The performance of bioretention soil media is highly variable depending on the amount of each soil constituent present in the media. This study compares five different soil mixtures from various agencies’ specifications to determine which media composition is most effective at removing total suspended solids (TSS) and nitrates, two of the most prevalent contaminates carried by stormwater. This study also compares mixtures’ hydraulic conductivity which determines the volume of water that the media can infiltrate and “treat”. To perform these tests, six columns of soil media were constructed with media depths of 91.5 cm (36 inches). Columns were dosed with either tap water (Phase I) or a synthetic stormwater blend (Phase II) to determine the amount of TSS and nitrate exported by each mixture. The soil mixture in each column was characterized to understand how soil characteristics effect the performance of the various media mixtures. The bioretention soil media columns were all shown to be effective at removing influent TSS with an average removal rate of over 88% across all the columns, ranging from 99.9% removal to 73.6% removal. Most bioretention soil mixtures used in the test were shown to be ineffective at removing influent nitrates, with breakthrough of nitrate occurring after the first two pore volumes. Interestingly, the media with higher organic content were more effective at removing nitrates, with removal rates as high as 59.9% compared to the media with lower organic content. Hydraulic conductivity was also highly variable across the various soil media mixtures depending on the percentage of sand and fine media particles present in the media. Hydraulic conductivity ranged from a high value of 42 cm/hr to a low of 8.3 cm/hr. By comparing these results, a more effective bioretention soil media mixture can become agency standard and allow bioretention cells to have more consistent and better performance.

Syftet med studien var att genom en enkätundersökning se pedagogers attityder kring nyttjandet av olika kommunikationsverktyg. Det empiriska materialet, vilket innefattade svar från 46 pedagoger inom förskolans verksamt, analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod och har sedan bearbetats utifrån dilemmaperspektivet och det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet visade att fortbildning är viktigt för öka individuella och kollegiala kunskaperna, samt att skapa en samsyn och ett aktivt arbetssätt inom AKK. Våra respondenter har uttryckt en generell positivitet över att nyttja AKK och dess påverkan på barnens språkutveckling, delaktighet och inkludering. Det är även tydligt att pedagogerna möter motstånd av kollegor som inte ser lika många fördelar med AKK / <p>Betyg i Ladok 240110.</p>