Introdução. Fatores de risco para agravos à saúde se alteram no tempo e no espaço. No que diz respeito ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP), as associações com tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas estão bem estabelecidas. Dados da literatura sugerem que os tipos mais prevalentes de tabaco e álcool numa população estão associados a riscos mais elevados de câncer. No Brasil, poucos estudos epidemiológicos investigaram o efeito de distintos tipos de tabaco e álcool no CCP. Objetivo. Mensurar a razão probabilística de risco para CCP por tipos de tabaco e álcool no consumo não exclusivo (uso de mais de um tipo de tabaco ou bebida alcoólica) e consumo exclusivo (uso de apenas um tipo de tabaco ou bebida alcoólica). Métodos. O presente estudo têm origem em três projetos multicêntricos: Latino-Americano, conduzido de 03/1999 a 12/2001; Genoma Clínico do Câncer realizado de 07/2000 a 08/2011; e o Temático Marcadores de Agressividade em Tumores de Cabeça e Pescoço (GENCAPO), conduzido de 07/2011 a 06/2015. Assim, constituiu-se um estudo caso-controle com dados provenientes de hospitais do Estado de São Paulo. Os casos foram diagnosticados com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço, confirmados histologicamente. Os controles, pacientes com outras doenças que não câncer, foram selecionados em alguns dos hospitais de procedência dos casos. Tanto os casos quanto os controles foram entrevistados por meio de questionários com informações sobre características e hábitos, bem como dados sobre educação e história ocupacional. As associações entre as variáveis tipo de tabaco e tipo de bebidas alcoólicas com CCP, foram estimadas pelo odds ratio (OR) e respectivo intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC 95%) via regressão logística não-condicional, ajustados pelas variáveis de confusão: sexo (feminino, masculino), idade (< 50 anos, 50-59 anos e &#8805; 60 anos), escolaridade (superior, intermediário, analfabeto), ocupação (manual qualificado, manual não qualificado e outros), estudos multicêntricos (Latino-Americano, Genoma Clínico do Câncer e GENCAPO), tabagismo (maços-anos total: Nunca fumaram, <20 maços-ano, &#8805; 20 e < 40 maços-anos e &#8805; 40 maços-anos, para ajuste do efeito do álcool) e consumo de etanol total (Nunca beberam, &#8804; 100 Kg, > 100 e &#8804; 900 e > 900 kg, para ajuste do efeito do tabaco). Resultados. Os riscos decorrentes do tabagismo foram mais expressivos para hipofaringe particularmente, no padrão não-exclusivo e consumo &#8805; 40 maços-ano OR 36,1 (IC95%11,1-117,6); para orofaringe, laringe e cavidade oral, os riscos foram, respectivamente: OR 16,1 (IC95%10,4-24,9); OR 14,2 (IC95% 9,6-21,0); OR 7,4 (IC95% 5,6-10,0). Na condição de consumo exclusivo, para a mesma categoria &#8805; 40 maços-ano para cigarro industrializado, os riscos foram discretamente menos intensos: OR 31,9 (IC95% 9,7-104,3); OR 15,4 (IC95% 9,9-24,0); OR 13,1 (IC95% 8,8-19,5) OR 7,1 (IC95% 5,3-9,6), respectivamente, para hipofaringe, orofaringe, laringe e cavidade oral. No consumo de álcool, foram observadas maiores associações de CCP com as bebidas destiladas. Na condição de consumo exclusivo, para orofaringe o nível de consumo de destilados &#8805; 2000 Kg induziu OR 39,1 (IC 95% 12,7-121,8) em comparação aos que nunca beberam. O uso simultâneo de tabaco e álcool fez aumentar sensivelmente o risco de CCP: OR 10,5 (IC95% 8,5-13,0). Conclusões. Entre os tabagistas com o padrão não-exclusivo de consumo, os maiores riscos foram observados para hipofaringe. Entre os consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas, os destilados conferiram maiores riscos nos dois padrões de consumo. No consumo de cerveja e vinho, as diferenças na intensidade das associações com CCP tornaram-se evidentes apenas nas categorias de maior consumo. / Introduction. Risk factors for health problems change over time and space. With regard to head and neck cancer (HNC), associations with smoking and alcohol consumption are well established. Literature data suggest that the most prevalent types of tobacco and alcohol in a population are associated with higher risks of cancer. In Brazil, few epidemiological studies have investigated the effect of different types of tobacco and alcohol on HNC. Objectives. Measure the probabilistic risks for HNC by tobacco and alcohol types in non-exclusive consumption (use of more than one type of tobacco or alcoholic beverage) and exclusive consumption (use of only one type of tobacco or alcoholic beverage). Methods. The present study has origin from three multicentric projects: Latin American, conducted from 03/1999 to 12/2001; Clinical Genome of Cancer performed from 07/2000 to 08/2011; and the Thematic Markers of Aggression in Head and Neck Tumors (GENCAPO), conducted from 07/2011 to 06/2015. Thus, it is a case-control study with data from hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The cases were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, histologically confirmed. The controls, patients with diseases other than cancer, were selected in some of the hospitals where the cases originated. Both cases and controls were interviewed through questionnaires with information on characteristics and habits, as well as data on education and occupational history. Associations between the variables tobacco type and type of alcoholic beverages with HNC were estimated by the odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) through non-conditional logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables: sex (female, male), age (<50 years, 50-59 years and &#8805; 60 years), schooling (upper, intermediate and illiterate), occupation (qualified manual, unqualified manual and others), multicenter studies, smoking (Never smoked, <20 pack-years, &#8805; 20 and <40 pack-years and &#8805; 40 pack-years, to adjust the effect of alcohol) and total ethanol (Never drank, &#8804; 100 kg,> 100 and &#8804; 900 and > 900 kg, to adjust the effect of tobacco). Results. The risks due to smoking were more significant for the hypopharynx, particularly, in the non-exclusive pattern and consumption &#8805; 40 packs per year OR 36,1 (95% CI 11,1-117,6); for oropharynx, larynx and oral cavity, the risks were: OR 16,1 (95% CI, 10,4-24,9); OR 14,2 (95% CI 9,6-21,0); OR 7,4 (95% CI 5,6-10,0). In the exclusive consumption condition, for the same category &#8805; 40 packets per year for industrialized cigarettes, the risks were slightly less intense: OR 31,9 (95% CI 9,7-104,3); OR 15,4 (95% CI 9,9-24,0); OR 13,1 (IC95% 8,8-19,5); OR 7,1 (IC95% 5,3-9,6), respectively, for hypopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and oral cavity. In alcohol consumption, higher associations of HNC with distilled beverages were observed. In the exclusive consumption condition, consumption level of distilled &#8805; 2000 kg induced OR 39,1 (95% CI: 12,7-121,8) for oropharynx. Simultaneous use of tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of HNC: OR 10,5 (95% CI 8,5-13,0). Conclusions. Among smokers with the non-exclusive pattern of consumption, the greatest risks were observed for the hypopharynx. Among the consumers of alcoholic beverages, the distilled conferred greater risks in the two patterns of consumption. In beer and wine consumption, differences in intensity of associations with HNC became evident only in the higher consumption categories.

La thèse propose une étude des procédures de cohésion nominale et d’organisation discursive à l’écrit en français langue étrangère, à partir d’un corpus de textes narratifs et de type théorique écrits par vingt quatre étudiants de l’université de « Los Andes » au Venezuela dans différents moments de l’apprentissage de la langue. Une description des premières mentions des référents et des mécanismes anaphoriques [les densités et les modes de fonctionnement des formes] a été réalisée en y établissant les emplois spécifiques selon les types de discours repérés dans les textes. Cette analyse a été fondée d’une part sur les concepts de production langagière et de types discursifs de J.-P. Bronckart [1996], et, d’autre part, sur les travaux de M. Charolles [1991, 2002] sur l’anaphore et la référence, et, l’étude de G.de Weck [1991] sur la cohésion anaphorique. Par ailleurs, à partir d’un autre corpus constitué par des récits écrits par dix-neuf scripteurs français langue maternelle, une comparaison des performances cohésives des deux groupes des scripteurs a été effectuée. Celle-ci a permis de dégager les spécificités cohésives des textes des apprenants de français langue étrangère. Une analyse de la progression thématique mise en place selon la distribution des thèmes et des rhèmes [Combettes, 1988, 1993] des premières séquences des textes a été réalisée. Au terme de cette étude il a été possible d’établir les mécanismes de cohésion qui dépendent des conditions imposées par les types discursifs, par les consignes de la tâche d’écriture et - ou par les contenus thématiques des textes, et les stratégies utilisées par les apprenants en fonction de leur maîtrise de la langue. Finalement, des implications didactiques des résultats obtenus ont été mises en lumière. / This dissertation offers a study of the various nominal cohesion and discursive organisation procedures in written French as a Foreign Language based on a corpus of narrative and theoretical type texts written by twenty four students from the University of “Los Andes” in Venezuela at various stages of their language learning. A description of the first mentions of the referents and the anaphoric mechanisms [the densities and the modes of functioning of the forms] has been realized by making out the specific uses according to the type of speeches discovered in the texts. This analysis was based on the one hand on the concepts of linguistic production and discursive types of J.-P. Bronckart [1996], and, on the other hand, on M. Charolles’s researches [1991, 2002] on the anaphora and reference, and the study by G. de Weck [1991] on anaphoric cohesion. Moreover, based on another corpus constituted by narrative texts written by nineteen French native speakers, a comparison of the cohesive performance of both groups of writers has been made. It allowed us to draw out the cohesive specificities of the texts written by the French as a Foreign Language students. An analysis of the thematic progression set up according to the distribution of themes and rhemes [Combettes, 1988, 1993] of the first sequences of texts has been realized. Once this study was completed it was possible to establish the cohesion mechanisms which depend on conditions imposed by the discursive types, the instructions of the writing task and - or by the thematic contents of the texts, as well as the strategies used by the students according to their command of French. Finally, didactic implications of the results obtained have been highlighted.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la métathéorie de la théorie des types intuitionniste. Les systèmes que nous considérons sont des variantes de la théorie des types de Martin-Löf ou du Calcul des Constructions, et nous nous intéressons à la cohérence de ces systèmes ou encore à l'indépendance d'axiomes par rapport à ces systèmes. Le fil rouge de cette thèse est la construction de modèles syntaxiques, qui sont des modèles qui réutilisent la théorie des types pour interpréter la théorie des types. Dans une première partie, nous introduisons la théorie des types à l'aide d'un système minimal et de plusieurs extensions potentielles. Dans une seconde partie, nous introduisons les modèles syntaxiques donnés par traduction de programme et donnons plusieurs exemples. Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons Template-Coq, un plugin de métaprogrammation pour Coq. Nous montrons comment l'utiliser pour implémenter directement certains modèles syntaxiques. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous nous intéressons aux théories des types à deux égalités : une égalité stricte et une égalité univalente. Nous proposons une relecture des travaux de Coquand et. al. et Orton et Pitts sur le modèle cubique en introduisant la notion de fibrance dégénérée. / This thesis is about the metatheory of intuitionnistic type theory. The considered systems are variants of Martin-Löf type theory of Calculus of Constructions, and we are interested in the coherence of those systems and in the independence of axioms with respect to those systems. The common theme of this thesis is the construction of syntactic models, which are models reusing type theory to interpret type theory. In a first part, we introduce type theory by a minimal system and several possible extensions. In a second part, we introduce the syntactic models given by program translation and give several examples. In a third part, we present Template-Coq, a plugin for metaprogramming in Coq. We demonstrate how to use it to implement directly some syntactic models. Last, we consider type theories with two equalities: one strict and one univalent. We propose a re-reading of works of Coquand et.al. and of Orton and Pitts on the cubical model by introducing degenerate fibrancy.

Nous étudions comment faciliter la réutilisation des <br />preuves formelles en théorie des types. Nous traitons cette question <br />lors de l'étude <br />de la correction du programme de calcul de la racine carrée de GMP. <br />A partir d'une description formelle, nous construisons <br />un programme impératif avec l'outil Correctness. Cette description <br />prend en compte tous les détails de l'implantation, y compris <br />l'arithmétique de pointeurs utilisée et la gestion de la mémoire. <br />Nous étudions aussi comment réutiliser des preuves formelles lorsque<br />l'on change la représentation concrète des données. <br />Nous proposons un outil qui permet d'abstraire <br />les propriétés calculatoires associées à un type inductif dans<br />les termes de preuve.<br />Nous proposons également des outils pour simuler ces propriétés<br />dans un type isomorphe. Nous pouvons ainsi passer, systématiquement,<br />d'une représentation des données à une autre dans un développement<br />formel.

<p>The population of Sweden is ageing as in almost every European country. Improved medical progresses and treatment options lead to a decreasing mortality at older ages, increasing life expectance and an advanced health of the elderly. Due to these improvements and the so called ‘baby- boomers’, a great number of persons born in the 1940s that will reach retirement age the coming years, their total number will increase strongly in the near future all over Sweden. To enable these elderly to live a normal, active and independent life as long as possible activities, services and special housing with improved accessibility and meeting places for elderly has to be provided. Thus, for local authorities it is essential to know the actual and favoured living conditions as well as environments of elderly. This study aims therefore to investigate the characteristic of preferred residential neighbourhoods of the elderly in the city of Norrköping. The demographic, social and crime situation was examined for the districts of the city using several methods from both Statistics and GIS. Statistical methods included classifications, indexes or indicators and bivariate correlations. A model was developed to combine demographic and social data to characterise districts. GIS was to a major extent used as a visualisation tool. Choropleth mapping and Kernel density estimations were used to illustrate distribution of elderly and crime. Preliminary global statistical tests were used to verify clustering in the crime data set. An accessibility analysis was conducted with the help of the network analyst tool. Results indicate that districts experiencing the highest total numbers and proportion of elderly are very distributed throughout the city of Norrköping. They are, with some exceptions, characterised by lower social status. Four districts of the city show considerable evidences of demographic ageing, experiencing a population pyramid formed like an urn. Beside districts where elderly constitute a bigger proportion of the population, they tend to live in districts characterised by a relatively high proportion of young adults aged between 20 and 29. Crime analyses have shown crime clusters in different parts of the city. A high proportion of elderly faces a high crime level in the districts Gamla staden, Nordantill and Hageby. However, it has been proved that only some hot spots of crime within these areas contribute to the high crime level. Districts such as Skarphagen, Såpkullen, Smedby and Linö, all (except Såpkullen) situated on the outskirts of the city, hold high or middle elderly and a low crime level. Accessibility analyses have shown that elderly aged over 80 do not live significant closer to health centres and the public transport stops compared to the age groups 20 – 65 and inhabitants aged between 65 and 79.</p>

The last ten years two major movies about journalists have been made in Sweden; Sprängaren and Män som hatar kvinnor. This study has looked closer at the heroine Annika Bengtsson and the hero Mikael Blomkvist from these two movies. Since movies do have great influence on how we see the world it is important to find out how these characters are being portrayed. Also, in a time when journalism is about to become a female dominant occupation it is relevant to see how the female journalist compares to the male. It is important to ensure that the films do not give a wrongful picture of male and female journalists. Women should not only be an inferior object, and the man should not be a dominant and macho-man. In our study we found that these movies have come a long way from the stereotypes of men and women that the audience has become used to. The male hero has a soft side and needs help from a strong female character to manage while the female hero is a strong woman who can manage on her own. And it is their ability to step away from the stereotypes that in the end helps them get the scoop and defeat their antagonists.

Les structures avec des lieurs sont très communes en informatique. Les langages de programmation et les systèmes logiques sont des exemples de structures avec des lieurs. La manipulation de lieurs est délicate, de sorte que l’écriture de programmes qui ma- nipulent ces structures tirerait profit d’un soutien spécifique pour les lieurs. L’environ- nement de programmation Beluga est un exemple d’un tel système. Nous développons et présentons ici un compilateur pour ce système. Parmi les programmes pour lesquels Beluga est spécialement bien adapté, plusieurs peuvent bénéficier d’un compilateur. Par exemple, les programmes pour valider les types (les "type-checkers"), les compilateurs et les interpréteurs tirent profit du soutien spécifique des lieurs et des types dépendants présents dans le langage. Ils nécessitent tous également une exécution efficace, que l’on propose d’obtenir par le biais d’un compilateur. Le but de ce travail est de présenter un nouveau compilateur pour Beluga, qui emploie une représentation interne polyvalente et permet de partager du code entre plusieurs back-ends. Une contribution notable est la compilation du filtrage de Beluga, qui est particulièrement puissante dans ce langage. / In computer science, structures with variable binders are very common. Program- ming languages and logical frameworks are examples of structures with binders. Thus writing programs that deal with these kinds of data benefits with explicit support for data binding. The Beluga programming environment is an example of such a system. In this work we develop and present a compiler for the system. Many of the programs that Beluga is specially well suited for writing can benefit from a compiler. For example, some of the kinds programs that would benefit more are type-checkers, compilers and interpreters that take advantage of the binder support and dependent types present in the language, and also require a reasonably fast run-time. Our goal in this work, is to present a compiler for the Beluga system, that uses a very versatile internal representation that helps with the development of the system, and allows a sharing of code between several back-ends. Furthermore, we present a way of compiling the uniquely powerful pattern language supported by Beluga.

Cette thèse présente des avancées dans l'utilisation des Structures Canoniques, un mécanisme du langage de programmation de l'assistant de preuve Coq, équivalent à la notion de classes de types. Elle fournit un nouveau modèle pour le développement de hiérarchies mathématiques à l'aide d'enregistrements dépendants, et, en guise d'illustration, fournit une reformulation de la preuve formelle de correction du cryptosystème RSA, offrant des méthodes de raisonnement algébrique ainsi que la représentation en théorie des types des notions mathématiques nécessaires (incluant les groupes cycliques, les groupes d'automorphisme, les isomorphismes de groupe). Nous produisons une extension du mécanisme d'inférence de Structures Canoniques à l'aide de types fantômes, et l'appliquons au traitement de fonctions partielles. Ensuite, nous considérons un traitement générique de plusieurs formes de définitions de sous-groupes rencontrées au long de la preuve du théorème de Feit-Thomspon, une large librairie d'algèbre formelle développée au sein de l'équipe Mathematical Components au laboratoire commun MSR-INRIA. Nous montrons qu'un traitement unifié de ces 16 sous-groupes nous permet de raccourcir la preuve de leur propriétés élémentaires, et d'obtenir des définitions offrant une meilleure compositionnalité. Nous formalisons une correspondance entre l'étude de ces fonctorielles, et des propriété de théorie des groupes usuelles, telles que représentées par la classe des groupes qui les vérifie. Nous concluons en explorant les possibilités d'analyse de la fonctorialité de ces définitions par l'inspection de leur type, et suggérons une voie d'approche vers l'obtention d'instances d'un résultat de paramétricité en Coq.

In this research it was found that the most frequently consumed caffeine drink by the student (men) JU is a tea and caffeinated drinks are most often consumed for thein taste. Processing research results also revelaed that caffeinated drinks have not a hight proportion of respondents it the drinking regime.

Sur le bassin méditerranéen, les projections climatiques pour la fin du siècle indiquent un assèchement des étés accompagné d'une intensification des précipitations.Dans ce contexte, la caractérisation de la pluviométrie de la région est nécessaire pour appréhender son évolution future.Les modèles climatiques régionaux (RCM) sont des outils essentiels pour la compréhension du climat régional et pour la projection de son évolution.L'objectif de cette thèse est alors de caractériser et d'évaluer la pluie simulée par les RCM dans le sud-est de la France, typique des régions méditerranéennes côtières.La description de la pluie observée aux mêmes échelles que les RCM en est un préalable.La pluie observée et simulée est caractérisée en termes de valeurs et de structure spatiale et temporelle de l'occurrence et de l'intensité.Les liens entre ces caractéristiques et les processus physiques sous-jacents sont explorés grâce à une analyse par type de temps.Dans les modèles, le volume annuel total d'eau apporté par la pluie sur l'ensemble de la région d'étude est proche des valeurs observées.Ce volume n'est toutefois pas réparti également dans le temps et dans l'espace dans les observations et dans les simulations.Parmi les multiples caractéristiques de la pluie observée et simulée, cette étude souligne l'influence des forçages du relief et des processus liés au cycle diurne de l'énergie solaire à la fois sur le déclenchement et sur l'intensité des précipitations.Ainsi, la pluie se produit préférentiellement en fin d'après-midi, en lien avec le chauffage diurne de la surface.Cependant, dans les modèles, le maximum d'occurrence est plus précoce que dans les observations, ce qui suggère une réponse trop rapide du schéma de convection au cycle diurne des flux de surface, liée à l'absence de la phase de transition entre la convection peu profonde et la convection profonde dans la majorité des schémas.Par ailleurs, au sein du domaine d'étude, l'influence du relief sur les caractéristiques de la pluie est plus marquée pour les Cévennes que pour les Préalpes.Les RCM reproduisent cette influence du relief sur les caractéristiques de pluie.Toutefois, les contrastes entre plaines et reliefs sont plus accentués dans les modèles que dans les observations, notamment lorsque le forçage de grande échelle est faible et la convection dominante dans la région d'étude.L'accentuation du contraste entre plaine et montagne dans les modèles semble donc provenir d'une trop grande sensibilité des schémas de convection au relief qui favorise la convergence et l'instabilité de la masse d'air. / Climate projections for the end of the century indicate drier summers and more intense precipitation in the Mediterranean.In this respect, the characterization of rainfall in the region is necessary to understand its future changes.Regional climate models (RCM) are essential tools to understand the regional climate and to project its future evolution.This thesis aims at characterizing and evaluating rainfall simulated by RCM in Southeast France, typical of the mediterranean coastal regions.The description of observed rainfall at the same scales as RCM is a prerequisite.Observed and simulated rainfall is described in terms of values and spatial and temporal structure of occurrence and intensity.Weather types are used to explore the relation between rainfall features and the underlying physical processes.In the RCM, the annual total volume of water precipitated over the study region is closed to the observed values.However, this total volume is not distributed the same in space and time in the RCM simulations and in the observations.Among the multiple facets of the rainfall climatology, this study highlights the influence of the relief and of the solar cycle both in the triggering and in the intensity of rain.Rain appears to occur preferentially in the late afternoon, in connection with the daytime heating of the surface.However, the maximum of rain occurrence simulated by the RCM is earlier than in the observations, suggesting a too quick response of the convection scheme to the diurnal cycle of surface fluxes, in relation to the absence of transition between shallow and deep convection in most schemes.Besides, within the study region, the orographic forcing appears to be quite different for the two ranges of the domain and is much more pronounced over the Cévennes.The RCM reproduce the influence of the topography on rainfall features.Yet, the contrast between plains and mountains is more pronounced in the models than in the observations, especially when the large-scale forcing is weak and the convection is prevailing in the study area.The contrast accentuation between plain and relief in the models seems to be due to a too high sensitivity of the convection schemes to the air mass convergence and instability favored by the relief.