The government and civil society have taken steps to combat the segregation in Malmö through integration initiatives. This thesis studies four NGO integration programmes found within Skåne Stadsmission and the Red Cross Malmö. The primary research question is: How do volunteers and employees at NGOs in Malmö work with the integration of migrants? The thesis aims to understand the role staff and volunteers at NGOs play in the integration of migrants, what perspective they have on integration, and what challenges they face. The primary material consists of interviews conducted with six volunteers and employees. The thesis uses Putnam’s Social Capital theory and finds that NGO programmes foster social networks, creating social capital that benefits migrants’ integration. The programmes are found to focus on migrants’ assimilation and conclude that a two-way process of integration is not identified, rather the programmes work by teaching migrants to navigate Swedish bureaucracy and find employment.

Under de senaste åren har webbapplikationsarkitekturen utvecklats för att möta webbapplikationsanvändarnas krav på sömlösa användarupplevelser (Aggarwal & Verma, 2018). Teknikval och ramverk påverkar prestandan för e-handelswebbplatser vilket i sin tur påverkar användarupplevelsen och e-handelsföretagens lönsamhet (Camilleri, 2021). Ett tekniskt experiment genomfördes för att jämföra teknikkombinationerna One-way data bindning, Virtual DOM och Two-way data bindning och Real DOM för ramverken ReactJS och Angular. Resultatet från de olika mätserierna visade på att hypotesen om att ReactJS med dess teknikkombinationer har en snabbare renderingstid, endast stämmer när en (1) produkt renderas ut i kundvagnen. Men när fler produkter renderas ut i kundvagnen falsifieras hypotesen då Angular med dess teknikkombinationer har en snabbare renderingstid. För framtida arbete skulle ytterligare mätningar behöva genomföras där fler antal produkter testasför att se vart gränsen går för teknikvalen utifrån antalet renderade element, men också att genomföra mätningar i fler webbläsare.

More research is needed to be able to fully understand the role that social media plays in elections, specifically in local elections. Candidates need to understand how it works and how they can effectively use this new communication medium. By exploring Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Social Information Processing Theory, and the Two-Way Symmetrical Model of communications this study sought to answer one overarching question: how should a candidate employ social media in a local election? This qualitative, single case study explores the 2014 recall and general election in Yorba Linda, California. Councilman Tom Lindsey and candidate Matt Palmer are the primary subjects of study. Observations were made through analysis of documentation, interviews, and participant and direct observation. The researcher was employed as the campaign manager for both Lindsey's and Palmer's campaigns. The findings support the use of social media in local campaigns on a case by case basis. Determining use depends on the demographics of the voters and the abilities of the candidate. The data suggests that social media needs to be part of comprehensive strategy that includes traditional communication tools. Observations from the case study illustrate the need for candidates to engage in two-way communication that is monitored and regulated. This study begins to establish social media as a tool that candidates can use to inexpensively reach voters in a way that showcases the candidate's personality and allows them to connect on a personal level with constituents. Social media will play a role in politics at all levels.

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<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>eHealth Ontario and the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (MOHLTC), with funding from Canada Health Infoway, are considering introducing a Drug Information System (DIS). This system will introduce and integrate ePrescribing, eDispensing and electronic data interchange (two-way electronic order communication between physicians via electronic medical records (EMR) systems and pharmacists via pharmacy management systems (PMS) regarding medications).</p> <p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To gather perceptions of family physicians, community pharmacists and patients on the DIS being implemented in Ontario. Before such an expensive large-scale system is implemented, areas of concerns should be identified to maximize utilization of the system.</p> <p><strong>Study Design: </strong>Three different group-specific electronic and paper questionnaires</p> <p><strong>Setting: </strong>Family physicians, community pharmacists and patients. The aim was to receive <strong>35</strong> questionnaire responses from each group from Waterloo, Hamilton, Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario. <strong></strong></p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>A<strong> </strong>Literature search was conducted to study the current two-way electronic order communication systems and perceptions of prescribers, dispensers and patients on ePrescribing or eDispensing within primary care. Group-specific questionnaires, used with consent from a Scottish study, were altered and tailored for Ontarians, and distributed to all 3 groups via convenience and snowball sampling. Study findings were compared to the same Scottish study.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The ‘adjusted’ response rates were 82% (patients), 72% (community pharmacists) and 60% (family physicians). All three groups were in favour of DIS being implemented in Ontario. Generally only the pharmacist group had any knowledge of DIS before this survey. Most respondents agreed that patient care would improve with the implementation of DIS.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementation of the DIS in Ontario is perceived as a good idea amongst all pharmacists, family physicians and patients. However, eHealth Ontario and MOHLTC need to increase awareness amongst all three, but mostly consumer and prescriber groups of the potential benefits of the DIS in order for them to accept and adapt to this new system. <strong> </strong></p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Text in English / This study adopted a quantitative approach in order to produce numbers in relation to the diffusion of the new media. A descriptive quantitative survey was conducted – with sampling done in multi-stage probability – which comprised clustering, simple random, systematic, stratified sampling techniques, convenience and census sampling. A sample size of 379 respondents was selected, comprising 347 citizen-respondents and 32 government communicators (heads of communication). Data was collected utilising two (2) standardised questionnaires – one tailor-made for the citizens and the other for government communicators. Informed by the Diffusion of Innovations theory, this study has established that new media channels have difussed extensively within communities in the Province of Mpumalanga. This has provided a strong motivation to recommend that the communication policy of the South African government be amended, to include new media channels, like social media, as official government communication channels. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

Syftet med studien är att ge företag och organisationer kunskaper i hur de skapar relevant innehåll som intresserar deras kunder och hur de ska arbeta med sin marknadsföring på Facebook.  Metoder som används är en kvalitativ studie bestående av enskilda intervjuer med experter inom området för marknadsföring i sociala medier. Därtill har en kvantitativ studie genomförts för att mäta interaktionen på tre kommersiella Facebooksidor. Resultatet visar att det är viktigt att tänka efter vad som är målet och vilken utgång som marknadsföringen på Facebook kommer generera. Vidare är det inte ett ändamål i sig att få högt engagemang. Det krävs en kontinuerlig närvaro samt att företaget visar ett intresse och ger kunderna uppmärksamhet. Idag är användarna på Facebook mer anonyma än tidigare och det har blivit ovanligare att följa sidor. Att skapa innehåll som inbjuder till att samskapa och möjligheten att träffas utanför sociala medier visar på högt engagemang hos följarna i studiens kvantitativa undersökning. Implikationen är därför att användarna har blivit vana vid att innehållet riktas direkt till dem samt att det har hög kvalité och relevans. Innehåll utformas efter en specifik målgrupp som når dem vid rätt tidpunkt för att ge den ett så relevant innehåll som möjligt. Studien är begränsad till det sociala mediet Facebook och deras användare. Studien omfattar marknadsföring på Facebook via företagssidor. / Purpose – The purpose of this study is to give companies and organization's knowledge on how to create relevant content that interests their customers and how they can work with their marketing on Facebook.  Method – Methods used in this study are a qualitative study including interviews with experts in the field of marketing in social media. Furthermore, a quantitative study was made through measuring the interaction on three business sites on Facebook. Findings – Findings show that it is important to focus on the purpose and goal for the marketing, and what it will result in. Furthermore, it is not a goal itself to have high engagement. Today, the Facebook users are more anonymous online than earlier, and it has become unusual for them to follow a business site. Creating content that invites the users to co-create and to meet outside social media results in high interaction among the followers in the quantitative study. Lastly, continuous presence is required along with a genuine interest towards the costumers, and that the company gives their customer's attention. Implications – The implication is therefore that users have become more used to that content is directed directly towards them with a high quality and relevance. The content is designed for a specific target group that reaches them at the right time to give them as relevant content as possible. Limitations – The study is limited to the social media Facebook and its users. Furthermore, the study is focused towards marketing on Facebook for business sites.

Network coding has emerged as an attractive alternative to routing because of the through put improvement it provides by reducing the number of channel uses. In a wireless scenario, in addition, further improvement can be obtained through Physical layer Network Coding (PNC), a technique in which nodes are allowed to transmit simultaneously, instead of transmitting in orthogonal slots. In this thesis, the design and analysis of network coding schemes are considered, for wireless two-way relaying, multi-user Multiple Access Relay Channel (MARC) and wireline networks. In a wireless two-way relay channel with PNC, the simultaneous transmissions of user nodes result in Multiple Access Interference (MAI) at there lay node. The harmful effect of MAI is the presence of signal set dependent deep channel fade conditions, called singular fade states, under which the minimum distance of the effective constellation at the relay become zero. Adaptively changing the network coding map used at the relay according to channel conditions greatly reduces the impact of this MAI. In this work, we obtain these adaptive PNC maps, which are finite in number ,by completing partially filled Latin Squares and using graph vertex coloring. Having obtained the network coding maps, the set of all possible channel realizations is quantized into a finite number of regions, with a specific network coding map chosen in a particular region and such a quantization is obtained analytically for 2λ-PSK signal set. The performance of the adaptive PNC scheme for two-way relaying is analyzed and tight high SNR upper bounds are obtained for the average end-to-end symbol error probability, in terms of the average error probability of a point-to-point fading channel. The adaptive PNC scheme is generalized for two-way relaying with multiple antennas at the nodes. As an alternative to the adaptive PNC scheme for two-way relaying, a Distributed Space Time Coding (DSTC) scheme is proposed, which effectively re-moves the effect of singular fade states at the transmitting nodes itself without any Channel State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT), and without any need to change the PNC map as a function of channel fade conditions. It is shown that the singular fade states can be viewed equivalently as vector subspaces of C2, which are referred to as the singular fade subspaces. DSTC design criterion to minimize the number of singular fade subspaces and maximize the coding gain is formulated and explicit low decoding complexity DSTC designs are provided. For the K-user MARC, in which K source nodes want to transmit messages to a destination node D with the help of are lay node R, a new PNC scheme is proposed. Use of a many-to-one PNC map with conventional minimum squared Euclidean distance decoding at D, results in a loss of diversity order due to error propagation from the relay node. To counter this, we propose a novel low complexity decoder which offers the maximum diversity order of two. Next, we consider wire line networks and explore the connections between linear network coding, linear index coding and discrete polymatroids, which are the multi-set analogue of matroids. We define a discrete polymatroidal network and show that a fractional vector linear solution over a field Fq exists for a network if and only if the network is discrete polymatroidal with respect to a discrete polymatroid representable over Fq.An algorithm to construct networks starting from certain class of discrete polymatroids is provided. Every representation over Fq for the discrete polymatroid, results in a fractional vector linear solution over Fq for the constructed network. It is shown that a linear solution to an index coding problem exists if and only if there exists a representable discrete polymatroid satisfying certain conditions which are determined by the index coding problem considered. El Rouayheb et. al. showed that the problem of finding a multi-linear representation for a matroid can be reduced to finding a perfect linear index coding solution for an index coding problem obtained from that matroid. Multi-linear representation of a matroid can be viewed as a special case of representation of an appropriate discrete polymatroid. We generalize the result of El Rouayheb et. al. by showing that the problem of finding a representation for a discrete polymatroid can be reduced to finding a perfect linear index coding solution for an index coding problem obtained from that discrete polymatroid.

Relationships with internal stakeholders within the organisation (employees) are crucial for organisational survival and success (Hargie & Tourish, 2000:293; Jensen, 2010:32; Koschmann, 2007:12; McDermott & Chan, 1996:5; Van der Colff, 2003:258). Therefore, twoway symmetrical communication with employees in building relationships and relationship management is so important (Bezuidenhout, 2010; Koschmann, 2007:8). The North-West University focuses on maintaining good relationships with their employees through communication, but experience challenges in this regard. The Institutional Office of the North-West University is the main source of information and communication with employees of all three campuses. A consultant (Media Mosaics, 2010) and two other studies (Holtzhausen & Fourie, 2011; Mmope, 2010) identified various problems with the communication and consequent relationships between the Institutional Office and the Potchefstroom Campus employees. Given that good relations between the two business units are a focus of the university and that the outcomes of internal communication are good relationships, it is necessary to determine how the internal communication from the North-West University Institutional Office to Potchefstroom Campus employees are conducted in order to build good relationships. To determine the above a literature study, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were carried out. The systems approach, reflective paradigm, excellence theory, two-way symmetrical communication model and stakeholder relations theory were used as a theoretical framework (Dozier, et al., 1995; Ferreira & Staude, 1991; Grunig & Grunig, 2000:310; Grunig et al., 2002; Ledingham & Bruning, 2001:63; Skinner & Von Essen, 1999:257; Steyn & Puth, 2000; Verčič et al., 2001:382). From the results it appears that the North-West University Institutional Office and Potchefstroom Campus employees do not agree on all aspects of the relationship and communication between them. It appears that the North-West University Institutional Office meets only some of the requirements of communication and relationship building, as it has been set out in the literature, and that there is room for improvement. / MA (Communication Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Relationships with internal stakeholders within the organisation (employees) are crucial for organisational survival and success (Hargie & Tourish, 2000:293; Jensen, 2010:32; Koschmann, 2007:12; McDermott & Chan, 1996:5; Van der Colff, 2003:258). Therefore, twoway symmetrical communication with employees in building relationships and relationship management is so important (Bezuidenhout, 2010; Koschmann, 2007:8). The North-West University focuses on maintaining good relationships with their employees through communication, but experience challenges in this regard. The Institutional Office of the North-West University is the main source of information and communication with employees of all three campuses. A consultant (Media Mosaics, 2010) and two other studies (Holtzhausen & Fourie, 2011; Mmope, 2010) identified various problems with the communication and consequent relationships between the Institutional Office and the Potchefstroom Campus employees. Given that good relations between the two business units are a focus of the university and that the outcomes of internal communication are good relationships, it is necessary to determine how the internal communication from the North-West University Institutional Office to Potchefstroom Campus employees are conducted in order to build good relationships. To determine the above a literature study, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were carried out. The systems approach, reflective paradigm, excellence theory, two-way symmetrical communication model and stakeholder relations theory were used as a theoretical framework (Dozier, et al., 1995; Ferreira & Staude, 1991; Grunig & Grunig, 2000:310; Grunig et al., 2002; Ledingham & Bruning, 2001:63; Skinner & Von Essen, 1999:257; Steyn & Puth, 2000; Verčič et al., 2001:382). From the results it appears that the North-West University Institutional Office and Potchefstroom Campus employees do not agree on all aspects of the relationship and communication between them. It appears that the North-West University Institutional Office meets only some of the requirements of communication and relationship building, as it has been set out in the literature, and that there is room for improvement. / MA (Communication Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014