Consider a mixture of two immiscible, incompressible fluids e.g. oil and water. Since the fluids do not mix, an interface between the two fluids will form and move in time. The motion of the two fluids can be modelled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for two phase flow with surface tension together with a representation of the moving interface. The parameters in the Navier-Stokes equations will depend on the position and other properties of the interface. The interface should move with the velocity of the flow at the interface. Since the fluids are incompressible, the density of each fluid is constant. Mass conservation then implies that the volume occupied by each of the two fluids should not change with time. The object of this thesis has been to develop a new numerical method to simulate incompressible two phase flow accurately that conserves mass and volume of each fluid correctly. Numerical simulations of incompressible two phase flow with surface tension have been a challenge for many years. Several methods have been developed and used prior to the work presented in this thesis. The two most commonly used methods are volume of fluid methods and level set methods. There are advantages and disadvantages of both of the methods. In volume of fluid methods the interface is represented by a discontinuity of a globally defined function. Because of the discontinuity it is hard both to move the interface as well as to calculate properties of the interface such as curvature. Specially designed methods have to be used, and all these methods are low order accurate. Volume of fluid methods do however conserve the volumes of the two fluids correctly. In level set methods the interface is represented by the zero contour of the globally defined signed distance function. This function is smooth across the interface. Since the function is smooth, standard methods for partial differential equations can be used to advect the interface accurately. A reinitialization is however needed to make sure that the level set function remains a signed distance function. During this process the zero contour might move slightly. Because of this, the volume conservation of the method becomes poor. In this thesis we present a new level set method. The method is designed such that the volume of each fluid is conserved, at least approximately. The interface is represented by the 0.5 contour of a regularized characteristic function. As for standard level set methods, the interface is moved first by an advective step, and then reinitialized. Unlike traditional level set methods, we can formulate the reinitialization as a conservation law. Conservative methods can then be used to move and to reinitialize the level set function numerically. Since the level set function is a regularized characteristic function, we can expect good conservation of the volume bounded by the interface. The method is discretized using both finite differences and finite elements. Uniform and adaptive grids are used in both two and three space dimensions. Good convergence as well as volume conservation is observed. Theoretical studies are performed to investigate the conservation and the computational time needed for reinitialization. / QC 20101122

Sewage sludge is widely used as an important source for biogas production through digestion. Developing the high performance processes has a significant goal in order to promote energy efficiency and reduce the cost sewage sludge treatment. The problem of sewage sludge disposal is becoming top one which almost cost 50 % of running fee for a municipal wastewater treatment plant. This paper basically introduces three methods to improve the conventional digestion. However, they enhance the conventional digestion from different aspects. For examples, Two-phase anaerobic digestion enables to exhibit the merit of thermophilic anaerobic digestion and avoid the weak points of conventional digestion regarding odor problem. In two-phase anaerobic digestion, the acid and methane producing stages are separated. Extended solids retention time is an approach to separate the hydraulic retention time and solids retention time in an anaerobic digester by using recycle thickening. This method could benefit further de-composing the organics and increase methane formation. Dewaterability is the final step of anaerobic digestion process. Enhancing this part of process is an efficient way to increase the solid content of sludge that would reduce the transportation costs. In a nutshell, no matter on saving cost or energy perspectives, these three methods all promote biogas production efficiency up to a better performance, but various requirement of energy and cost are demanded. The paper displays and compares the advantages and disadvantages among three methods. There is no certain answer to which method is the best one; however, they can be chose to enhance digestion in different condition.

The two-phase flow approach has been the conventional method designed to study the sediment transport rate. Due to the complexity of sediment transport, the precisely numerical models computed from that approach require initial assumptions and, as a result, may not yield accurate output for all conditions. This research work proposes that Machine Learning algorithms can be an alternative way to predict the processes of sediment transport in two-dimensional directions under oscillating sheet flow conditions, by utilizing the available dataset of the SedFoam multidimensional two-phase model. The assessment utilized linear regression and gradient boosting algorithm to analyze the lowest average mean squared error in each case and search for the best partition method based on the domain height of the simulation setup.

Un caloduc pulsé diphasique est un lien thermique composé d'un tube capillaire lisse sous forme de serpentin reliant un évaporateur à un condenseur, séparés par une partie adiabatique. Les conditions de température et de pression du fluide à l'intérieur du caloduc sont proches des conditions de changement de phase. De ce fait, et grâce aux dimensions capillaires du tube, le fluide se distribue en différentes parties liquide et vapeur distribuées de manière alternée. Les instabilités thermo-hydrauliques permanentes sont à l'origine d'un écoulement oscillant qui permet le transfert de chaleur de l'évaporateur jusqu'au condenseur.L'objectif du présent projet de recherche consiste à étudier le comportement thermo-hydraulique de trois caloducs cryogéniques pulsés diphasiques testés avec différents fluides cryogéniques (azote, néon et argon) pour le refroidissement d'aimants à haute température critique. De plus, un code numérique a été développé pour les futures simulations 2D des caloducs pulsés diphasiques.Au cours de ce projet de recherche, de nombreux tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés avec trois fluides cryogéniques différents: azote, néon et argon. Les résultats expérimentaux des tests avec une augmentation de puissance progressive dans l'évaporateur ont révélé des capacités de transfert thermiques très différentes en fonction du fluide, chaque fluide présentant un comportement thermo-hydraulique différent. L'état thermodynamique du fluide lors du fonctionnement stable du PHP et la phase d'assèchement (dry-out) ont été étudiés. Les différences dans le comportement des différents fluides ont été expliquées après l'analyse de leurs propriétés physiques. De plus, les taux de remplissage de fluide dans le PHP donnant les meilleures performances thermiques ont été définis. Ajouté à cela, de nombreux tests réalisés en configuration ouverte (avec le PHP connecté au volume tampon) et en configuration fermé (avec le PHP isolé du volume tampon) ont permis de conclure sur la capacité de régulation du volume tampon en cas de surpression dans le PHP. Aussi, les résultats expérimentaux des longs tests de stabilité ont permis de vérifier la stabilité du système PHP pendant des longues périodes de fonctionnement. Par ailleurs, des tests spécifiques ont été réalisés pour déterminer des conditions optimales de démarrage, l'influence de la température du condenseur dans les performances thermiques du système et l'influence du nombre de tubes en parallèle dans la capacité de transfert thermique du système. Finalement, une série de tests avec une forte puissance thermique imposée au niveau de l'évaporateur imitant une situation de quench dans un aimant supraconducteur ont données des précieuses informations sur les limites thermiques du système. Concernant les simulations numériques, un modèle a été développé avec le solveur Fluent pour des simulations dans une géométrie 2D axisymétrique en utilisant la méthode VOF. La dynamique du fluide dans un tube capillaire a été modélisée et les simulations thermiques ont permis de conclure que les instabilités thermodynamiques restent insuffisantes pour maintenir les oscillations du fluide. Ce modèle est présenté comme une nouvelle plateforme pour de futures modélisations 2D des caloducs pulsés diphasiques. / A pulsating (or oscillating) heat pipe (PHP or OHP) is a heat transfer device composed of a single capillary tube bent in many U-turns, connecting an evaporator to a condenser, separated by an adiabatic part. In the PHP, temperature and pressure conditions of the working fluid are close to phase-change conditions. Due to this and to the capillary dimensions of the tube, the fluid is distributed in alternating liquid slugs and vapor plugs. Permanent thermal instabilities in the PHP create the oscillating flow which allows the transfer of heat from one end (the evaporator) to the other (the condenser).The objective of the present work consists in characterizing the thermo-hydraulic behavior of the meter-scale horizontal cryogenic pulsating heat pipes as a cooling solution for space superconducting magnets. To this, several experiments have been conducted in a cryogenic facility containing three different horizontal pulsating heat pipes. In addition, a numerical 2D model has been proposed for future horizontal pulsating heat pipes simulations.During the research project, numerous tests have been performed using three different working fluids: nitrogen, neon and argon. From experimental results of progressive heat load tests it has been possible to compare the maximum heat load transfer capacity of the PHP with each fluid and the corresponding thermal performance. It has also been noticed that each fluid presents a specific behavior concerning the fluid oscillations. In addition, the thermodynamic state of the fluid in operating conditions and the dry-out process have been characterized. Differences between fluid's behaviors have been partly explained by analyzing the evolution of the fluid physical properties related to the movement and the heat transfer capacity. Furthermore, it has been possible to conclude about the relation between the liquid filling ratio in the PHP and its thermal performance, determining the filling ratios giving the highest thermal performances. Moreover, similar tests have been performed in open configuration (with the PHP connected to the buffer volume) and closed configuration (with the PHP isolated from the buffer volume). From this, it has been possible to conclude about the regulation made by the buffer volume in case of overpressure in the PHP. Also, experimental results from long stability tests have confirmed that these pulsating heat pipe are able to work in stable conditions during long periods as a reliable cooling system. In addition to that, specific tests have been done to determine the optimum start-tup conditions, the influence of the temperature of the condenser in the thermal performance and the influence of the number of turns in the global heat transfer capacity. A final series of tests have been achieved with a sudden extra heat load at the surface of the evaporator while the PHP is operating in stable conditions, simulating a quench event of a superconducting magnet. Experimental results gave us precious information about the transient thermal behavior and operating limits of this kind of device during transient heat loads like quench situations. Concerning the numerical part, a numerical model has been proposed for transient simulations with a pressure-based Fluent solver using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method in a 2D axisymmetric geometry. Certain characteristics of fluid dynamics in capillary tubes have been confirmed. It has also been noticed that thermodynamic instabilities are not enough to generate the fluid oscillations in capillary tubes. Even if the 2D axisymmetric simulation is still at its early stages, several aspects of the models have been validated after analyzing the evolution of different parameters, suggesting that this kind of model can be considered as a new platform for future 2D pulsating heat pipes simulations.

<p><strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong></p><p>U radu je ispitana raspodela pektinaza u vodenim dvofaznim sistemima sastavljenim od polietilen glikola 4000 i jednog od dva dekstrana, sirovog i dekstrana 40000. Koncepcija rada je podrazumevala definisanje sistema u kojima su vr&scaron;eni eksperimenti raspodele, ispitivanje parametara raspodele pektinaza komercijalnog enzimskog preparata u model sistemima i, konačno, kultivaciju Polyporus squamosus u dvofaznim sistemima.<br />Ispitivanje uticaja masenih udela polietilen glikola na raspodelu pektinaza u model sistemu, pri konstantnom udelu sirovog dekstrana od 7.5% (w/w), pokazalo je negativan uticaj na parametre raspodele, te su najveće vrednosti koeficijenta raspodele (K) dobijene pri najmanjem ispitivanom udelu polietilen glikola, 5% (w/w), i iznosili su za endo-pektinazu (endo-p) 1.76, odnosno za egzo- pektinazu (egzo-p) 1.22. Istu zavisnost je pokazalo i ispitivanje u model sistemu sa dekstranom 40000, ali je vrednost K_endo bila mnogo niža (0.22). Povećanje udela sirovog dekstrana, pri stalnom udelu, 5% (w/w), polietilen glikola, negativno je uticalo na vrednosti parametara raspodele egzo-p, te su maksimalne vrednosti dobijene pri najmanjem udelu, 3% (w/w), dekstrana (K_egzo 0.79, prinos u gornjoj fazi (Y) 62.04%, stepen preči&scaron;ćenosti u gornjoj fazi (st.preč.) 5.5).<br />Sa povećanjem dužine veznih linija u model sistemu sa sirovim dekstranom opadale su vrednosti parametara raspodele pektinaza. Najbolji rezultati (K_endo 1.66, Y_endo 60.85%, K_egzo 0.95, Y_egzo 47.07%) dobijeni su najkraćoj veznoj liniji, dužine 7.44%. Povećanje odnosa zapremina u istom sistemu smanjilo je koeficijente raspodele endo- i egzo-p, kao i njihove stepene preči&scaron;ćenosti u gornjoj fazi, a u isto vreme povećalo prinose u toj fazi.<br />Dodatak amonijum sulfata i natrijum sulfata u model sistem polietilen glikol/sirovi dekstran u koncentraciji od po 15 mmoI/l povećao je K_endo 1-25, odnosno 1.2 puta, dok je K_egzo u prisustvu 15 mmol/l amonijum sulfata ili 5 mmol/l natrijum sulfata bio za 60% veći. Povećanje rN vrednosti KH₂PO₄-Na₂HPO₄ pufera povećalo je koeficijente raspodele oba tipa pektinaza, te je K_endo, na rN 7.5, bio 0.9, a K_egzo 0.76, na rN 7.0. Najbolja raspodela endo-p u gornju fazu model sistema ostvarena je pri 0.4 mol/l fosfatnog pufera (K 4.21, Y 85.78%, st.preč. 10). Vrednosti iznad 0.1 mol/l fosfatnog pufera nisu imale značajnijeg uticaja na raspodelu egzo-p.<br />Kultivacija Polyporus squamosus je bila moguća u dvofaznom sistemu polietilen glikol/sirovi dekstran, sa pektinom. kao inducerom, pri čemu je ostvareno odvajanje biomase od pektinaza njihovom raspodelom u suprotne faze. U sistemu sastava 5% (w/w) polietilen glikol/4% (w/w) sirovi dekstran, količina produkovane biomase je bila 4.5 puta veća od one u homogenom medijumu, ukupne egzo-p aktivnosti 1.82 puta veća, a endo-p aktivnosti jednaka onoj u homogenom medijumu. Drugog dana kultivacije ostvarene su najveće vrednosti parametara raspodele (K_endo 2.45, Y_endo 80.22%, st.preč._endo 7; K_egzo 0.6, Yegzo 49.83%, st.preč._egzo 5.19). Povećanje koncentracije amonijum sulfata za 15 mmol/l u podlozi za kultivaciju u dvofaznom sistemu sastava 5% (w/w) polietilen glikol/4% (w/w) sirovi dekstran, povećalo je koeficijent raspodele endo-p za 81%, vrednost ove aktivnost u grnjoj fazi za 37%, a da nije uticalo na raspodelu biomase P. squamosus.<br />Prisustvo različitih koncentracija fosfata nije uticalo na raspodelu biomase P. squamosus u dvofaznom sistemu. Pri 0.2 mol/l KH2PO4 postignuto je idealno odvajanje biomase od endo-p, uz K_egzo 112. Najveća vrednost ukupnih produkovanih aktivnosti oba tipa ostvarena je pri 0,1 mol/l fosfata, uz koeficijente raspodele za endo-p i egzo-p 3.9 i 0.95 i visoke stepene njihove preči&scaron;ćenosti u gornjoj fazi (5.89 i 14.36, redom).<br />Kultivacija P. squamosus je ostvarena i u dvofaznom sistemu koji je sadržao suve izlužene repine rezance, sa raspodelom biomase u donju fazu. Koeficijenti raspodele su iznosili 4.70, odnosno 2.78, za endo-p, odnosno egzo-p. Prinosi oba enzima u gornjoj fazi su bili 90.71% za endo-p i 85.24% za egzo-p, uz najveće stepene njihove preči&scaron;ćenosti, 4.26 i 7.98, redom.</p> / <p><br /><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong></p><p>Partition of pectinases in aqueous two-phase systems composed of polyethylene glycol 4,000 and crude dextran or dextran 40,000 was studied in this work. As the first step, phase diagrams were constructed, than partition of commercial pectinases was studied in model systems and finally, cultivation of Polyporus squamosus in aqueous two-phase systems was conducted.<br />Increasing of the concentration of polyethylene glycol in model system at fixed 7.5% (w/w) crude dextran decreased partition parameters. Maximal values for partition coefficient (К) of endo-pectinase (endo-p), 1.76, and exo-pectinase (ехо-р), 1.22, were obtained at 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol. The same was revealed in investigations in model system with dextran 40,000, but Kendo was lower (0.22). Increasing of concentration of crude dextran at fixed 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol decreased partition parameters of ехо-р, so their maximal values (Кexo 0.79, top phase yield (Y) 62.04% and purification factor in top phase 5.5) were obtained at 3% (w/w) crude dextran.<br />Increasing of the tie-line length caused decreasing of partition parameters and maximal results were achieved at the shortest tie-line 7.44% (Kendo 1-66, Yendo 60.85%, Кехо 0.95, Yexo 47.07%) in model system with crude dextran. With increasing of the volume ratio, partition coefficients of endo-p and ехо-р were decreased, as well as their purification factor in top phase, while top phase yield for both enzymes had higher values.<br />The addition of 15 mmol ammonium sulphate/l and 15 mmol sodium sulphate/l in model system, composed of polyethylene glycol and crude dextran, increascd Kendo 1.25 and 1.2 times, respectively, while Кехо in the presence of 15 mmol ammonium sulphate/l or 5 mmol sodium sulphate/l was 60% higher. Increasing of рН of KH2PO4- Na2HPO4 buffer favoured partition of both endo-p and ехо- p in top phase, so Kendo was 0.9 at рН 7.5 and Кехо was 0.76 at рН 7.0. The favourable partition of endo-p in top phase was achieved in the presence of 0.4 mol phosphate buffer/l (К 4.21, Y 85.78% and purification factor in top phase 10). Concentrations of phosphate buffer above 0.1 mol/l didn&rsquo;t have significant influence on partition of ехо-р.<br />Cultivation of Роlуроrus squamosus in polyethylene glycol/crude dextran aqueous two-phase system was accomplished with pectin as inducer and biomass was separated from pectinases by their partition into opposite phases. In system composed of 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol and 4% (w/w) crude dextran, amounts of produced biomass and ехо-р activity were 4.5 and 1.82 times higher, respectively, and endo-p activity equal to those obtained in homogeneous cultivation. At the second day of cultivation the highest values of partition parameters were obtained (Kendo 2.45, Yendo 80.22%, purification factor for endo-p 7; Кeхо 0.6, Yexo 49.83%, purification factor for ехо-р 5.19). Increasing of concentration of ammonium sulphate in two-phase medium for 15 mmol/l increased Kendo for 81% and endo-p activity in top phase for 37%, but didn&rsquo;t influence partition of biomass.<br />Presence of phosphate at various concentrations didn&rsquo;t affect partition of biomass in two-phase system. At 0.2 mol KH2PO4/I tlie onesided partition of endo-p was accomplished while Кeхо was 1.12. The highest amounts of produced activities of endo-p and ехо-р were obtained at 0.1 mol phosphate/l and partition coefficients were 3.9 and 0.95, respectively, followed by high values of purification factors in top phase (5.89 and 14.36, rcspectively).<br />Cultivation of P. squamosus was accomplished in two-phase system containing dry sugar beet extraction waste and fungal growth was restrected to bottom phase. Partition coefficients were 4.70 and 2.78 for endo-p and ехо-р, respectively. Тор phase yields amounted 90.71% for endo-p and 85.24% for ехо-р followed by the highest obtained purification factors in top phase (4.26 and 7.98, respectively).</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Donald Arthur Dube. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Bibliography: Ref 1-Ref 7. / by Walter Herbert Strohmayer. / Ph.D.

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Nuclear Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18223号 / 工博第3815号 / 新制||工||1585(附属図書館) / 31081 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 後藤 仁志, 教授 細田 尚, 准教授 KHAYYER Abbas / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18272号 / 工博第3864号 / 新制||工||1593(附属図書館) / 31130 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 功刀 資彰, 教授 中部 主敬, 准教授 横峯 健彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM