Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology & Immunology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-212).

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 104 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

BRCA1 est l'un des deux gènes majeur de prédisposition au cancer du sein. Les multiples partenaires protéiques de BRCA1 lui confèrent de nombreuses fonctions par lesquelles elle peut assurer la surveillance de l'intégrité cellulaire. L'équipe dans laquelle j'ai mené ma thèse a identifié un nouveau partenaire protéique de BRCA1, la protéine de liaison au poly(A) des ARN messagers PABP1, et a ainsi mis en lumière l'implication de BRCA1 dans la régulation de la traduction. De plus, de récents travaux suggèrent que dans des conditions dangereuses pour la cellule et potentiellement oncogéniques, comme par exemple un stress endommageant l'ADN (génotoxique), la synthèse protéique est fortement altérée. Mon travail de thèse a eu pour objectif de démontrer que cette nouvelle fonction de BRCA1 contribue, comme ses fonctions nucléaires, à son rôle de suppresseur de tumeur. Durant ma thèse, j'ai identifié les ARNm « cibles » de BRCA1 par la technique d'immunoprécipitation des complexes ribonucléoprotéiques (RIP), j'ai validé que ces ARNm « cibles » de BRCA1 lui sont associés pour leur régulation traductionnelle en réalisant une analyse comparative du contenu des polysomes de cellules épithéliales mammaires MCF-7 exprimant de façon transitoire un ARN interférent dirigé contre BRCA1 par la technique que j'ai mise en place au laboratoire, les profils polysomiques. Par la suite, j'ai établi les conditions de stress génotoxique induisant la localisation cytoplasmique de BRCA1, et en collaboration avec des cliniciens du Centre Léon Bérard j'ai permis l'acquisition d'échantillons tumoraux. Ceci nous permettra d'identifier parmi ces cibles de nouveaux marqueurs diagnostiques ou encore de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour les cancers du sein déficientes en BRCA1 / BRCA1 is one of the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes. The numerous binding partners of BRCA1 allow it to participate to several cellular pathways which globally contribute to its cell surveillance capacity. The team in which I performed my PhD identified a new binding partner of BRCA1, the Poly(A)-Binding Protein 1 and, consequently, a new function of this tumor suppressor, namely, the translation regulation. Moreover, recent studies suggest that under conditions dangerous for the cell and potentially oncogenic, such as a genotoxic stress, protein synthesis is strongly altered. My thesis work was aimed at demonstrating that this new function of BRCA1 contributes, like its nuclear functions, to its role of tumor suppressor. During my thesis, I identified the mRNAs "targets" of BRCA1 by the technique of immunoprecipitation of the ribonucleoprotein complexes (RIP), I validated that these mRNAs "targets" of BRCA1 are associated to it for their translational control by realizing a comparative analysis of the contents of the polysomes of MCF-7 mammary epithelial cells transiently expressing an interfering RNA directed against BRCA1 by the technique that I have set up in the laboratory, the polysomal profiles. Subsequently, I established the conditions of genotoxic stress inducing the cytoplasmic localization of BRCA1, and in collaboration with clinicians of the Center Léon Bérard Hospital, I allowed the acquisition of tumor samples. This will allow us to identify among these targets new diagnostic markers or new therapeutic targets for breast cancers deficient in BRCA1

O câncer de mama é a principal causa de morte por câncer entre as mulheres no mundo. Fatores genéticos, comportamentais e ambientais afetam o risco de aparecimento dessa doença e seu desenvolvimento e progressão ocorrem pelo acúmulo de alterações genéticas/epigenéticas que levam a manutenção de sinais proliferativos nas células, fuga dos agentes supressores de crescimento e resistência à morte celular. O gene PHLDA1 (de Pleckstrin Homology-Like Domain, Family A, Member 1) codifica uma proteína de 401 aminoácidos que já foi descrita envolvida em distintos processos biológicos incluindo morte celular e, dessa forma, é frequentemente associada ao câncer. Perda progressiva de PHLDA1 já foi descrita em melanoma primário e metastático enquanto sua superexpressão foi descrita para tumores intestinais e pancreáticos. Em dados prévios de nosso grupo de pesquisa o gene PHLDA1 foi encontrado diferencialmente expresso em tumores de mama onde sua ausência estava relacionada com sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global reduzidas nas pacientes. Estudos do gene PHLDA1 em linhagens de mama são escassos e a compreensão de seu papel funcional e de como sua ausência pode estar relacionada com a redução da sobrevida em pacientes com câncer de mama permanecem obscuros. Com o objetivo de compreender a função de PHLDA1 em células epiteliais de mama, nós investigamos os efeitos da supressão do gene PHLDA1 em células MCF10A. A redução da expressão foi alcançada a partir de transfecção das células com vetores plasmidiais contendo shRNAs específicos para o transcrito de PHLDA1 e subsequentemente foram realizados ensaios funcionais. A expressão diminuida de PHLDA1 foi capaz de induzir acentuadas alterações morfológicas e comportamentais nas células MCF10A, incluindo mudança no padrão de ancoragem célula-célula e reorganização nos filamentos de actina, além de maior taxa de proliferação, migração e invasão das células. Além disso, em condições de baixa ancoragem, as células com expressão reduzida de PHLDA1 apresentaram mamosferas de formato irregular em comparação às células controle. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram que a diminuição da expressão de PHLDA1 em células MCF10A está relacionada a um comportamento agressivo e acentuadas alterações morfológicas. Estes dados são consistentes com atividade supressora tumoral de PHLDA1 em células epiteliais de mama / Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Genetic, behavioral and environmental factors affect the risk of onset of the disease. Breast cancer development and progression involves the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic changes that lead to maintenance of proliferative signals, evasion of growth suppressors and resistance to cell death. The PHLDA1 gene (Pleckstrin Homology-like domain, Family A, member 1) encodes a 401 amino acids protein that has been described involved in different biological processes including cell death and thus, is often associated with cancer. Progressive loss of PHLDA1 has been described in primary and metastatic melanoma while their overexpression has been reported for intestinal and pancreatic tumors. In previous data from our research group the PHLDA1 gene was found differentially expressed in breast tumors where its downregulation was related to shorter disease-free survival and overall survival of the patients. Literature regarding PHLDA1 in mammary epithelial cell lines is scarce and the understanding of their functional role and how its downregulation can be related to poor prognosis in breast cancer patients remain unclear. In order to understand the PHLDA1 function in breast epithelial cells, we investigated the effects of downregulation of PHLDA1 in MCF10A cells. The reduced expression was achieved from transfection of cells with plasmid vectors containing shRNAs for the specific transcript of PHLDA1 followed by functional assays. The decreased expression of PHLDA1 was sufficient to induce marked morphological and behavioral changes in MCF10A cells, including changes in cell-to-cell attachment pattern and actin reorganization, increased proliferation, migration and invasion rate of cells. Furthermore, in independent of attachment condition, cells with reduced expression of PHLDA1 formed mammospheras whit irregular shape compared to control cells. Taken together, our results showed that the decreased expression of PHLDA1 in MCF10A cells is related to aggressive behavior and marked morphological changes. These data are consistent with tumor suppressor activity for PHLDA1 in breast epithelial cells

O câncer de mama é o tumor mais incidente e a principal causa de mortalidade entre as mulheres no mundo. Não diferente de tantos outros tipos tumorais, o câncer de mama carrega em sua história uma etiologia complexa, heterogênea e multifatorial. O gene pró-apoptótico PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; também denominado como PAR-4, Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) é conhecido por induzir seletivamente apoptose em uma grande variedade de células de câncer. O papel de Par-4 como supressor tumoral vem sendo bem estabelecido nos últimos anos. Entretanto, pouco tem sido explorado sobre o papel e os mecanismos envolvendo a função supressora de Par-4 em câncer de mama. Em estudos prévios do nosso grupo, foi possível demonstrar que a expressão reduzida de Par-4 está associada a um pior prognóstico em câncer de mama e que esta proteína pode ter um papel importante na morfogênese da glândula mamária. Além disso, a investigação em células MCF-7 demostrou que a expressão de Par-4 aumenta a sensibilidade das células ao tratamento com docetaxel. Com objetivo de entender melhor o papel de Par-4 em células tumorais de mama, nós investigamos o efeito da supressão de Par-4 nas células MDA-MB-231 in vitro e in vivo. A redução da expressão foi alcançada a partir de transfecção das células com vetores plasmidiais contendo shRNAs específicos para o transcrito de Par-4 e subsequentemente foram realizados ensaios funcionais. A expressão reduzida de Par-4 foi capaz de aumentar a capacidade de formação de colônias das células MDA-MB-231 em cultura. Além disso, as células MDA-MB-231 transfectadas com shRNA-Par-4 tiveram uma redução significativa da morte celular (fase sub-G0\\G1 do ciclo celular), em particular da morte por apoptose (Anexina-FITC/PI), após o tratamento com diferentes quimioterápicos. Em nosso estudo, as células MDA-MB-231-Controle tratadas com docetaxel apresentaram aumento nos níveis de Par-4 secretado, o que não foi observado nas células MDA-MB-231-shPar-4. Finalmente, nossos resultados in vivo sugerem que a expressão diminuída de Par-4 pode modular o crescimento tumoral em camundongos Balb/c NUDE. Em conjunto, nossos dados colaboram com o papel supressor de Par-4 já descrito na literatura e confirmam sua ação supressora em diferentes linhagens de câncer de mama / Breast cancer is the most incident tumor and the leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Like other forms of cancer, breast cancer has a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial etiology. The pro-apoptotic gene PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; also known as PAR-4, Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) is known to selectively induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells. The role of Par- 4 as a tumor suppressor has been well established in recent years. However, little has been explored about the role and mechanisms of Par-4 suppressor function in breast cancer. Previous work from our research group demonstrated that the reduced expression of Par-4 is associated with a worse prognosis in breast cancer. Also an important role of Par-4 in the morphogenesis of the mammary gland was suggested. In addition, Par-4 overexpression in MCF-7 cells increased the sensitivity to docetaxel treatment. In order to better understand the role of Par-4 in breast tumor cells, we investigated the effect of Par-4 knock-down on MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. We performed shRNA-mediated Par-4 knockdown, and then carried out functional assays. The reduced expression of Par-4 was able to increase the colony formation capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells in culture. In addition, shRNA-Par-4 transfection in MDA-MB-231 cells led to a significant reduction of cell death (sub-G0/G1 cell cycle), particularly by apoptosis (Annexin-FITC/PI), after treatment with different chemotherapeutic agents. In our study, docetaxel-treated MDA-MB-231-Control cells showed increased levels of secreted Par-4, which was not observed in MDA-MB-231- shPar-4 cells. Finally, our in vivo results suggest that diminished Par-4 expression may modulate tumor growth in Balb/c NUDE mice. Taken together, our data support the suppressor role of Par-4 already described in the literature and confirm its suppressive action in different breast cancer cell lines

Aurora-A (AurA) est une sérine/thréonine kinase jouant un rôle majeur dans le cycle cellulaire. Elle est connue pour son rôle oncogène et les compagnies pharmaceutiques développent des inhibiteurs ciblant son activité kinase. Cependant, il a été montré chez différentes espèces qu’Aurora-A possède des rôles indépendants de son activité kinase et agit également comme suppresseur de tumeur quand son activité kinase est altérée. Ceci pose donc un problème dans le développement des inhibiteurs car cibler l’activité kinase d’Aurora-A pour traiter le cancer pourrait mener à l’effet inverse. Pour résoudre ce dilemme, j’ai étudié en détail les phénotypes de mutants AurA nul et hypomorphe chez Drosophila melanogaster. J’ai étudié à la fois les défauts de développement en me basant sur le temps de pupation des larves et le rôle de suppresseur de tumeur en me basant sur les neuroblastes du cerveau central. Dans ce modèle, une caractéristique des suppresseurs de tumeur est leur capacité à induire la formation de neuroblastes supplémentaires dans le cerveau central conduisant à une surcroissance du cerveau. Chez les mutants AurA, la taille du cerveau est plus petite jusqu’à 96h de développement larvaire. Cependant, la pupation arrivant normalement entre 96h et 120h de développement larvaire est retardée chez le mutant et les larves ont une taille plus importante. Chez les mutants en retard de pupation le cerveau devient plus gros que ceux du contrôle. Le cerveau des mutants AurA a une importante augmentation du nombre de cellules positives pour Deadpan, un marqueur spécifique des neuroblastes et ce, avant que le cerveau des mutants AurA devienne plus grand que celui du contrôle. De plus, les disques imaginaux d’ailes et la glande annulaire sont clairement plus petits que ceux du contrôle à 96h de développement larvaire et les larves mutantes atteignent les stades L2 et L3 plus tôt. En conclusion, les mutants AurA montrent 1) une avance dans leur développement précoce certainement reliée au défaut de croissance de la glande annulaire ; 2) un retard de pupation ressemblant à celui observé en cas de défauts dans la voie de l’ecdysone, certainement dû à des défauts de croissance des disques imaginaux d’ailes ; 3) une surcroissance du cerveau à mettre en lien à la fois avec une augmentation du nombre de pseudo-neuroblastes et avec le retard de pupation. / Aurora-A (AurA) is a major kinase playing various roles in cell cycle. It’s a well-known oncogene and companies are developing drugs inhibiting its kinase activity. However, it has been shown in different species that AurA can have a kinase independent role or act as a tumor suppressor when its kinase activity is altered. This represents a problem for drugs development as inhibiting AurA kinase activity only could lead to life threatening phenotypes. To address this dilemma, we carefully deciphered phenotypes of AurA null and AurA hypomorph mutants in Drosophila melanogaster using the pupation as readout for development timing and larval central brain neuroblasts as model for tumorigenic study. One readout to define a tumor suppressor in this model is a brain overgrowth phenotype associated to central brain neuroblasts over-proliferation. In AurA mutants, brain size appears slightly smaller until 96h of larval development. However, pupation occurring normally between 96 and 120h of larval development is delayed in AurA mutants and larvae have an increased size. In this “delayed” mutant larvae, brains are eventually bigger than wild-type controls. Furthermore, AurA mutant central brains show a huge increased number of cells positive for deadpan, a marker of neuroblast identity, even before the appearance of brain over-growth phenotype. Additionally, wing discs and ring glands are clearly smaller in AurA mutants at 96h compared to control and mutant larvae reach L2 and L3 developmental stage earlier than control. In conclusion, AurA mutants have: 1) a precocious developmental advance certainly related to ring gland growth defect; 2) a pupation delay which resembles Ecdysone pathway timing defects certainly due to wing discs growth defect; 3) an enlarged brains phenotype due to an increased of the number of neuroblast-like cells and the pupation delay.

Ce travail de recherche montre que les différentes sources de polyphénols (polyphénols de vin rouge, jus d'aronia melanocarpa, jus de cassis) ont de puissants effets chemothérapeutiques et chemopréventifs sur différentes lignées de culture cellulaires, mais également in vivo sur un modèle de tumorigenèse. Ces polyphénols inhibent la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses (leucémie lymphoblastique aigüe, cellules souches) en induisant un arrêt du cycle cellulaire et l'apoptose. Les effets anti-cancéreux sont dépendants de l' induction du stress oxydatif mettant en jeu les anions superoxydes et le peroxyde d·hydrogène qui à son tour, activent les voies de signalisation conduisant à une surexpression des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs comme p73 et p53 et ainsi que caspase 3. Celle étude montre également que les polyphénols contrôlent la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses au niveau épigénétique en diminuant l'expression d'UHRF1 (un intégrateur épigénétique de prolifération). Cependant l'effet anticancéreux de ces polyphénols est sélectif et agit sur les cellules cancéreuses et non sur les cellules normales. Le fractionnement de ces sources riches en polyphénols et les études menées en utilisant des composés purs montrent que les effets anticancéreux sont attribués à plusieurs composés différents. Cette étude montre l' identification de cyanidine-3-glucoside et de cyanidine-3-rutinoside comme source de composés anticancéreux actifs. / This research work shows that different sources of polyphenols (RWPs, AMJ and blackcurrant) have strong chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects on several cancer cells lines (acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cancer stem cells) and also in vivo in a model of tumorigenesis in mouse. These polyphenols inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The anti-cancer effect is dependent on the induction of oxidative stress involving superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide which, in turn, activate the signaling pathways leading to the re-expression of tumor suppressor genes such as p73 and p53 and executor of apoptosis such as caspase 3. This study also shows that polyphenols control the proliferation of cancer cells at epigenetic level by decreasing the expression of UHRF1 (an epigenetic integrator of proliferation). Moreover, the anticancer effect of these polyphenols is selective towards cancer cells and not in normal cells. Fractionation of these rich sources of polyphenols and studies on the commercially available pure products shows that anti-cancer effects of these polyphenols involve several different compounds. This study leads to the identification of cyaniding-3-O-glucoside and cyaniding-3-O-rutinoside as active anticancer compounds.