Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-152).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, July, 1989. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. [352]-378).

The thesis is focused on the problematic of reviewing the territorial self-governing unit in the Czech Republic. The goal is to compare the approach of the audit firm and approach of a regional office to perform the examination of the TSU. The first chapter defines the general characteristics of the public sector. The second focuses on a specific area of public administration, which represents local government. The third chapter describes the rules and obligations that are related to the budget management of TSU. The fifth chapter, which summarizes the specifics of the accounting and reporting of selected entities. Chapter five is still theoretical definition of audit in the public administration and distinguishes notions of audit and economic review of the TSU. The last part practically compares the prerequisites required for the implementation of the performance review, individual activities conducted under review, the result of these activities, which is the so-called report on the outcome of the examination of the TSU and summarizes the differences. Conclusion of the work shows that it is not important who provides an economic review, but how and especially in what quality is the review carried out.

王安石是北宋一代名臣，政治上的功過且不論，其於詩詞古文的地位，列居唐宋八大家之一。這些文學作品流傳於後世者眾，卻很少論及他在語言文字方面的成就，概因這部窮其晚年精力所瘁的《字說》，在當時受到王安石的政治立場所影響，先是主司用以取士，後又頒行於學官，使得應試的學子們個個鑽研其說，專行於學校、科場數十載，其間也因政治因素（新舊黨爭）陸續遭受禁用、奉行、廢用之命運，但其學說已深植人心，雖已遭廢用，學者在日常言談之間仍不厭引述闡發。 《字說》的產生與通行是有其歷史背景的支持，改朝換代之後，在以《說文》為尊的先見之下，《字說》最後走向「亡佚」之路是可以理解的。然而《字說》保存了當時對一些字義的獨特解釋，從這些吉光片羽之中，可以反映出當時的社會文化與王安石的思想觀點，所謂以「會意」解字者，當可視為「會」王安石之「意」的依據，尤其在《字說》成書之前，荊公已在《三經新義》中析字解經，必然有他的另一種不同的領會。例如他在〈熙寧字說序〉認為「教學必自此始，能知此者，則于道德之意，已十九矣。」在〈進字說表〉指出欲達到「同道德之歸，動名分之守」的目的。他的說解方式或許多少偏離詞義的訓釋，但是實際上也反映當時的文化、思想在語言文字上的展現。故不專以文字學上解字的學理來反駁《字說》之誤謬處，而以其解字的獨特訓釋來了解王安石的思想與當時的環境，以此為撰寫本文之動機。 第一章除了簡介《字說》的編纂動機與成書經過之外，也要了解《字說》擅行於科場與禁廢之情況，並對後世之影響。此外，黃復山的「王安石《字說》之研究」完成於１９８２年６月，其中已將民國以來，在他之前研究《字說》的相關著作有了一番介紹。同一時期，中國大陸地區也陸續有學者研究《字說》，尤其是「輯佚」工作也有一些成果。當時礙於政治因素的限制，學術無法自由交流，使得兩地學者各自分頭從事研究，現今兩岸學術開放，故亦介紹中國大陸地區對《字說》之相關研 究著作，以了解其發展情形。根據這些輯佚的資料，再與王安石個人在政治、哲學思想的著作相互參照，解經必先識文，試圖從解釋文字的方式推求他對儒學經典的理解與整理工作。故於第二章探討《字說》中所具有的哲學思想，包括陰陽、五行、佛、老；另有他的為政之道寓於其中，有天人之道、政治、軍事、經濟等方面。 第三章則著重在訓詁方面，王安石解字雖有穿鑿附會、望文生義之處，但是他已注意到聲符在整個字義上的作用與地位，雖然一般學者都以王子韶為「右文說」之創始者，但其書不傳，無法確切掌握當時王子韶對此學說的理解程度。王安石在《字說》中除了常以聲訓方式訓解字義之外，並已有「聲符兼義」之先聲，但尚未致力研究，卻給予後人在聲符研究上開啟一扇門窗，有其開創之功。同時介紹「聲符兼義」學說在清代與民國初年之各家發展概況。第四章介紹《字說》之編纂體例，由所輯佚的資料推求全書編排的概貌。例如：世人斥《字說》以楷書解字，然而從尋得的資料顯示，《字說》當是以篆體編寫。此外，《字說》有一些獨特的編纂方式，是其他字典、辭典所少有的，例如：析字重視字形的相對位置，分為上下左右之方位，並寓意強弱大小的力量在其中；釋物喜用「疊解」的形式，有訓詁百家名物之意味；並有特殊的「習慣用語」以解字，這些都是《字說》之特色。 綜合而論，《字說》之學術上的價值表現在幾方面： 一、王安石「哲學思想」之綜述：雖然有人將新舊黨爭視為「儒法之戰」，但是荊公基本上仍是以儒生自許，人的思想會隨著所接觸的學說、觀點而改變，因此在人生的不同階段，其見解是呈段落式、片面式的，甚或後來的想法會否定、推翻之前的。而王安石一生的著作約有廿多種，其中與哲學思想相關的著作多為儒家經典之研究，但是荊公晚年學以佛、老，皆有所得。《字說》既是荊公晚年所致力之作品，必將一生所學之精粹融入其中，自然在《字說》的說解依據上匯集百家之要，有依循《說文》者、有儒、法、佛、老、莊、陰陽眾家之說，故梁啟超譽之「其學術集九流之粹，其文章起八代之衰」正因如此，《字說》以解說「字義」為主，尤其是那些以「會意」解字者，有儒家的天人之道、佛家的空性、老莊的有無，皆融匯在訓詁字義之中。其他著作如《三經新義》、《易解》、《論語解》等，受限於經籍之題材與原作者之思想，總不若《字說》是以解字釋義為主，可以單純而全盤地了解王安石的哲學思想。 二、開創「聲符兼義」之先河 一般小學家總以王子韶創「右文說」，然而其書不傳，右文說之全貌又是如何？總無法了解其學說系統發展的程度。其實王安石在《字說》中已有「聲符兼義」之見解，他以「農者，本也，故又訓厚」，從農得聲之字有「厚」義，孳乳出「濃，水厚；醲，酒厚；襛，衣厚」等共訓，雖然在當時這種訓詁方式尚未發展出一定的規模，而且方法顯得簡略，但是已對中國文字之「聲符」加以注意，不再只是標明讀音的符號而已，尚有「意義」在內，從此相關的研究不斷地發展下去，尤其在清代與民初的小學家，後出轉精，沈兼士利用此「聲符兼義」的研究成果，應用在訂正古籍之字誤、察古音之變遷、判斷訓釋之得失等考據工作；王力更以此法追溯語根之起源，將研究結果撰成《同源字典》。這一切以「聲符」為研究之發展系統，現已臻於成熟完備，王安石可謂有開創之功。 三、獨特的「辭典編纂」方法：中國的字、辭典編纂方式總不外是兩大系統：「部首」和「韻類」，其撰寫內容也是以「字」為說解的最小單位。然而《字說》以聲韻分部之外，還有「疊解」的特殊形式，類似於《爾雅》以物類為釋，卻又有形式上之異，將同性質之物聚集而解，猶如百科全書一般，故此類的字義說解很容易被「訓解名物百家」之辭書所引用，例如陸佃的《埤雅》、李時珍的《本草綱目》，影響其訓解的方向。 此外，王安石重視字形「位置」之說解，將字分成上下左右之位列，融入陰陽五行學說，賦予相生相勝與卦位之說，將文字視為一個小天地。並在《字說》說解上使用一些特殊的「習慣用語」，使字義的解說更具王安石個人的色彩。這些獨特的「編纂方式」或影響後代之字辭典編纂者，但更重要地是突顯王安石之思想。《字說》不單只能以字辭典的觀典視之，它更包含王安石個人思想，反映當時社會各層面的現象，在歷史上無法否定、排除其盛極一時之況與對後世之影響，在中國文字學史上永遠具有承先啟後之地位！

This paper is aimed at exploring the theory and process about electoral marketing of political partys, candidates in multimember distric and SNTV system in Taiwan. First, we discuss the features under multimember distric and SNTV system in Taiwan and also try to analyze the theory for electoral marketing which consists of theories about marketing, political commmunication and electoral strategies to offer a basic theory for electoral marketing of political partys and candidates in this paper. In addition, we also construct a research framework for electoral marketing of political partys, candidates in multimember distric and SNTV system in Taiwan by exploring the features under multimember distric and SNTV system in Taiwan and the theory for electoral marketing in this paper. .Second, we also use the observational method, the interview method and the research framework for electoral marketing of political partys, candidates in multimember distric and SNTV system in Taiwan to analyze the electoral marketing of the TSU party and its candidate in the north district in Kaohsiung city for the 2004 legislator election in this paper. Finally, the candidate in this case successes to get the seat for the 2004 legislator election, and the winning key is his electoral marketing. The strategies for his electoral marketing in the first period and the second period are emphasized his personality, profession and the TSU party. The strategies for his electoral marketing in the third period and the final period are emphasized the coordination with the DPP and allocation of votes. By analyzing the theory and the case, we can find a basic framework for electoral marketing of political partys, candidates in multimember distric and SNTV system in Taiwan and it could be possible to win a seat by working with political partys and making a theme for electoral marketing to emphasize the personality and profession of candidates, or to operate ¡§allocation of votes¡¨, including the coordination among political partys and candidates. To sum up, the electoral marketing of political partys, candidates in multimember distric and SNTV system is a process, including political partys, candidates, professinal work-teams, strategies and campaigns for electoral marketing, and voters. It also can show a process for political communication in which political partys, candidates and work-teams may use strategies and campaigns for electoral marketing to address political information to voters and correct strategies and campaigns for electoral marketing from voter¡¦s feedback. In this way, political partys, candidates can give voters what they want and success to win a seat. At the same time, we also can offer new ideas for researching the behavior of political partys and candidates, the campaigns of political elite in Kaohsiung city and developing the research for elections in Taiwan in this paper.

政黨是我國政治中最重要的行動者，然而多數有關於政黨政治的研究多由大黨的角度出發，忽略了其他中、小規模的政黨在其中所能發揮的影響作用。本文以小黨為主要研究對象，由小黨的觀點解釋其如何在政治運作過程中發揮政治影響力，或是以哪些手段達成更多的政黨目的。本研究選擇的研究對象是民主化以來存續時間較長、規模較大的三個小黨：新黨、親民黨與台灣團結聯盟，研究時間從立法院第3屆起（1995年）至第6屆結束（2008年）為止，共12年的時間。 本文結合國內外國會、政黨研究的相關研究成果，建構一套小黨的行動理論，接著從結構性的制度規則、質性的立委深入訪談資料，以及量化的立法紀錄，檢視與解釋三個小黨在立法院的各種行動及背後的政治動機。在台灣，小黨的出現常常是因大黨在政黨立場上先出現變動，小黨有取代大黨原有的政黨立場與選票支持的企圖而興起。隨後在議事規則的政黨化改革過程中，又給予小黨透過參與選舉、晉身進入立法議事參與者的政治機會。小黨的興起及運作機會既與外在的政黨政治及制度條件密切相關，也即預示小黨在立法院的策略行動及政治結果，也受到現實的政黨政治關係、自身的政黨立場及議事制度等現實條件所限制框架。經由對於三小黨的質化訪談與量化立法紀錄資料的分析後發現，小黨的政黨行動兼具持續與彈性的雙重特徵，在不同的政治條件下，小黨的某些政黨行動並不因為政治條件的改變而轉變，如團結與妥協。但小黨又常隨著不同的大黨對立程度，調整其於政治過程中的議價方式，是其靈活彈性的另一面。

The trend in the electronic and electrical equipment industry towards denser and more powerful product requires a higher level of performance from cooling devices. In this context, passive cooling techniques such as latent heat storage systems have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Phase change materials (PCMs) have turned out to be extremely advantageous in this regard as they absorb high amount of latent heat without much rise of temperature. But unfortunately, nearly all phase change materials (PCMs) with high latent heat storage capacity have unacceptably low thermal conductivity, which makes heating and cooling processes slow during melting and solidification of PCMs. Augmentation of heat transfer in a PCM is achieved by inserting a high thermal conductivity material, known as thermal conductivity enhancer (TCE), into the PCM. The conglomeration of PCM and TCE is known as a thermal storage unit (TSU). In this thesis, detailed and systematic analyses are presented on the thermal performance of TSUs subjected to two types of thermal loading- (a) constant power loading in which a constant power level is supplied to the chip (heater) for a limited duration of time, and (b) cyclic loading. Eicosane is used as the PCM, while aluminium pin or plate fins are used as TCEs. First, a 1-D analytical model is developed to obtain a closed-form temperature distribution for a simple PCM domain (without TCE) heated uniformly from the bottom. The entire heating process is divided into three stages, viz. (a) sensible heating period before melting, during which heat is stored in the solid PCM in the form of specific heat, (b) melting period, during which a melt front progresses from the bottom to the top layer of the PCM and heat is stored in latent as well as in sensible forms, and (c) post melting period, during which energy is stored again in the form of sensible heat. For each stage, conduction energy equation is solved with a set of initial and boundary conditions. Subsequently, a resistance capacitance model of phase change process is developed for further analysis. For transient performance under constant thermal loading, experimental investigations are carried out for TSUs with different percentages of TCE. A numerical model is developed to interpret the experimental results. The thermal performance of a TSU is found to depend on a number of geometrical parameters and boundary conditions. Hence, a systematic approach is desirable for finding the best TSU design for which the chip can be operated for a longer period of time before it reaches a critical temperature (defined as the temperature above which the chip starts malfunctioning). As a first step of the approach, it is required to identify the parameters which can affect the transient process. It is found that the convective heat transfer coefficient, ‘h’ and the exposed area for heat transfer have little effect on the chip temperature during the constant power operation. A randomized search technique, Genetic Algorithm (GA), is coupled with the CFD code to find an optimum combination of geometrical parameters of TSUs based on the design criteria. First, the optimization is carried out without considering melt convection within the PCM. It is found that the optimum half-fin width remains fixed for a given heat flux and temperature difference. Assuming a quasi steady process, the results of optimization are then explained by constructing and analyzing a resistance network model. The resistance network model is then extended to include the effect of melt convection, and it is shown that the optimum pitch changes with the strength of convection. Accordingly, numerical analysis is carried out by considering the effect of melt convection, and a correlation for optimum pitch is developed. Having established the role of melt convection on the thermal performance of TSUs, rigorous computational and experimental studies are performed in order to develop correlations among different non-dimensional numbers, such as Nusselt number, Rayleigh number, Stefan number and Fourier number, based on a characteristic length scale for convection. The enclosures are classified into three types, depending on the aspect ratio of cavity, viz. shallow, rectangular and tall enclosures. For a shallow enclosure, the characteristic length is the height of cavity whereas for a tall enclosure, the characteristic length is the fin pitch. In case of rectangular enclosure, both pitch and height are the important characteristic lengths. For cyclic operation, it is required that the fraction of the PCM melting during the heating cycle should completely solidify back during the cooling period, in order that that TSU can be operated for an unlimited number of cycles. If solidification is not complete during the cooling period, the TSU temperature will tend to rise with every cycle, thus making it un-operational after some cycles. It is found that the solidification process during the cooling period depends strongly on the heat transfer coefficient and the cooling surface area. However, heat transfer coefficient does not play any significant role during the heating period; hence a TSU optimized for transient operation may not be ideal for cyclic loading. Accordingly, studies are carried out to find the parameters which could influence the behaviour of PCM under cyclic loading. A number of parameters are identified in the process, viz. cycle period and heat transfer coefficient. It is found that the required heat transfer coefficient for infinite cyclic operation is very high and unrealistic with air cooling from the surface of the TSU. Otherwise, the required cooling period for complete re-solidification will be very high, which may not be suitable for most applications. In an effort to bring down the cooling period to a duration that is comparable to the heating period, a new design is proposed where both ‘h’ and area exposed to heat transfer can be controlled. In this new design, the gaps between the fins in a plate-fin TSU are alternately filled with PCM, such that only one side of a fin is in contact with PCM and the other side is exposed to the coolant (air). In this arrangement, the same heat flow path through the fin which is used for heating the PCM (during the heating stage) can also be used for cooling and solidifying the PCM during the cooling part of the cycle. Natural or forced air cooling through the passages can be introduced to provide a wide range of heat transfer coefficient which can satisfy the cooling requirements. With this arrangement, the enhanced area provided for cooling keeps the ‘h’ requirement within a realistic limit. This cooling method developed is categorized as a combination of active and passive cooling techniques. Analytical and numerical investigations are carried out to evaluate the thermal performance of this modified PCM-based heat sink in comparison to the ones with conventional designs. It is found that, the performance of new PCM-based heat sink is superior to that of the conventional one. Experiments are performed on both the conventional and the new PCM-based heat sinks to validate the new findings.

We study non-equilibrium and strongly-correlated dynamics in two contexts. We begin by analysing quantum many-body systems out of equilibrium through the lens of cold atomic impurities in Bose gases. Such highly-imbalanced mixtures provide a controlled arena for the study of interactions, dissipation, decoherence and transport in a many-body quantum environment. Specifically we investigate the oscillatory dynamics of a trapped and initially highly-localised impurity interacting with a weakly-interacting trapped quasi low-dimensional Bose gas. This relates to and goes beyond a recent experiment by the Inguscio group in Florence. We witness a delicate interplay between the self-trapping of the impurity and the inhomogeneity of the Bose gas, and describe the dissipation of the energy of the impurity through phononic excitations of the Bose gas. We then study the transport of a driven, periodically-trapped impurity through a quasi one-dimensional Bose gas. We show that placing the weakly-interacting Bose gas in a separate periodic potential leads to a phononic excitation spectrum that closely mimics those in solid state systems. As a result we show that the impurity-Bose gas system exhibits phonon-induced resonances in the impurity current that were predicted to occur in solids decades ago but never clearly observed. Following this, allowing the bosons to interact strongly, we predict the effect of different strongly-correlated phases of the Bose gas on the motion of the impurity. We show that, by observing the impurity, properties of the excitation spectrum of the Bose gas, e.g., gap and bandwidth, may be inferred along with the filling of the bosonic lattice. In other words the impurity acts as a probe of its environment. To describe the dynamics of such a strongly-correlated system we use the powerful and near-exact time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) method, which we describe in detail. The second part of this thesis then analyses, for the first time, the performance of this method when applied to simulate non-equilibrium classical stochastic processes. We study its efficacy for a well-understood model of transport, the totally-asymmetric exclusion process, and find it to be accurate. Next, motivated by the inefficiency of sampling-based numerical methods for high variance observables we adapt and apply TEBD to simulate a path-dependent observable whose variance increases exponentially with system size. Specifically we calculate the expected value of the exponential of the work done by a varying magnetic field on a one-dimensional Ising model undergoing Glauber dynamics. We confirm using Jarzynski's equality that the TEBD method remains accurate and efficient. Therefore TEBD and related methods complement and challenge the usual Monte Carlo-based simulators of non-equilibrium stochastic processes.