Secondary hardening ultra-high strength (SHUHS) steels possess a unique combination of strength, fracture toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance, which makes them candidate materials for aircraft landing gear and armour applications. There is a sustained drive to develop stronger and tougher materials for such applications. The objectives of this thesis are two-fold: first, to develop a new SHUHS alloy that is stronger than the existing SHUHS steel developed at Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), Hyderabad and second, to establish processing-structure-property correlations for the new alloy. Empirical design and development of these complex steels involves enormous effort, cost, time and materials resources. To avoid this, a semi-empirical approach was espoused in this thesis wherein thermodynamic calculations using ThermoCalc were conducted to computationally design a series of alloys with varying levels of Cr and Mo. The design space was constrained by two objectives related to M2C carbides which are the primary cause of secondary hardening in these alloys. The first objective was to increase the amount of M2C to increase the peak strength, while the second objective was to lower the Cr/Mo ratio of the M2C to control its over-ageing behavior. Two new alloys C23 (with 2Cr-3Mo, wt. %) and C55 (with 5Cr-5Mo, wt. %) and a base alloy akin to the DMRL SHUHS steel, C21 were selected for experimental validation. These alloys were melted, rolled and subjected to a battery of heat treatments. Austenitization studies revealed that the new alloys required higher austenitization temperatures to dissolve primary carbides. However such a treatment also resulted in an austenite composition that was not conducive for obtaining a fully martensitic microstructure on quenching. Based on these studies, the design space was modified to include additional criteria related to the Ms and precipitate dissolution temperatures. C55 failed to clear either criteria, while C23 cleared both, and so tempering studies were limited to C23. Isochronal tempering studies revealed that C23 in the peak aged condition was >10% stronger than C21 indicating that the alloy design objective of strength enhancement was achieved successfully. Microstructural characterization revealed that the strength enhancement was due to the higher number density and volume fraction of the M2C-like solute clusters in C23, which resist shearing in the under-aged condition and strengthen by Orowan mechanism in the over-aged condition. This thesis has successfully demonstrated that the design paradigm of enhancing strength by increasing the amount of M2C is justified and that ThermoCalc can be used to as an objective-oriented alloy design tool in this class of the steels.

Atlas Copco Secoroc AB are searching after new bulk materials for drill heads that are used in percussive drilling in order to improve their strength and durability. The aim of this project is to assist Atlas Copco in this search and provide them with further information regarding material properties, alloying elements, suppliers, etc. A literary study was carried out in order to identify materials that had UTS and KIC more than or equal to 1700 MPa and 70 MPa*m^1/2, respectively. Materials that fulfilled these criteria were T250 grade maraging steel, Cobalt free maraging steel, High cobalt maraging steel, 300 grade maraging steel, AerMet 100, AF1410, S53, M54, 300M, 4340M and PremoMet. These were categorized into maraging steels, high alloy secondary hardened steels, and low alloy steels, and were then further researched. The material with the highest combination of UTS and KIC was M54 followed by AerMet 100; while AF1410 had the highest KIC but a low UTS, and PremoMet had the highest UTS but a low KIC. Maraging steels and HASH steels have a similar price range, while low alloy steels are much cheaper.

Aplicações de aço de ultra-alta resistência, como aqueles aplicados em aeronaves, exigem materiais com uma combinação excepcional de propriedades mecânicas, dentre as quais, elevada resistência mecânica, tenacidade e resistência à fadiga. O VART 100 é um novo desenvolvimento da Indústria Villares Metals e apresenta-se como uma nova alternativa de aços de ultra-alta resistência atualmente no mercado internacional, sendo sua composição química diferenciada, devido a um maior teor de níquel, cromo, molibdênio, adição de cobalto e baixo teor de carbono. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a tenacidade ao impacto e a vida em fadiga (S-N) do aço VART 100 e compará-lo com valores obtidos na literatura para os aços de ultra-alta resistência tais como os aços SAE 300M e AerMet100. Para o atendimento deste objetivo, foram executadas análises metalográficas, ensaio de impacto conforme norma ASTM E23, ensaios de fadiga rotativa em controle de tensão para obtenção das curvas tensão versus vida, S-N, conforme especificado pela norma DIN 50113, análise das superfícies fraturas e microestruturas, observados em microscópios óticos, eletrônico de varredura e transmissão.Quanto a composição química do VART 100 observa-se que com excessão do \'AL\' este atendeu a especificação da norma SAE AMS6532 acarretando a formação de inclusões não metálicas de alumina. Com relação aos ensaios de impacto, a energia absorvida superou os resultados do aço 300M, mas ficou muito inferior ao Aermet100. Observou-se a presença de fratura intergranular em alguns CPS o que nos leva a suspeitar da presença de cementita nos contornos de grão. Quanto ao médio do limite de resistência a fadiga dos três aços, encontramos valores de 800, 850 e 936 MPa para o 300M, VART 100 e AerMet100, respectivamente. Analisando as superfícies fraturadas após ensaio de fadiga, identificamos e localizamos partículas de alumina na superfície, sub-superficie e internamente no material, com diâmetro variando entre 12,2 e 15,6 &#956m, que atuaram como núcleos para a formação de trincas por fadiga e possivelmente reduzindo a tenacidade ao impacto do VART 100. De forma geral o VART 100 apresenta boas propriedades mecânicas de resistência, de tenacidade e de limite de resistência a fadiga, os quais são superiores aos valores do 300M mas ainda inferior ao AerMet100. / Ultra high strength steel applications, such as those in aircrafts, require materials with an exceptional combination of mechanical properties, including high strength, toughness and fatigue resistance. The VART 100 is a new development of Villares Metals Industry and presents itself as a new alternative of steel with ultra-high strength currently on the international market, with its distinctive chemical composition, due to a higher content of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, adding cobalt and low carbon. The present work aims to study the impact toughness and life in fatigue (S-N) steel VART 100 and compare it with values from the literature for ultra high-strength steels such as steel and SAE 300M AerMet100. To meet this objective, metallographic analysis, impact test according to ASTM E23, rotative fatigue testing in tension control to obtain the stress versus life curves, S-N were performed as specified by DIN 50113, analysis of fracture surfaces and microstructures observed in optical microscopes, scanning electron and transmission.The results indicate that the VART steel exhibits excellent mechanical properties its upper than 300M steel, but some of those lower than AerMet100. The chemical composition of VART100 is observed that with the exception of \'AL\' is accord to specification SAE AMS6532 leading to formation of non-metallic inclusions of alumina. Regarding the impact tests, the absorbed energy is upper than results of the 300M steel, but was much lower than Aermet100. We observed the presence of intergranular fracture in some CPS which leads us to suspect the presence of cementite at grain boundaries. As for the average fatigue endurance limit of the three steels, the values found were 800, 850 and 936 MPa for the 300M, and VART 100 AerMet100 respectively. Analyzing the fractured surfaces after fatigue test, we identified and located alumina particles on the surface, sub-surface and inside the material, with diameters ranging between 12.2 and 15.6 µm, which acted as nuclei for the formation of cracks by fatigue and possibly reducing the impact toughness of the VART 100. Generally the VART 100 has good mechanical properties of strength, toughness and fatigue endurance limit, which values are greater than 300M but still lower than AerMet100.

Aplicações de aço de ultra-alta resistência, como aqueles aplicados em aeronaves, exigem materiais com uma combinação excepcional de propriedades mecânicas, dentre as quais, elevada resistência mecânica, tenacidade e resistência à fadiga. O VART 100 é um novo desenvolvimento da Indústria Villares Metals e apresenta-se como uma nova alternativa de aços de ultra-alta resistência atualmente no mercado internacional, sendo sua composição química diferenciada, devido a um maior teor de níquel, cromo, molibdênio, adição de cobalto e baixo teor de carbono. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a tenacidade ao impacto e a vida em fadiga (S-N) do aço VART 100 e compará-lo com valores obtidos na literatura para os aços de ultra-alta resistência tais como os aços SAE 300M e AerMet100. Para o atendimento deste objetivo, foram executadas análises metalográficas, ensaio de impacto conforme norma ASTM E23, ensaios de fadiga rotativa em controle de tensão para obtenção das curvas tensão versus vida, S-N, conforme especificado pela norma DIN 50113, análise das superfícies fraturas e microestruturas, observados em microscópios óticos, eletrônico de varredura e transmissão.Quanto a composição química do VART 100 observa-se que com excessão do \'AL\' este atendeu a especificação da norma SAE AMS6532 acarretando a formação de inclusões não metálicas de alumina. Com relação aos ensaios de impacto, a energia absorvida superou os resultados do aço 300M, mas ficou muito inferior ao Aermet100. Observou-se a presença de fratura intergranular em alguns CPS o que nos leva a suspeitar da presença de cementita nos contornos de grão. Quanto ao médio do limite de resistência a fadiga dos três aços, encontramos valores de 800, 850 e 936 MPa para o 300M, VART 100 e AerMet100, respectivamente. Analisando as superfícies fraturadas após ensaio de fadiga, identificamos e localizamos partículas de alumina na superfície, sub-superficie e internamente no material, com diâmetro variando entre 12,2 e 15,6 &#956m, que atuaram como núcleos para a formação de trincas por fadiga e possivelmente reduzindo a tenacidade ao impacto do VART 100. De forma geral o VART 100 apresenta boas propriedades mecânicas de resistência, de tenacidade e de limite de resistência a fadiga, os quais são superiores aos valores do 300M mas ainda inferior ao AerMet100. / Ultra high strength steel applications, such as those in aircrafts, require materials with an exceptional combination of mechanical properties, including high strength, toughness and fatigue resistance. The VART 100 is a new development of Villares Metals Industry and presents itself as a new alternative of steel with ultra-high strength currently on the international market, with its distinctive chemical composition, due to a higher content of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, adding cobalt and low carbon. The present work aims to study the impact toughness and life in fatigue (S-N) steel VART 100 and compare it with values from the literature for ultra high-strength steels such as steel and SAE 300M AerMet100. To meet this objective, metallographic analysis, impact test according to ASTM E23, rotative fatigue testing in tension control to obtain the stress versus life curves, S-N were performed as specified by DIN 50113, analysis of fracture surfaces and microstructures observed in optical microscopes, scanning electron and transmission.The results indicate that the VART steel exhibits excellent mechanical properties its upper than 300M steel, but some of those lower than AerMet100. The chemical composition of VART100 is observed that with the exception of \'AL\' is accord to specification SAE AMS6532 leading to formation of non-metallic inclusions of alumina. Regarding the impact tests, the absorbed energy is upper than results of the 300M steel, but was much lower than Aermet100. We observed the presence of intergranular fracture in some CPS which leads us to suspect the presence of cementite at grain boundaries. As for the average fatigue endurance limit of the three steels, the values found were 800, 850 and 936 MPa for the 300M, and VART 100 AerMet100 respectively. Analyzing the fractured surfaces after fatigue test, we identified and located alumina particles on the surface, sub-surface and inside the material, with diameters ranging between 12.2 and 15.6 µm, which acted as nuclei for the formation of cracks by fatigue and possibly reducing the impact toughness of the VART 100. Generally the VART 100 has good mechanical properties of strength, toughness and fatigue endurance limit, which values are greater than 300M but still lower than AerMet100.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17154号 / 工博第3644号 / 新制||工||1553(附属図書館) / 29893 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査）教授 中島 正愛, 教授 吹田 啓一郎, 教授 金子 佳生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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With the desire to improve passenger safety and fuel efficiency, Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS) have been developed for use in the automotive industry. UHSS are high strength steels with high ductility and strength. DP 980 is one of these UHSS being applied in automobile manufacturing. DP 980 is difficult to join with Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) because of the high carbon content and alloying in this material. The weld becomes brittle when it solidifies during the welding process. With the desire and motivation of widely using UHSS, new welding processes are needed to be developed in order to effectively join DP 980. Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a developing welding process aimed to replace RSW in the automotive industry because of its ability to join materials at a lower temperature. Currently the welding loads of the tools are higher than 2000 pounds, ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 pounds, which exceeds the limit of the welding robots in the automotive factories. It is proposed that the welding loads can be reduced by increasing the spindle speed of the FSSW tool. Other focuses in the research include increasing the life of the tool and developing acceptable welding parameters for High Speed FSSW. The experimental work done for this thesis provided support that weld strength can be obtained at levels above the acceptable standard for DP 980 material (greater than 2400 pound lap shear fracture load for 1.2 mm material) while keeping the vertical load on the welding machine spindle below 2000 lbs.

Neste estudo foram analisados experimentalmente o comportamento de 24 pilares curtos de Concreto de Ultra Alta Resistência - CUAR, confinados por armaduras helicoidais, avaliando especificamente os acréscimos de resistência e ductilidade obtidos com diferentes níveis de pressão lateral de confinamento. Na etapa experimental foram realizados ensaios de pilares curtos de CUAR com as seguintes características: - seção circular de 7,2 cm de diâmetro e comprimento de 23 cm, e quatro níveis de resistência à compressão do concreto sendo eles, 165, 175, 200 e 229 MPa, dosados sem e com adição de fibras metálicas; - diferentes espaçamentos das armaduras helicoidais, de modo que fossem obtidas situações com baixo, médio e alto índice de confinamento e taxa de armadura longitudinal fixa. Os ensaios de compressão centrada foram realizados com controle de deslocamento, de modo que foram obtidas as curvas força x deslocamento completas. Constatou-se que a seção resistente dos pilares de CUAR é a formada pelo núcleo de concreto confinado, área delimitada pelo eixo da armadura transversal. Observou-se que o CUAR com fibras metálicas apresenta maior deformação do núcleo de concreto confinado em relação ao núcleo de concreto confinado de CUAR sem adição de fibras metálicas, indicando dessa forma, que os pilares de CUAR com fibras metálicas apresentam comportamento mais dúctil. Para as situações de alto confinamento foram gerados ao concreto do núcleo confinado significativos acréscimos de resistência e deformação axial, aumentando a resistência do concreto confinado em relação a resistência do concreto não confinado em: 82,26%, 75,34%, 90,46% e 70,51%, respectivamente, e as deformações axiais do concreto confinado em relação a deformação axial do concreto não confinado em: 433%, 474%, 647% e 550%. Finalmente, acredita-se que os resultados obtidos poderão trazer subsídios para aplicações futuras desta técnica de confinamento na construção de novos elementos estruturais e no reforço de pilares submetidos a elevados níveis de solicitação axial. / This study evaluated experimentally the behavior of 24 short columns of Ultra High Strength Concrete - UHSC confined by helical transverse reinforcement, specifically evaluating strength increases and ductility obtained with different levels of lateral pressure of confinement. In the experimental phase short UHSC columns with the following characteristics were tested: - circular cross section of 7.2 cm diameter and 23 cm length, four levels of concrete strength (165, 175, 200 and 229 MPa), with and without addition of metallic fibers; - different spacing of transverse reinforcement, so that situations were obtained with low, medium and high level of confinement, while the longitudinal reinforcement ratio was fixed. The centered compression tests were conducted with displacement control, so that complete force x displacement curves were obtained. It was found that the resistant section of UHSC columns is formed by the confined concrete core delimited by the axis of the transverse reinforcement. It was observed that the axial displacement reached in columns with steel fibers was higher than without fibers, indicating that columns with steel fibers exhibit more ductile behavior. For high confinement levels significant axial strength and displacement increases were observed. Increases of axial strength of confined concrete in comparison to unconfined concrete were 82.26%, 75.34%, 90, 46% and 70.51%. Axial displacements were increased by 433%, 474%, 647% and 550%. Finally, it is believed that the results could provide information for future applications of this technique in construction of a new type of columns or in strengthening of columns subjected to high levels of axial force.