Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des études des phénomènes électromagnétiques dansles régions frontales des grands turbo-générateurs. L’objectif de la thèse est d’estimer apriori le champ magnétique axial en fonction du point de fonctionnement afin d’éviterles possibles dégradations du circuit magnétique (dus aux points chauds et tensions entretôles, qui sont liés à la composante axiale du champ).Une maquette à échelle réelle a été spécialement conçue et réalisée dans le but d’améliorerla compréhension physique des phénomènes : les pertes, la pénétration du champ magnétiqueet les tensions entre tôles sont analysés.Les simulations par éléments finis sont ensuite utilisées : les avantages et inconvénientsseront discutés, ainsi qu’une comparaison critique des résultats par rapport aux mesuresexpérimentales sur la maquette. La région frontale d’un turbo-alternateur est aussi entièrementmodélisée.Enfin, un modèle simple du flux axial est développé. Ses coefficients sont déterminés àl’aide de simulations par éléments finis, mais il peut ensuite être utilisé en temps réel afind’estimer le flux axial correspondant à un point de fonctionnement quelconque. / This work aims to improve the knowledge of electromagnetic phenomena that occurin the end region of large turbo-generators. The goal of this work is to evaluate theaxial magnetic flux density with regard to the operating conditions (such as active orreactive power) in order to prevent potential deterioration of the stator. Indeed, the axialmagnetic field is known to induce hot points or voltages between laminations that maycause insulation breakdown and thus stator faults.An experimental apparatus in real scale has been designed and built. Its purpose is tostudy precisely the following phenomena: losses, axial magnetic flux density penetration,voltage across adjacent voltages.Finite element simulations (FEM) are also used: their advantages and drawbacks arediscussed, and the results are compared with the experimental measures. The wholeend-region of a turbo-generator is also simulated.Finally, a simple model of the axial magnetic flux is proposed. Its parameters are basedon the results of the FEM model, but it may be used in real time to evaluate the axialmagnetic flux density of any operating point.

Digital technology has made complex signal processing possible in communication systems and greatly improved the performance and quality of most modern telecommunication systems. The telecommunication industry and specifically mobile wireless telephone and computer networks have shown phenomenal growth in both the number of subscribers and emerging services, resulting in rapid consumption of common resources of which the electromagnetic spectrum is the most important. Technological advances and research in digital communication are necessary to satisfy the growing demand, to fuel the demand and to exploit all the possibilities and business opportunities. Efficient management and distribution of resources facilitated by state-of-the-art algorithms are indispensable in modern communication networks. The challenge in communication system design is to construct a system that can accurately reproduce the transmitted source message at the receiver. The channel connecting the transmitter and receiver introduces detrimental effects and limits the reliability and speed of information transfer between the source and destination. Typical channel effects encountered in mobile wireless communication systems include path loss between the transmitter and receiver, noise caused by the environment and electronics in the system, and fading caused by multiple paths and movement in the communication channel. In multiple access systems, different users cause interference in each other’s signals and adversely affect the system performance. To ensure reliable communication, methods to overcome channel effects must be devised and implemented in the system. Techniques used to improve system performance and capacity include temporal, frequency, polarisation and spatial diversity. This dissertation is concerned mainly with temporal or time diversity. Channel coding is a temporal diversity scheme and aims to improve the system error performance by adding structured redundancy to the transmitted message. The receiver exploits the redundancy to infer with greater accuracy which message was transmitted, compared with uncoded systems. Sparse graph codes are channel codes represented as sparse probabilistic graphical models which originated in artificial intelligence theory. These channel codes are described as factor graph structures with bit nodes, representing the transmitted codeword bits, and bit-constrained or check nodes. Each constraint involves only a small number of code bits, resulting in a sparse factor graph with far fewer connections between bit and check nodes than the maximum number of possible connections. Sparse graph codes are iteratively decoded using message passing or belief propagation algorithms. Three classes of iteratively decodable channel codes are considered in this study, including low-density parity-check (LDPC), Turbo and repeat-accumulate (RA) codes. The modulation platform presented in this dissertation is a spectrally efficient wideband system employing orthogonal complex spreading sequences (CSSs) to spread information sequences over a wider frequency band in multiple modulation dimensions. Special features of these spreading sequences include their constant envelopes and power output, providing communication range or device battery life advantages. This study shows that multiple layer modulation (MLM) can be used to transmit parallel data streams with improved spectral efficiency compared with single-layer modulation, providing data throughput rates proportional to the number of modulation layers at performances equivalent to single-layer modulation. Alternatively, multiple modulation layers can be used to transmit coded information to achieve improved error performance at throughput rates equivalent to a single layer system / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The topic of this thesis is description, analysis and proposal of turbo generator’s control and protection system. The power output of turbo generators is from 3 MVA up to 75 MVA for various industrial sectors. The final proposal is based on the results of this analysis and it consists of a modern control and protection turbo generators systems. This proposal is designed to respect universality, customer’s requirements. And this proposal should be used in many industry branches.

The aim of my master's thesis is the design of traffic connection between newly emerging commercial and industrial area in Trnava and Nitranská street. The design of TURBO roundabout was demanded. Parking places for SAD drivers are also designed as well as the roads for pedestrians and the interchange with railway line.

The subject of my Master’s thesis is the variant redevelopment of intersections I/56 and II/469 in Hlučín. Both interesections are situated nearby bus terminal. Extent of adjustment obstructs the object of former granary. There are checked spatial options for adjusting both existing intersections to the roundabouts. In the frame of variants, there is a different manner of solution of structural layout of both intersections, possibility of connection of bus terminal and transfer of pedestrian traffic across designed intersections. Part of Master’s thesis is traffic survey and capacity analysis of designed intersections.

The main purpose of this master’s thesis is description of the current technology of compressed air production in the grounds of Třinecké Železárny, a.s. (TZ). Compressed air for companies in the TZ area is manufactured and distributed by company Energetika Třinec, a.s. (ET). The part of the thesis is the preparation and execution of measurement including evaluation of specific energy consumption for production of compressed air by compressors of ET company. In conclusion there is proposed the possibility of substitution of compressors including the economic evaluation.

The subject of my Master’s thesis is the variant redevelopment of level crossings I/45 and I/11 nearby bus terminal in Bruntál in Moravian-Silesian region. The current design isn’t well arranged and the crossroad is place of frequent traffic accidents. There are four solutions of existing crossroad. In the frame of variants, there is a different manner of solution of structural layout of crossroad, possibility of connection of shopping center and solution of pedestrian traffic. The thesis includes traffic survey, evaluation of accidents, capacity analysis of existing crossroad and four new solutions and estimate of building costs.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Turboexpandern in der Gasleitungsbranche. Nach der Vorstellung der Bauarten werden Schaltschemen nach Stand der Technik erläutert, um nachfolgend auf die Ausnutzung des Kälteeffekts einzugehen. Hier sieht der Autor Potentiale in Hinblick auf Energieeffizienz und Umweltverträglichkeit im Bereich der Weiterleitung von Erdgas zum Endverbraucher. Das kombinierte Schema, bei dem die Erdgas-Entspannungsanlage zusätzlich zur Reduktionseinheit parallel angeschlossen wird, ist in solchen Fällen sinnvoll. Das Erhitzen des Gases erfolgt hier über die Wärmepumpe vor der Entspannungsturbine oder es findet nach der Druckreduktion statt. In diesem Fall findet die Expansion bei den niedrigeren Temperaturen (0–5 °С) statt, indem die Temperatur am Auslass der GVS durch Wärmeentnahme im Kälteblock bis zu einem zulässigen Wert erhöht wird. Die Menge der produzierten Energie vermindert sich infolge der Temperatursenkung vor der Expansionsturbine, doch besteht die Möglichkeit, dabei Kälte zu produzieren und diese danach anzuwenden. Die Berechnungsergebnisse der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften sind dargestellt. Der Wärmeenergieverbrauch für die Erwärmung des Gases (Leistung der Wärmepumpe) und für die Leistung des Kälteblocks wird in dieser Arbeit erläutert. Des Weiteren werden Aspekte der Wirtschaftlichkeit und der Betriebssicherheit von Turboexpandern beleuchtet.

Heat transfer plays an important role in affecting an on-engine turbocharger performance. However, it is normally not taken into account for turbocharged engine simulations. Generally, an engine simulation based on one-dimensional gas dynamics uses turbocharger performance maps which are measured without quantifying and qualifying the heat transfer, regardless of the fact that they are measured on the hot-flow or cold-flow gas-stand. Since heat transfer situations vary for on-engine turbochargers, the maps have to be shifted and corrected in the 1-D engine simulation, which mass and efficiency multipliers usually do for both the turbine and the compressor. The multipliers change the maps and are often different for every load point. Particularly, the efficiency multiplier is different for every heat transfer situation on the turbocharger. The heat transfer leads to a deviation from turbocharger performance maps, and increased complexity of the turbocharged engine simulation. Turbochargers operate under different heat transfer situations while they are installed on the engines. The main objectives of this thesis are: heat transfer modeling of a turbocharger to quantify and qualify heat transfer mechanisms, improving turbocharged engine simulation by including heat transfer in the turbocharger, assessing the use of two different turbocharger performance maps concerning the heat transfer situation (cold-measured and hot-measured turbocharger performance maps) in the simulation of a measured turbocharged engine, prediction of turbocharger walls’ temperatures and their effects on the turbocharger performance on different heat transfer situations. Experimental investigation has been performed on a water-oil-cooled turbocharger, which was installed on a 2-liter GDI engine for different load points of the engine and different heat transfer situations on the turbocharger by using insulators, an extra cooling fan, radiation shields and water-cooling settings. In addition, several thermocouples have been used on accessible surfaces of the turbocharger to calculate external heat transfers. Based on the heat transfer analysis of the turbocharger, the internal heat transfer from the bearing housing to the compressor significantly affects the compressor. However, the internal heat transfer from the turbine to the bearing housing and the external heat transfer of the turbine housing mainly influence the turbine. The external heat transfers of the compressor housing and the bearing housing, and the frictional power do not play an important role in the heat transfer analysis of the turbocharger. The effect of the extra cooling fan on the energy balance of the turbocharger is significant. However, the effect of the water is more significant on the external heat transfer of the bearing housing and the internal heat transfer from the bearing housing to the compressor. It seems the radiation shield between the turbine and the compressor has no significant effect on the energy balance of the turbocharger. The present study shows that the heat transfer in the turbocharger is very crucial to take into account in the engine simulations. This improves simulation predictability in terms of getting the compressor efficiency multiplier equal to one and turbine efficiency multiplier closer to one, and achieving turbine outlet temperature close to the measurement. Moreover, the compressor outlet temperature becomes equal to the measurement without correcting the map. The heat transfer situation during the measurement of the turbocharger performance influences the amount of simulated heat flow to the compressor. The heat transfer situation may be defined by the turbine inlet temperature, oil heat flux and water heat flux. However, the heat transfer situation on the turbine makes a difference on the required turbine efficiency multiplier, rather than the amount of turbine heat flow. It seems the turbine heat flow is a stronger function of available energy into the turbine. Of great interest is the fact that different heat situations on the turbocharger do not considerably influence the pressure ratio of the compressor. The turbine and compressor efficiencies are the most important parameters that are affected by that. The component temperatures of the turbocharger influence the working fluid temperatures. Additionally, the turbocharger wall temperatures are predictable from the experiment. This prediction enables increased precision in engine simulations for future works in transient operations. / QC 20120504

Air bearing radial turbo (also called centrifugal) compressors prevail in most mobile fuel cell air supply applications due to the small size and weight, the high efficiency and the oil- and maintenance free operation. An important aspect in mobile fuel cell applications is the vibration resistance of all system components, including the compressor, with vibration requirements up to 20 g in automotive applications. This paper gives the background of the air bearing vibration characteristics, depicting the dependencies of vibration resistance on inlet conditions and operating points. The critical operating conditions concerning vibration resistance are identified, and it is outlined how vibration requirements can be included in the design process of an air bearing turbo compressor. A visualization of vibration resistance in the commonly used compressor map is presented, allowing the fuel cell system integrator to take qualified decisions for the mechanical integration of the compressor concerning vibrations.