For flights beyond Mach 6 ramjets are inefficient engines due to huge total pressure loss in the normal shock systems, combustion conditions that lose a large fraction of the available chemical energy due to dissociation and high structural loads. However if the flow remains supersonic inside the combustion chamber, the above problems could be alleviated and here the concept of SCRAMJET(supersonic combustion ramjet) comes into existence. The scramjets could reduce launching cost of satellites by carrying only fuel and ingesting oxygen from atmospheric air. Further applications could involve defense and transcontinental hypersonic transport. In the current study an effort is made to achieve supersonic combustion in a ground based short duration test facility(combustion driven shock-tunnel), which in addition to flight Mach number can simulate flight Reynolds number as well. In this study a simple method of injection i.e. wall injection of the fuel into the combustion chamber is used. The work starts with threedimensional numerical simulation of a non-reacting gas(air) injection into a hypersonic cross-flow of air to determine the conditions in which air penetrates reasonably well into the cross-flow. Care is taken so that the process does not induce huge pressure loss due to the bow shock which appears in front of the jet column. The code is developed in-house and parallelized using OpenMp model. This is followed by experiments on air injection into a hypersonic cross-flow of air in a conventional shock-tunnel HST2 existing in IISc. The most tricky part is synchronization of injection with start of test-flow in such a short duration(test time 1 millisecond) facility. Next part focuses on numerical simulations to determine the free-stream conditions, mainly the temperature and pressure of air, so that combustion takes place when hydrogen is injected into a supersonic cross-flow of air. The simulations are two-dimensional and includes species conservation equations and source terms due to chemical reactions in addition to the Navier-Stokes equations. This code is also built in-house and parallelized because of more number of operations with the inclusion of species conservation equations and chemical non-equilibrium. However, the predicted conditions were not achievable by HST2 due to low stagnation conditions of HST2. Therefore, a new shock-tunnel which could produce the required conditions is built. The new tunnel is a combustion driven shock-tunnel in which the driver gas is at higher temperature than conventional shock-tunnel. The driver gas is basically a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen and helium at a mole ratio of 2:1:10 initially. The mixture is ignited by spark plugs and the hydrogen and oxygen reacts releasing heat. The heat released raises the temperature of the mixture which is now predominantly helium and small fractions of water vapour and some radicals. The composition of the driver gas and initial pressure are determined through numerical simulations. Experiments follow in the new tunnel on hydrogen injection into a region of supersonic cross-flow between two parallel plates with a wedge attached to the bottom plate. The wedge reduces the hypersonic free-stream to Mach 2. A high-speed camera monitors the flow domain around injection point and sharp rise in luminosity is observed. To ascertain whether the luminosity is due to combustion or not, two more driven gases namely nitrogen and oxygen-rich air are used and the luminosity is compared. In the first case, the free-stream contains no oxygen and luminosity is not observed whereas in the second case higher luminosity than air driver case is visible. Additionally heat-transfer rates are measured at the downstream end of the model and at a height midway between the plates. Similar trend is observed in the relative heat-transfer rates. Wall static pressure at a location downstream of injection port is also measured and compared with numerical simulations. Results of numerical simulations which are carried out at the same conditions as of experiments confirm combustion at supersonic speed. Experiments and numerical simulations show presence of supersonic combustion in the setup. However, further study is necessary to optimize the parameters so that thrust force could be generated efficiently.

No description available.

No description available.

La polarisation du courant de spin dans un dispositif spintronique est à l'origine des effets magnéto-résistifs qui définissent ses propriétés fonctionnelles. En général, pour polariser un courant d'électrons, celui-ci traverse soit une couche ferromagnétique métallique, soit une barrière d'oxyde magnétique. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons abordé les deux alternatives. Dans une première étape, des couches d'oxyde magnétique dilué de type TiO2 :Co ont été élaborées par pulvérisation cathodique. Leurs propriétés structurales, morphologiques et magnétiques ont été étudiées afin d'optimiser leur potentiel d'intégration dans une structure complexe de type filtre à spin. Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons réalisé et étudié des jonctions tunnel magnétiques monocristalline à base d'alliage full-Heusler Co2FeAl (qui ont une polarisation théorique de 100%) et de barrière tunnel de MgO(001). Par une étude parallèle cristallographique et magnétique, nous avons démontré la corrélation directe entre l'anisotropie structurale et les anisotropies magnétiques des couches minces d'alliage Co2FeAl. En utilisant ces couches comme des électrodes magnétiques, nous avons élaboré, micro-structuré et étudié des jonctions tunnel magnétiques cristallines. Notre analyse a démontré que le transport tunnel polarisé en spin et la qualité de la demi-métallicité de l'alliage présentent une forte dépendance du grade de cristallinité du système. Au-delà des aspects purement expérimentaux, cette thèse comporte des études de modélisation analytique, numérique et ab-initio pour les propriétés magnétiques, électroniques et de transport polarisé en spin des systèmes et dispositifs étudiés / The polarization of the spin current in a spintronic device is at the origin of magneto-resistive effects that define its functional properties. Typically, in order to spin-polarize a current of electrons two alternatives are used: the electron current crosses either a ferromagnetic metal or a magnetic oxide barrier. Within this thesis, we addressed both alternatives. In a first step, layers of TiO2 diluted magnetic oxide type doped with cobalt were prepared by sputtering. Their structural, morphological and magnetic properties were studied to optimize their potential for integration into a complex spin filter type structure.In a second step, we focused our efforts on the elaboration and the study of single-crystal magnetic tunnel junction based on the full-Heusler alloy Co2FeAl and the MgO (001) tunnel barrier. From a theoretical point of view, the Heusler alloys are expected to be half-metallic. This leads to a spin polarization of 100%. Following a parallel crystallographic and magnetic study of thin Co2FeAl alloy films, we demonstrated a direct correlation between structural and magnetic anisotropies. Using these layers as magnetic electrodes, we elaborated and studied UV micro-structured crystalline magnetic tunnel junctions. Our analysis demonstrates that the spin polarized tunneling and the quality of the half-metallicity of the alloy has a clear dependence on the degree of crystallinity of the system. Beyond the purely experimental aspects, this thesis includes studies of analytical, numerical and ab-initio modeling of the magnetic and electronic properties as well as for the spin polarized transport in the studied systems and devices

Le but de la thèse sera d'étudier la faisabilité d'un nouveau procédé de nanostructuration des jonctions tunnel de dimension sub-30nm récemment imaginé et breveté par Spintec et le LTM et de tester les propriétés des jonctions tunnel obtenus sur les plans structural, magnétique et des propriétés électriques. Une attention particulière sera mise sur la caractérisation des défauts générés en bord de piliers lors de la gravure des jonctions tunnels et l'impact de ces défauts sur les propriétés magnétiques et de transport. Une autre partie de la thèse concerne l'optimisation des propriétés magnétiques et de transport des empilements jonctions tunnel magnétiques en vue d'en améliorer la stabilité thermique, l'amplitude de magnétoresistance tunnel et la facilité de gravure de l'empilement.En particulier l'insertion de nouveaux matériaux réfractaires (W, ) dans les empilements a été étudiée pour améliorer la stabilité de l'empilement lors des recuits à haute température. Des améliorations ont également été apportées pour renforcer la stabilité de la couche de référence de la jonction tunnel lorsque cette dernière est située au dessus de la barrière tunnel. Par ailleurs, une nouvelle couche de couplage antiferromagnétique a été mise au point permettant de réduire significativement l'épaisseur totale de l'empilement et par là même facilitant sa gravure.Tous ces résultats ont été obtenus par des mesures magnétiques et de transport réalisées sur les couches continues et sur des piliers de taille nanométriques. / The first aim of the thesis is to study the feasibility of a new process for nanopatterning of sub-30nm diameter tunnel junctions recently patented by Spintec and LTM and to test the properties of tunnel junctions obtained, from the point of view of magnetic and electrical properties. Particular attention will be paid on the characterization of defects generated at the pillar edges when patterning the tunnel junctions and the impact of these defects on the magnetic and transport properties. Another part of the thesis is focused on improving the magnetic and transport MTJ stacks with higher thermal budget tolerance. As a part of this, new materials (W, etc) were used as cap layer or as a spacer layer in composite free layer of pMTJ stacks. Moreover, different magnetic materials combined with different non-magnetic spacer have been investigated to improve the thermal stability factor of the composite storage layers. Detailed structural characterizations were performed to demonstrate the improvements in magnetic and electrical properties. A new RKKY coupling layer was found which allowed to obtain an extremely thin pMTJ stack by reducing the SAF layer thickness to 3.8nm. Seed lees multilayers with enhanced PMA is necesssary to realize a top-pinned pMTJ stack which is necessary to configure a spin-orbit torque MRAM (SOT-MRAM)stack and double magnetic tunnel junction stacks (DMTJs). A new seed less multilyar with enhanced PMA and subsequently advanced stacks such as conventional-DMTJ, thin-DMT, SOT-MRAM stacks, Multibit memory were realized. Finally, electrical properties patterned memory devices were also studied to correlate with the magnetic properties of thin films.

The diploma thesis engages in the reconstruction of railway tunnel Domasovsky that is situated at the track section Olomouc – Krnov. It illustrates the current state of the construction and the geotechnical conditons of the area of interest, it also presents the potencial solutions. The design is verified by stuructural analysis, the design documentation and technical report are also enclosed.

L’excavation d’un tunnel profond dans des terrains poussants pose des difficultés particulières de conception et d’exécution. Ce type de terrain est caractérisé par des fortes convergences en paroi du tunnel de nature différée et souvent anisotrope. Le comportement d’un tunnel excavé en terrain poussant est très influencé par la technique d’excavation utilisée. Le cas d’étude du tunnel routier du Fréjus et de sa galerie de sécurité permet d’illustrer ce phénomène. Il s’agit de deux tunnels parallèles qui montrent une configuration très intéressante étant donné qu’ils traversent des conditions géotechniques similaires et qu’ils sont creusés avec des techniques d’excavation différentes : le tunnel routier a été creusé par méthode conventionnelle à l’explosif tandis que la galerie de sécurité a été creusée avec un tunnelier à bouclier simple. Les mesures d’auscultation réalisées pendant l’excavation des deux tunnels ont été analysées et comparées. Des modélisations numériques pour simuler la réponse des deux tunnels ont été développées avec le logiciel Flac3D. Le comportement du terrain est simulé avec un modèle visco-elasto-plastique et anisotrope. L’anisotropie liée à la schistosité du terrain est introduite dans le modèle par la présence de plans de faiblesse d’orientation donnée (ubiquitous joint model) insérés dans une matrice rocheuse caractérisée par un comportement visco-elasto-plastique isotrope. Une rétro-analyse a été réalisée sur les mesures de convergence obtenues lors du creusement du tunnel routier du Fréjus. Le comportement du terrain identifié dans le tunnel routier est ensuite extrapolé pour prédire la réponse de la galerie de sécurité. L’objectif est de reproduire l’état des contraintes observé dans les voussoirs de la galerie de sécurité et d’extrapoler les sollicitations à long terme. L’influence que la technique d’excavation, en particulier sur le comportement différé du terrain a été prise en compte dans les simulations numériques. On a mis en évidence que les déformations différées du terrain sont réduites lorsque l’excavation est réalisée au tunnelier.Par ailleurs, une synthèse critique de la méthode convergence-confinement et de ses variantes a été réalisée. Une discussion a été menée sur l’applicabilité des méthodes convergence-confinent quand elles sont utilisées pour le dimensionnement des tunnels circulaires excavés en section pleine avec l’installation d’un soutènement raide près du front d’excavation comme c’est le cas lors d’une excavation au tunnelier. Dans ce contexte, un ensemble de formules empiriques sont proposées. Elles permettent d’obtenir avec une bonne précision l’état d’équilibre entre le terrain et le soutènement et peuvent être utilisées dans la phase de pré-dimensionnement des ouvrages / During the excavation of deep tunnels, squeezing ground conditions are often encountered. The squeezing behavior of the ground is characterized by large time-dependent and usually anisotropic convergences that take place at the tunnel wall. The technique of excavation has a strong influence on the tunnel response when it is excavated under squeezing conditions. This phenomenon is illustrated throughout the case study of the Fréjus road tunnel excavated with conventional drill and blast methods and of its safety gallery excavated with a single shield tunneling boring machine. They exhibit a very interesting configuration of two tunnels excavated in parallel under the same geotechnical conditions but with different excavation techniques. Monitored geotechnical data from both tunnels are analyzed and compared. Numerical simulations of both tunnels have been carried out with Flac3D. An anisotropic creep model which includes weakness planes of given orientation embedded in a visco-elasto-plastic matrix has been used for describing the behavior of the ground. A back-analysis of convergence measurements of the Fréjus road tunnel has been carried out. The behavior of the ground identified from the Fréjus road tunnel is extrapolated to predict the response of the Fréjus safety gallery in terms of the stress state in the lining. The influence of the technique of excavation on the time-dependent parameters of the ground is taken into account in the computations and its effects are discussed. It is shown that the long term ground deformation are significantly reduced with TBM excavation as compared to traditional blast and drill method.Furthermore, the convergence-confinement methods are reviewed and their applicability is discussed when they are applied to full face circular tunnels excavated in rock masses with a stiff support system near the face. In this context, a set of empirical formula are proposed which allows to accurately predict the equilibrium state between the ground and the lining in circular tunnels excavated in full section. These formula are useful in the preliminary phase of tunnel design

Research focused on the reduction of uncertainties when considering the wind resource in the vicinity of forestry. This thesis examined the use of high density laser scanning technology to capture the structure of forest canopies along with the measurement of thermal effects using sonic anemometry. Methodologies were then developed to include these high quality data in Computational Fluid Dynamics software in order to allow the complex nature of forestry flows to be considered analytically.

Abstract The public space is often perceived as more unsafe for women than for men and it is therefore a question of gender equality. Opinions differ on how the public space should be changed to improve women’s feelings of security. This case aims to discuss the possibility to change the physical environment to create a safer public space for women. This study is a case study focusing on the so called Stationstunneln located on Järnvägstorget in Umeå municipality. Stationstunneln was inaugurated in 2012 and had the aim to increase both women and men´s perceived safety in the public space. The tunnel has with its shape, lighting etcetera, aimed to increase security. This is as mentioned a gender issue and the topic is important to be able to continue the work for a more equal society. The result of this study is based on six semi-structured interviews and has a qualitative approach. The interviews were conducted with six female respondents who all have a relation to Stationstunneln in Umeå municipality. Three of the respondents also had a relation to the previous tunnel located on Järnvägstorget called Hagatunneln. The interviews have been analyzed through thematic analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that light and people in motion is the key factors in what makes the respondents feel safe in public spaces. All of the respondents agreed that Stationstunneln compared to Hagatunneln was seen as bright and had people in motion and that was some of the reasons why they felt safe in Stationstunneln. They also thought the place felt welcoming and safe when it comes to the trafic which also made them feel safe in and around the tunnel. However, many of the respondents said that they didn´t feel safe in and around the tunnel during the evenings because of the people occupying themself there at night. Overall, the respondents agreed that the design was important for their perceived safety in the public space. Keywords: Public space, safety, women, physical environment, tunnel, gender equality.

The comparison of aerodynamic characteristics for a combat aircraft studywas addressed in this work. The thesis is a feasibility study which reviewsthe workload and output quality efficiency of different numerical and experimentalmethods often used during conceptual aircraft design.For this reason the Vortex Lattice Method (VLM), Euler or Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations were compared to the moreheavier Large Eddy Simulation (LES) which also has the capability to capturealso more complex flow physics, such as those that occur, for example,at high angles of attack. To be able to crosscheck the numerical results,the same static alpha sweep tests were executed in a tunnel. Thereby itwas discovered that it was quite challenging to reach the same values in thewater tunnel as those previously calculated in computational fluid dynamics(CFD) due to different technical issues.However it could be shown that LES simulations can be today a suitabletool for conceptual aircraft design, as they offer much higher levels ofaccuracy and give the designer the possibility to check the new study at anearly stage along the border of the aircraft’s flight envelope.