Avaliou-se a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) carótido-femoral (CF) e carótido-radial (CR), por meio de técnica não-invasiva, em 14 indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2 normotensos, A sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) foi avaliada pela manobra de Valsalva e por testes com nitroglicerina e fenilefrina, durante monitorização não-invasiva batimento-a-batimento da pressão arterial. Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos em 13 indívíduos saudáveis pareados por idade, índice de massa corporal e sexo. O grupo diabetes apresentou maiores níveis de glicose de jejum e HbA1c. As VOP CF e CR foram mais elevadas no grupo diabetes. A SBR estava reduzida nos diabéticos, nos testes com nitroglicerina, fenilefrina e, no reflexo de taquicardia da fase II da manobra de Valsalva. O aumento da VOP CF foi significativamente correlacionado à redução da SBR. Os resultados demonstram que em diabéticos do tipo 2 há maior rigidez arterial e a SBR está reduzida. A SBR é inversamente correlacionada ao aumento da rigidez arterial / Fourteen normotensive diabetic subjects were submitted to carotid-femoral (CF) and carotid-radial (CR) pulse wave velocity (PWV) analysis by non-invasive automatic device. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by Valsalva manoeuvre, phenylephrine and nitroglycerin tests during non-invasive beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring. The data were compared with those obtained in 13 age, body mass index and sex-matched healthy subjects. The diabetes group showed a higher fasting glucose level and HbA1c. The CF PWV and CR PWV were higher in diabetic patients. The BRS was impaired in diabetic individuals in nitroglycerine and phenylephrine tests and, also, in the tachycardic reflex in phase II of Valsalva manoeuvre. The increase of CF PWV was significantly correlated to the decrease of BRS. The data demonstrated that, in diabetic normotensive individuals, arterial stiffness is increased and the BRS is impaired. The BRS is inverselly correlated to increase of aortic stiffness

Ensaio clinico randomizado, constituído por 82 adultos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, desenvolvido em Pachuca, Hidalgo no México, cujo objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização do protocolo Staged Diabetes Management no controle metabólico (pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, índice de massa corporal, glicemia de jejum e capilar, hemoglobina glicada, colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicérides), conhecimento da doença e cuidados. A população constituiu-se pelas pessoas atendidas no período de junho a dezembro de 2007. Formaram-se dois grupos, aleatoriamente, um intervenção e outro controle. O grupo intervençao recebeu atenção de uma equipe multiprofissional, de acordo com as diretrizes do protocolo MDE e intervenções educativas grupais durante oito semanas, com carga horária de 16 horas e dois seguimentos trimestrais. O grupo controle manteve-se conforme rotina do serviço. As avaliações foram realizadas no início do estudo e nos terceiro e sexto meses seguintes. Para o processamento dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS-15 e para as análises estatísticas, o teste t Student para as variáveis contínuas, qui-quadrado para as variáveis categóricas e o teste Wilks\' lambada para análise de associações inter grupos. A população do estudo ficou constituída por 41 pessoas adultas com DM2, respectivamente nos grupos intervenção e controle. No grupo intervenção houve predominância do sexo feminino (70,7%) enquanto que, no controle, do sexo masculino (51,2%). Em ambos, a faixa etária predominante foi de 50 |- 60 anos; as maiores freqüências foram para escolaridade \"primária\", ocupação \"empregado\" e estado civil \"casado\". Entre os parâmetros do controle metabólico alterados, destacam-se para os grupos, a pressão arterial sistólica perfil glicêmico, colesterol e triglicérides. Antes das intervenções os grupos apresentavam-se semelhanças, exceto para o sexo. Na análise de associações intra grupos, observaram-se mudanças significantes (p<0,005), na seguintes variáveis: entre a primeira e segunda medidas, houve diferenças nos valores da pressão arterial sistólica (t=2, 31, p=0,026); índice de massa corporal (t=5, 21, p=0,001); glicemia capilar (t=7, 06, p=0,001; glicemia plasmática (t=2, 09, p=0,043); hemoglobina glicada (t=4, 26, p=0,001); colesterol (t=3, 78, p=0,001); triglicérides (p=3, 38, p=0,002). Na terceira medida observaram-se diferenças significantes para as variáveis da pressão arterial sistólica (t=3, 61, p=.0001); pressão arterial diastólica (t=2, 42, p=0,002); Índice de Massa Corporal (t=4, 56, p=0,001); glicemia capilar (t=7, 98, p=0,001; glicemia plasmática (t=2, 89, p=0,006); hemoglobina glicada (t=9, 53, p=0,001); colesterol (t=6, 18, p=0,001); triglicérides (t=5, 52, p=0,001). O grupo controle mostrou diferenças significativas após a intervenção, na glicemia capilar e plasmática, porém, as médias são superiores às do grupo intervenção e fora dos parâmetros normais. Observaram-se diferenças significantes nos índices de conhecimentos (t=11.42, p<. 001), destacando-se que, aos três meses, no grupo intervenção houve aumento destes índices. Na análise de associação entre os grupos, observou-se que a variável pressão arterial sistólica, índice de massa corporal, glicemia capilar, hemoglobina glicada, colesterol, LDL e triglicérides, dos grupos intervenção e controle, entre as três medidas estão interagindo, indicando que o comportamento dos grupos não são os mesmos através das medidas. Os resultados do estudo apontaram para efeitos positivos das intervenções propostas no controle metabólico, no entanto, sugerem-se estudos para investigar a relação custo e benefício quando comparados a outros estudos de intervenções junto às pessoas com diabetes mellitus. / This randomized clinical essay was performed with 82 adults with Type II Diabetes Mellitus, in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. The purpose was to assess the effects that using the Staged Diabetes Management protocol had over metabolic control (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, fasting and capillary glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides), knowledge about the disease, and care. The population consisted of people seen from June to December 2007. Two groups, intervention and control, were composed at random. The intervention group was seen by a multiprofessional team, as recommended in the Staged Diabetes Management protocol, and received a total of 16 hours of group interventions during eight weeks, with two quarterly follow-up appointments. The control group was provided with the regular service. Assessments were performed at the beginning of the study and in the third and sixth following months. Data processing was done using the SPSS-15 statistical software, Student t test for statistical analyses, for continuous variable, chi-square, for categorical variables, and the Wilks\' lambada test to analyze intergroup association. Each group was composed of 41 adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In the intervention group, most participants were women (70.7%) whereas in the control group, men prevailed (51.2%). In both, the predominant age group was 50 |- 60 years; the highest frequencies were in \"primary education\", \"employed\", and \"married\". Among the parameters for altered metabolic control, special emphasis is given to systolic blood pressure, glucose profile, cholesterol and triglycerides. Prior to the interventions, the groups were similar except in terms of gender. The intragroup association analysis showed there were significant changes (p<0.005) in the following variables, between the firts and second measurements: systolic blood pressure (t=2.31, p=0.026); body mass index (t=5.21, p=0.001); capillary glucose (t=7.06, p=0.001; plasma glucose (t=2.09, p=0.043); glycosylated hemoglobin (t=4.26, p=0.001); cholesterol (t=3.78, p=0.001); triglycerides (p=3.38, p=0.002). In the third measurement it was observed there were significant changes for the variables regarding systolic blood pressure (t=3.61, p=0. 0001); diastolic blood pressure (t=2.42, p=0.002); Body Mass Index (t=4.56, p=0.001); capillary glucose (t=7.98, p=0.001; plasma glucose (t=2.89, p=0.006); glycosylated hemoglobin (t=9.53, p=0.001); cholesterol (t=6.18, p=0.001); triglycerides (t=5.52, p=0.001). The control group showed significant differences after intervention on capillary and plasma glucose; however, the means are above those of the intervention group and not within the normal standards. Significant differences were observed in the knowledge rates (t=11.42, p<<. 001), and it is worth emphasizing that, at three months, in the intervention group, those rates increased. The analysis of the association between the groups showed that there is an interaction among the variables systolic blood pressure, body mass index, capillary glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides in the intervention. This shows that the groups\' behaviors are not the same. The results revealed that the proposed interventions have positive effects over the metabolic control, however, further studies are needed in order to analyze cost effectiveness in comparison with other studies of intervention among people with diabetes mellitus.

A eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs) é atualmente muito utilizada para diversos fins, em especial por ser um método não invasivo, com o objetivo de verificar a atividade elétrica neuromuscular em diversas doenças e/ou lesões que venham afetar esse sistema. E também as modificações, os efeitos e a especificidade do exercício e/ou treinamento físico na função neuromuscular. Em relação às diversas doenças potencialmente capazes de causar alterações nas propriedades teciduais e fisiológicas do sistema neuromuscular, destaca-se o Diabetes Mellitus Tipo II (DM tipo II). O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar a resposta do sinal eletromiográfico frente ao exercício resistido agudo do tipo Leg Press 45° dos músculos reto femoral (RF), vasto medial (VM), vasto lateral (VL) e bíceps femoral (BF), em indivíduos portadores de DM tipo II. Participaram deste estudo 10 indivíduos portadores de DM tipo II (GD) e 10 indivíduos saudáveis (GC), na faixa etária de 50 a 60 anos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p \'< OU =\' 0,05) para idade (55,3±6,1 vs 55,5±5,7) e estatura (1,7±0,1 vs 1,7±0,1) entre o GD e GC. Entretanto houve diferenças estatística significativas entre GD e GC para os valores de massa corporal (92,9±7,6 vs 84,2±13,8) e Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) (32,07±1,7 vs 27,8±2,5). Em relação à análise do sinal eletromiográfico foram observadas diferenças em relação ao recrutamento muscular ao longo do movimento de \"Leg Press\" destacando-se que para o GD o músculo mais ativo foi o RF seguido do VL, já para o GC foi o VL seguido do VM, e quanto aos valores de slope do RMS não houve diferença quanto ao músculo BF para ambos os grupos demonstrando valores positivos, porém para os músculos RF, VM e VL houve diferença entre os GC e GD. Resultados estes que podem estar associados a alterações do sistema neuromuscular, desencadeadas pela resistência insulínica ao tecido muscular e modificações metabólicas causadas pelo DM tipo II. / Surface electromyography (sEMG) is currently widely used for various purposes, especially for being a noninvasive method, in order to check the electrical activity in various neuromuscular diseases and / or injuries that may affect this system. And also changes the effects and specificity of exercise and / or exercise training on neuromuscular function. Regarding the various diseases that can potentially cause changes in tissue properties and physiological neuromuscular system, there is the Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM type II). The main objective of this study was to study the response of the electromyographic signal against acute resistance exercise like \"Leg Press\" 45 ° of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF), in individuals with type II DM. The study included 10 individuals with type II DM (GD) and 10 healthy individuals (CG), aged 50-60 years. There were no significant differences (p \'< OU =\' 0.05) for age (55.5±5.7 vs 55.3±6.1) and height (1.7±0.1 vs 1.7±0.1) between the GC and GD. However there were statistically significant differences between GC and GD values for body mass (84.2±13.8 vs 92.9±7.6) and body mass index (BMI) (27.8±2.5 vs 32,0±1.7). Regarding the analysis of the electromyographic signal differences were observed in relation to muscle recruitment during the movement \"Leg Press\" highlighting that for GD muscle was the most active followed by VL RF, since the CG was followed VL VM, and the values of the RMS slope there was no difference in BF for both groups demonstrating positive values, but to the muscles RF, VM and VL was no difference between the GC and GD. These results that may be associated with changes in the neuromuscular system, triggered by insulin resistance to muscle tissue and metabolic changes caused by diabetes mellitus type II.

Au Yeung Yue Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Au Yeung Yue Fung. / Abstract --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Genesis --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Aims and Objectives --- p.1-2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Layout of thesis --- p.1-3 / References --- p.1-4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction to superconductor --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.2 --- MgB2 --- p.2-3 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Significance of MgB2 --- p.2-3 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Structure and properties of MgB2 --- p.2-4 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Superconducting mechanism of MgB2 --- p.2-5 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Physical properties of boron and boride --- p.2-7 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical properties of magnesium --- p.2-7 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Formation of MgB2 --- p.2-8 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- MgB2 thin films --- p.2-9 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Substrate --- p.2-11 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Substrate temperature --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Contradictions as revealed by existing literatures --- p.2-13 / References --- p.2-14 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Preparation and characterization of bulk MgB2 / Chapter 3.1 --- Bulk MgB2 fabrication / Chapter 3.2 --- Measurement and analysis techniques of bulk MgB2 --- p.3-4 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- XRD --- p.3-4 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Meissner effect measurement --- p.3-5 / Chapter 3.3 --- Sintering time of MgB2 --- p.3-6 / Chapter 3.4 --- Concentration of Mg in sintering MgB2 --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.5 --- Sintering temperature of MgB2 --- p.3-11 / Chapter 3.6 --- Thermal stability of MgB2 --- p.3-13 / Chapter 3.7 --- MgB2 in water --- p.3-17 / References --- p.3-19 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Preparation and characterization of MgB2thin films / Chapter 4.1 --- Thin film deposition --- p.4-1 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Facing-target sputtering (FTS) --- p.4-2 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Vacuum system --- p.4-4 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Asymmetric bipolar pulsed DC power source --- p.4-6 / Chapter 4.2 --- Fabrication of MgB2 targets --- p.4-10 / Chapter 4.3 --- Substrates --- p.4-11 / Chapter 4.4 --- Deposition procedure --- p.4-12 / Chapter 4.5 --- Deposition condition --- p.4-13 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Deposition power --- p.4-15 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Deposition pressure --- p.4-13 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Annealing temperature --- p.4-18 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Substrate temperature --- p.4-21 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.4-26 / References --- p.4-29 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Failed attempts of MgB2 films fabrication by in situ method / Chapter 5.1 --- In-situ method --- p.5-1 / Chapter 5.2 --- Additional FTS guns with Mg target --- p.5-2 / Chapter 5.3 --- Diode sputtering --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.4 --- Co-evaporating fabrication --- p.5-6 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.6-1

Base teórica: A Mucopolissacaridose II (MPS II) é uma doença genética recessiva ligada ao X causada por mutações no gene IDS. Como consequência, há acúmulo dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) no lisossomo, fato que é responsável pelo fenótipo de MPS II. Anormalidades articulares e ósseas são conhecidas nos pacientes com MPS II e os tratamentos existentes não são eficientes para sanar tais anormalidades, portanto, realizamos este estudo de caracterização da doença articular e óssea, buscando evidenciar possíveis mecanismos responsáveis pela progressão da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a progressão das alterações osteoarticulares em animais com MPS II dos dois aos oito meses de idade. Métodos: Foram utilizados camundongos nocaute B6N.Cg-Idstm1Muen/J, adquiridos do Jackson’s Lab. Os machos foram genotipados para compor o grupo controle (normal) ou o grupo de animais com MPS II. Ambos foram avaliados aos 2, 4, 6 e 8 meses de idade. Foi realizada análise histológica da articulação tíbio-femural, avaliando presença de infiltrado inflamatório, reabsorção óssea, reabsorção cartilaginosa e proliferação fibrocartilaginosa. Também foi realizada a mensuração do tamanho total da placa de crescimento e suas zonas e avaliação de anormalidades ósseas mediante exame de imagem por Raio-X dos ossos fêmur e zigomático. Resultados: Nos animais MPS II foi observado que o focinho era menos afilado (mais arredondado) e, em comparação com os animais controle, os animais MPS II apresentaram peso significativamente maior a partir dos 4 meses de idade. O escore histológico teve como principal característica a presença de reabsorção cartilaginosa, presente em 80% (4/5 animais) dos animais aos 8 meses, outras anormalidades encontradas neste tempo foram presença de infiltrado inflamatório (2/5 animais aos 8 meses) e proliferação fibrocartilaginosa (1/5 animais) Não houve diferença significativa entre animais normais e MPS II no tamanho das zonas de cartilagem da placa de crescimento ósseo. As medidas em diâmetro do osso zigomático apresentaram-se significativamente superiores nos animais MPS II aos 4, 6 e 8 meses. Quanto ao comprimento do fêmur não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Já, na medida da espessura do fêmur, os animais MPS II do grupo de 6 meses de idade mostraram diferença significativa. Conclusões: Anormalidades na articulação tíbio-femural foram detectadas nos animais aos 8 meses de idade. Não foram encontradas anormalidades óbvias na estrutura da placa de crescimento. Foi observado aumento na espessura do fêmur e do zigomático nos animais MPS II, sem alterações do tamanho do fêmur. / Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is a recessive X-linked genetic disease caused by mutations in the IDS gene. Consequently, there is an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the lysosome, fact that is responsible by the MPS II phenotype. Joints and bone abnormalities are known in MPS II patients and existing treatments are not efficient in correcting these abnormalities. Therefore, this study was performed to evidence bone and joint disease description in the animal model, searching for mechanisms responsible for disease progression. Objective: To evaluate the progression of osteoarticular changes in animals with MPS II from two to eight months of age. Methods: Male animals from the MPS II colony (B6N.Cg-Idstm1Muen/J) were genotyped to form the control (normal) group or MPS II group. Both groups were evaluated at the 2, 4, 6 or 8 months. Histological analysis of knee joint (presence of inflammatory infiltrate, bone resorption, cartilaginous reabsorption and fibrocartilaginous proliferation), measurement of total growth plate size and its zones, and evaluation of bone abnormalities by X-ray imaging of the femur and zygomatic bones were performed. Results: MPS II mice presented progressive abnormal features, such as a more rounded snout and a significative increased weight from 4 months of age. The main histological alteration was the presence of cartilage reabsorption, present in 80% (4/5 animals) of the eighth-month old animals. Other abnormalities found at this period were the presence of inflammatory infiltrate (2/5 animals at the eighth months old) and fibrocartilaginous proliferation (1/5 animals). There was no significant difference in the growth plate between normal and MPS II animals. The zygomatic bone diameter was increased in MPS II at fourth, sixth and eighth months There were no significant differences in femur length between groups. Thickness of the femur was increased in MPS II at six months. Conclusions: Abnormalities in the joint were detected in the animals at 8 months of age. No obvious abnormalities were found in the growth plate structure. An increase in femur and zygomatic thickness was observed in MPS II animals, with no changes in femur size.

Esse estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar a presença de células globosas alveolares ou pneumócitos tipo II e o início da produção de lipoproteína surfactante, em bovinos, correlacionado com a idade gestacional. Para tanto, foram utilizados 28 fetos em idades gestacionais compreendidas entre quatro e oito meses de gestação e dois animais recém - nascido. Após a coleta os fetos foram dissecados, pesados e medidos, utilizando-se o método de Crow - Rump (CR). Para a descrição morfológica, foram coletados fragmentos pulmonares com cerca de 2 cm² cada e, em seguida, foram fixados em Liquido de Bouin e formalina a 10% para microscopia de luz e em glutaraldeído 2,5% para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Para o estudo bioquímico, foram feitas incisões na região da traquéia e introdução de cateter e, através deste, solução fisiológica 0,9% e assim obter o lavado pulmonar. O pulmão de fetos com idade gestacional de 4 meses encontravam-se em fase canalicular do desenvolvimento, sem presença de células globosas e nem aparecimento de bandas eletroforéticas compatíveis com presença de proteínas surfactantes. Nos fetos com 5 meses de idade gestacional, foi observado que o pulmão encontra-se em fase de saco terminal, com aparecimento de alvéolo primitivo formado por epitélio cúbico, com áreas formada por células pavimentosas e células globosas . Nas análises de eletroforese não foram identificadas proteínas surfactantes. No pulmão de fetos com 6 meses de idade gestacional, foram observados desenvolvimento na fase de saco terminal com a presença de pneumócitos tipo I e pneumócito tipo II, nesta fase foi possível observar, na análise eletroforética, o aparecimento de bandas em torno de 28 kDa, demonstrando a presença de SP - A, que é a proteína surfactante encontrada em maior quantidade. A partir dos 7 meses de idade gestacional a fase de saco terminal desenvolve-se ainda mais no pulmão fetal com o surgimento de uma vascularização mais intensa, os pneumócitos tipo I estão com aspecto mais pavimentoso e os pneumócitos tipo II, mais globosos. Na análise eletroforética do lavado brônquio - alveolar foram observadas bandas de proteínas surfactantes, com perfil eletroforético semelhante ao animal recém - nascido. No recém - nascido observou-se o pulmão na fase alveolar, com os pneumócitos tipo I e tipo II bem definidos. O perfil eletroforético do lavado brônquio - alveolar desse animal foi igual ao perfil do lavado de um animal adulto, apresentando as mesmas bandas no triplet. / The objective of this study is to characterize the presence of alveolar type II and the beginning of the surfactant lipoprotein production, in bovines, correlated with the gestacional age. For that to happen, 28 embryos in gestacional age, between four and eight months, and two newborn animals had been used. After the collection, the embryos were dismembered, weighed and measured, using the method of Crow - Rump (CR). For the morphologic description, pulmonary fragments of about 2cm2 each were collected. After that, they had been set in Bouin Liquid for light microscopy and in glutaraldeyde 2.5% for electronic microscopy transmission. For the biochemist study , incisions and the introduction of catheter were made in trachea area and, through this, physiological solution 0.9% were introduced, in order to obtain a pulmonary wash. The lung of embryos with gestacional age of 4 months, were found in the canalicular development phase, without presence of globule cells, nor appearance of compatible eletroforetic bands compatible with the presence of surfactant protein. In the 5 months gestacional age embryos, were observed that the lung was in theterminal sac fase, with the presence of primitive alveolus formed by cubical epithelium, with areas formed by pavimented cells and globule cells. In the analyses of eletroforese surfactants, proteins had not been identified. In the lung of embryos at 6 months of gestacional age, was observed development in the phase of terminal sac, with the presence of type I and alveolar type II. In this phase, was possible to observe, in the SDS -PAGE analysis, the appearance of bands around 28 kDa, demonstrating the SP-A presence -, which is the surfactant protein found in greater amount. From 7 months of gestacional age and up, the phase of terminal sac developed even more in the fetal lung, with the sprouting of a more intense vascularization. The alveolar type I had a more pavimented aspect and the alveolar type II, were globules. In the SDS-PAGE analysis of the bronchial - alveolar wash, surfactant protein bands had been observed, with similar profile from the newborn.In the newborn animal, lung in the alveolar phase was observed, with the alveolar type I and II well defined.The profile of the bronchial-alveolar wash of this animal was the same as the profile of the washed one of an adult animal, presenting the same bands in the triplet.

Lan Wei. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 260-301). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Photocopy. Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Dissertation Services, 2002. xx, 301 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Submitted by Suzana Dias (suzana.dias@famerp.br) on 2018-10-18T19:07:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaNevesCosensoMatin_tese.pdf: 9100904 bytes, checksum: 8377e4f9c53810a2aa89b71e454e7aea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T19:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaNevesCosensoMatin_tese.pdf: 9100904 bytes, checksum: 8377e4f9c53810a2aa89b71e454e7aea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-02 / Several trials have shown that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, used to treat patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), improve endothelial function. Objectives: The current study investigated the effects of vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, compared to glibenclamide on endothelial function and arterial stiffness (AS) in patients with T2DM and hypertension (HT). Casuistics and Methods: This trial was a prospective randomized, open label, controlled by drug. Fifty patients aged over 35 years with T2DM and hypertension, without cardiovascular disease, were randomly allocated to treatment with vildagliptin (n=25) or glibenclamide (n=25). Both groups used metformin. A 24-h non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and assessment of endothelial function were performed before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Endothelial function was evaluated by peripheral artery tonometry (Endo- PAT 2000), measuring the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and arterial stiffness. AS was also evaluated by augmentation index (Aix@75), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) parameters with a portable compact digital BP recorder Mobil-O-Graph® 24-hour PWA monitor. The primary study outcome was change in the RHI after vildagliptin vs. glibenclamide treatment. Results: There were no changes in RHI in the vildalgliptin group (before 2.348 ± 0.5868; after 2.2408 ± 0.6019, P = 0.742) or in the glibenclamide group (before 2.3636 ± 0.5163; after 2.3375 ± 0.4996, P = 0.950) and no difference between groups (P = 0.5479). There was no difference between vildagliptin and glibenclamide treatment in AIx@75 PAT (P = 0.696), in 24-hs: cSBP (P = 0.274) and in PWV (P = 0.324). Conclusions: Vildagliptin in patients with T2DM and HT did not change endothelial function and AS during 12 weeks. Thus, this drug has a neutral effect on vascular function, providing its effectiveness for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease. / Vários estudos demonstraram que os inibidores da dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), usados no tratamento de pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM 2), melhoraram a função endotelial. Objetivos: O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da vildagliptina, um inibidor de DPP-4, comparado à glibenclamida (sulfonilureia), na função endotelial, na rigidez arterial e na pressão arterial de 24 horas de pacientes com DM 2 e hipertensão arterial (HA). Casuística e Métodos: Este foi um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, aberto, controlado por fármaco, que incluiu cinquenta pacientes com idade superior a 35 anos, com DM 2 e HA, livres de doença cardiovascular, randomizados para tratamento com vildagliptina ou glibenclamida. Metformina foi adicionada a todos os pacientes. A monitorização ambulatorial de pressão arterial de 24 horas e avaliação da função endotelial foram realizadas antes e após 12 semanas de tratamento. A função endotelial foi avaliada pela tonometria arterial periférica (Endo-PAT 2000), que calcula o índice de hiperemia reativa (IHR) e a rigidez arterial por meio do augmentation index (Aix@75). A rigidez arterial também foi avaliada por parâmetros do Aix@75, velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) e pressão arterial sistólica central (PSc) por meio de monitorização ambulatorial de 24 horas usando Mobil-O-Graph® PWA. O desfecho primário foi variação do IHR após tratamento com vildalgiptina comparado ao tratamento com glibenclamida. Resultados: Não houve diferença no IHR no grupo da vildagliptina (antes 2,348 ± 0,5868; depois 2,2408 ± 0,6019, P = 0,742) ou no grupo da glibenclamida (antes 2,3636 ± 0,5163; depois 2,3375 ± 0,4996, P = 0,950) e entre os grupos (P = 0,5479). Similarmente, o tratamento com vildagliptina e glibenclamida não produziu efeitos no AIx@75 PAT (P = 0,696), na 24-hs: PSc (P = 0,274) e na VOP (P = 0,324). Conclusões: O tratamento durante 12 semanas com vildagliptina em pacientes portadores de DM 2 e HA não alterou a função endotelial e nem a rigidez arterial. Assim, este fármaco apresenta uma ação neutra na função vascular, confirmando sua segurança no tratamento de pacientes com doença cardiovascular.

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The main purpose of this thesis is to compare the performance of the score test and the likelihood ratio test by computing type I errors and type II errors when the tests are applied to the geometric distribution and inflated binomial distribution. We first derive test statistics of the score test and the likelihood ratio test for both distributions. We then use the software package R to perform a simulation to study the behavior of the two tests. We derive the R codes to calculate the two types of error for each distribution. We create lots of samples to approximate the likelihood of type I error and type II error by changing the values of parameters. In the first chapter, we discuss the motivation behind the work presented in this thesis. Also, we introduce the definitions used throughout the paper. In the second chapter, we derive test statistics for the likelihood ratio test and the score test for the geometric distribution. For the score test, we consider the score test using both the observed information matrix and the expected information matrix, and obtain the score test statistic zO and zI . Chapter 3 discusses the likelihood ratio test and the score test for the inflated binomial distribution. The main parameter of interest is w, so p is a nuisance parameter in this case. We derive the likelihood ratio test statistics and the score test statistics to test w. In both tests, the nuisance parameter p is estimated using maximum likelihood estimator pˆ. We also consider the score test using both the observed and the expected information matrices. Chapter 4 focuses on the score test in the inflated binomial distribution. We generate data to follow the zero inflated binomial distribution by using the package R. We plot the graph of the ratio of the two score test statistics for the sample data, zI /zO , in terms of different values of n0, the number of zero values in the sample. In chapter 5, we discuss and compare the use of the score test using two types of information matrices. We perform a simulation study to estimate the two types of errors when applying the test to the geometric distribution and the inflated binomial distribution. We plot the percentage of the two errors by fixing different parameters, such as the probability p and the number of trials m. Finally, we conclude by briefly summarizing the results in chapter 6.