A micromanufatura via usinagem apresenta algumas dificuldades, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à formação do cavaco, pois a espessura de corte passa a ter a dimensão do tamanho de grão do material da peça e da microgeometria da aresta de corte. Em operações de microcorte, a microestrutura do material é um fator importante no controle da geração da superfície da peça, mecanismo de formação de cavaco, etc. Este trabalho de pesquisa avaliou o efeito do tamanho ultrafino dos grãos do material da peça sobre os fenômenos inerentes ao corte no microfresamento. As variáveis de usinagem investigadas foram avanço por dente (fz), velocidade de corte (vc), diâmetro da microfresa (d&#934) e raio de aresta de corte (re), visando avaliar o mecanismo de formação do cavaco, acabamento da peça e integridade superficial. Os materiais utilizados nos experimentos foram um aço bifásico (ferrita-perlita) com tamanho de grão ferrítico de 11 µm e outro de microestrutura homogênea de grãos ultrafinos com 0,7 µm, ambos com mesma composição química e baixo-carbono. Dois grupos de ensaios foram propostos: (1) macro e microfresamento e (2) microfresamento de canais. O tipo de usinagem foi o de fresamento de topo, sem emprego de fluido de corte. Os ensaios de usinagem foram executados em centros de usinagem CNC. As ferramentas de corte foram de metal duro com recobrimentos, diâmetro 16 mm na escala macro de usinagem, 200 e 800 µm na escala micro. A adequação da microestrutura do material da peça à redução da escala de usinagem, através do mecanismo de refino de grão, gerou alguns aspectos favoráveis à microusinagem, como melhor acabamento (Ssk≈0 e Sku≈3), formação de cavaco contínuo e menor formação de rebarbas com a redução da espessura de corte (fz&#8804re), possibilitando aplicações em microfabricação por corte com ferramenta de geometria definida utilizando aços baixo carbono, antes limitadas à estruturas na construção civil e peças obtidas por conformação mecânica. / Micro manufacturing by means of machining presents difficulties, mainly those related to chip formation, since chip thickness become as small as normal material grain size, as well as the cutting edge radius. At such micro cutting operations material microstructure ascends as a very important issue in terms of machining output, i.e. surface roughness, subsurface damages, cutting forces, etc. This research evaluated the effect of the intervention on the metallurgical microstructure of the material on the cutting phenomena inherent in micromachining. The variables investigated were the feed per tooth (ft), cutting speed (vc), micro end-mill diameter (d&#934) and cutting edge radius (re). The materials used in the experiments were a steel two-phase (ferrite-pearlite) with ferritic grain size of 11 µm and similar one with homogeneous microstructure and ultrafine grains (0.7 µm), both low carbon. The mechanism of chip formation, surface finish and surface integrity were investigated and correlated with the studied variables. Two groups of machining experiments were proposed: (1) macro and micro end-milling and (2) microchannels. Overall, the type of machining was the end milling, without using cutting fluid. The machining tests were carried on a CNC machining center. The cutting tools are coated, diameter 16 mm in macro scale of machining, 200 and 800 &#956m in micro scale. the adequacy of the microstructure of the workpiece material to the reduce the scale of machining generated some favorable aspects to micromachining, such as better finishing (Ssk≈0 e Sku≈3), continuous chip formation and lesser burr formation by reducing the cutting thickness (fz&#8804re), enabling micromanufacturing applications for low carbon steels, once limited to structures in the civil construction and pieces obtained by mechanical forming.

Dans l’industrie, les sources d’expositions aux particules ultrafines (PUF) sont nombreuses et connues depuis longtemps. Ces particules quelles soient manufacturées ou non intentionnelles (générées au cours de procédés industriels) présentent des propriétés singulières qui impliquent des effets sur la santé différents de ceux induits par des particules de plus grande taille (micrométrique). L’étude spécifique des PUF nécessite donc le développement de méthodes de prélèvement et d’analyse adaptées permettant d’obtenir des informations pertinentes complémentaires à la masse totale de poussières prélevées. Cette métrique semblerait insuffisante pour caractériser correctement les effets toxiques des PUF. La thèse a donc été menée dans l’optique de disposer de méthodes dédiées à l’analyse des nanoparticules et en particulier sur la caractérisation chimique des particules en fonction de leur taille (couplage entre dispositifs de prélèvement en fonction de la taille des particules et méthode d’analyse). Les méthodes développées ont ensuite été testées sur des échantillons provenant soit de sites et/ou procédés industriels (fonderie, projection thermique) soit d’essais en laboratoire par prélèvement sur banc de génération de PUF. / Expositions to nanoparticles (NPs) are known in industrial hygiene for a long time. Either from primary or secondary sources (industrial processes), these particles have specific properties which imply different toxicities compared to larger particles (micrometric) from the same material. Therefore NPs study requires adapted sampling and analytical technique development and more specifically methods allowing to access relevant information other than total dust mass. The latter seems not be sufficient for toxic effect assessment. Thus, this work has been conducted in order to dispose of analytical methods dedicated to NPs and especially on size-dependent particle chemical analysis. Then, the developed methods have been applied on samples collected either from industrial sites and/or processes (smelter, thermal projection), either from NP generation bench.

A micromanufatura via usinagem apresenta algumas dificuldades, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à formação do cavaco, pois a espessura de corte passa a ter a dimensão do tamanho de grão do material da peça e da microgeometria da aresta de corte. Em operações de microcorte, a microestrutura do material é um fator importante no controle da geração da superfície da peça, mecanismo de formação de cavaco, etc. Este trabalho de pesquisa avaliou o efeito do tamanho ultrafino dos grãos do material da peça sobre os fenômenos inerentes ao corte no microfresamento. As variáveis de usinagem investigadas foram avanço por dente (fz), velocidade de corte (vc), diâmetro da microfresa (d&#934) e raio de aresta de corte (re), visando avaliar o mecanismo de formação do cavaco, acabamento da peça e integridade superficial. Os materiais utilizados nos experimentos foram um aço bifásico (ferrita-perlita) com tamanho de grão ferrítico de 11 µm e outro de microestrutura homogênea de grãos ultrafinos com 0,7 µm, ambos com mesma composição química e baixo-carbono. Dois grupos de ensaios foram propostos: (1) macro e microfresamento e (2) microfresamento de canais. O tipo de usinagem foi o de fresamento de topo, sem emprego de fluido de corte. Os ensaios de usinagem foram executados em centros de usinagem CNC. As ferramentas de corte foram de metal duro com recobrimentos, diâmetro 16 mm na escala macro de usinagem, 200 e 800 µm na escala micro. A adequação da microestrutura do material da peça à redução da escala de usinagem, através do mecanismo de refino de grão, gerou alguns aspectos favoráveis à microusinagem, como melhor acabamento (Ssk≈0 e Sku≈3), formação de cavaco contínuo e menor formação de rebarbas com a redução da espessura de corte (fz&#8804re), possibilitando aplicações em microfabricação por corte com ferramenta de geometria definida utilizando aços baixo carbono, antes limitadas à estruturas na construção civil e peças obtidas por conformação mecânica. / Micro manufacturing by means of machining presents difficulties, mainly those related to chip formation, since chip thickness become as small as normal material grain size, as well as the cutting edge radius. At such micro cutting operations material microstructure ascends as a very important issue in terms of machining output, i.e. surface roughness, subsurface damages, cutting forces, etc. This research evaluated the effect of the intervention on the metallurgical microstructure of the material on the cutting phenomena inherent in micromachining. The variables investigated were the feed per tooth (ft), cutting speed (vc), micro end-mill diameter (d&#934) and cutting edge radius (re). The materials used in the experiments were a steel two-phase (ferrite-pearlite) with ferritic grain size of 11 µm and similar one with homogeneous microstructure and ultrafine grains (0.7 µm), both low carbon. The mechanism of chip formation, surface finish and surface integrity were investigated and correlated with the studied variables. Two groups of machining experiments were proposed: (1) macro and micro end-milling and (2) microchannels. Overall, the type of machining was the end milling, without using cutting fluid. The machining tests were carried on a CNC machining center. The cutting tools are coated, diameter 16 mm in macro scale of machining, 200 and 800 &#956m in micro scale. the adequacy of the microstructure of the workpiece material to the reduce the scale of machining generated some favorable aspects to micromachining, such as better finishing (Ssk≈0 e Sku≈3), continuous chip formation and lesser burr formation by reducing the cutting thickness (fz&#8804re), enabling micromanufacturing applications for low carbon steels, once limited to structures in the civil construction and pieces obtained by mechanical forming.

The evolutionary pressure to prevent re-replication by inactivating licensing during S phase leaves higher-eukaryotes with large genomes, such as human cells, vulnerable to replication stresses. Origins licensed in G1 must be sufficient to complete replication as new origins cannot be licensed in response to irreversible replication fork stalling. Interdisciplinary approaches between cellular biology and biophysics predict that replication of the genome is routinely incomplete in G2, even in the absence of external stressors. The frequency of converging replication forks that never terminate due to irreversible stalling (double fork stall), which result in a segment of unreplicated DNA, was modelled using high quality origin-mapping data in HeLa and IMR-90 cells. From this, hypotheses were generated that related an increase in unreplicated segments of DNA to reduced functional origin number. Presented in this thesis is the confirmation of this relation by quantifying chromosome mis-segregation and DNA damage responses when origin number was reduced using RNAi against licensing factors. The number of ultrafine anaphase bridges and 53BP1 nuclear bodies are in remarkable concordance with the theoretical predictions for the number of double fork stalls, indicating that cells are able to tolerate under-replication through such post-replicative cellular responses. 53BP1 preferentially binds to chromatin associated with large replicons, and functions synergistically with dormant origins to protect the stability of the genome. Additional candidates, inspired by common fragile site research, have also been characterised as responders to spontaneous under-replication, and include FANCD2 and MiDAS, which function in early mitosis to facilitate completion of replication before cells enter anaphase. In conclusion, a series of mechanisms that sequentially function throughout the cell cycle protects the stability of the human genome against inevitable spontaneous under-replication brought about by its large size.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier le transport de porteur de charge au sein de polymères conjugués, avec comme finalité d’identifier les propriétés des appareils d’électronique organique appropriées pour des applications dans la spintronique organique. Nous avons analysé des échantillons planaires, de géométries latérales, qui offrent la possibilité d’étudier les propriétés de transport sous l’application de différents stimulus et la détection le transport de longue distance du moment angulaire (spin), au sein de semi-conducteurs organiques (OSC). Dans cette configuration, des critères bien établis doivent être satisfait pour réaliser le transport diffusif d’un courant de spin polarisé au travers d’un matériel organique. Nous avons analysé ces diffèrent critères et trouvé des matériaux dont les propriétés physiques fournissent une solution satisfaisante. Le résultat de ce travail fut la création de transistors à effet de champ organiques dont les propriétés répondent au besoin des applications de spintronique. / In this thesis, charge carrier transport in conjugated polymers is studied with the aim to identify organic electronics devices properties suitable for applications in organic spintronics. We investigate planar samples, in a lateral geometry, which offer the possibility to study transport properties under the application of different stimuli and to detect long-range spin transport in OSCs. In this configuration, well-established criteria must be satisfied to realize diffusive-like transport of a spin-polarized current through an organic material. We analyse these criteria and find possible materials properties solutions. The outcome is the realization of organic field-effect transistors with properties ad hoc for spintronics applications.

Recently, powders of the size d (0.1 μm < d < 10 μm) have been referred to ultrafine particles. The particle shape considered is assumed to be a sphere of the diameter d. The handling of powders is of great importance for processing of pharmaceuticals, cement, chemicals and other products. Most of these technological processes involve powder compaction, storage, transportation, mixing, etc, therefore, understanding of the fundamentals of particles interaction behaviour is very essential in the design of machines and equipment as well as in powder technology, cleaning of environment and other areas. The dynamic behaviour of particulate systems is very complicated due to the complex interactions between individual particles and their interaction with the surroundings. Understanding the underlying mechanisms can be effectively achieved via particle scale research. The problem of a normal contact may be resolved in a number of ways. In spite of huge progress in experimental techniques, direct lab tests with individual particles are still rather time-consuming and expensive. The interaction of particles as solid bodies is actually a classical problem of contact mechanics. In the case of ultrafine particles, the reduction of the particle size shifts the contact zones into the nanoscale or subnanoscale. Thus, steadily increasing contribution of adhesion has to be considered in the development of the physically correct constitutive models and numerical tools. Consequently, it may... [to full text] / Ultrasmulkios dalelės yra šiuolaikinės chemijos, farmacijos, maisto ir kitų pramonės šakų produktų sudėtinė dalis. Tiriant pramoninius technologinius procesus, neišvengiamai reikalingos teorinės žinios apie ultrasmulkių dalelių elgseną. Išsamus supratimas įmanomas tik atlikus įvairius tyrimus. Pastaruoju metu milteliai, klasifikuojami kaip ultrasmulkios (0,1 < d < 10 μm) dalelės, imti plačiai naudoti pramoniniuose procesuose, todėl suprasti ultrasmulkių dalelių elgsenos fundamentalumą miltelių technologijoje yra labai svarbu. Ultrasmulki dalelė yra itin maža, todėl su ja atlikti fizinį eksperimentą, kuris reikalauja specialios įrangos bei žinių, labai sunku. Tokiu atveju dažniausiai naudojamas skaitinis eksperimentas, kurį galima atlikti virtualiai. Skaitinio eksperimento metu yra tiriamos dinaminės ultrasmulkios dalelės savybės bei sprendžiamas dinaminis uždavinys. Taikant skaitinius modelius bei dalelės judėjimą aprašančias jėgų lygtis, naudojami sąveikos modeliai, apimantys adhezinę, klampią, tamprią bei tampriai plastinę sąveikas. Mikroskopinis adhezinės sąveikos modeliavimas – aktualus mechanikos mokslo uždavinys. Taikant sąveikos modelius, svarbu pritaikyti ir diskrečiųjų elementų metodą, kadangi, norint aprašyti dalelių elgseną, visų pirma reikia su-vokti ir aprašyti dalelės modelį. Dalelės elgsenos skaitiniam modeliavimui siūlomi teoriniai modeliai leidžia tirti dalelės sąveiką su dalele ar tampria puserdve bei sąveikos dinamiką. Šie modeliai galėtų būti pritaikyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Powerlines are important in the process of electricity transmission and distribution (T & D) and their essential role in transmitting electricity from the large generating stations to the final consumers cannot be over emphasized. Over the years, an increase in the demand for electrical energy (electricity) has led to the construction and inevitable use of high transmission voltage, sub-transmission voltage and distribution voltage power conducting lines, for the electricity T & D process. Along with this essential role, electricity conductors can also give rise to some electrically related effects such as interference with telecommunication circuits, electric shocks, electromagnetic fields, audible noise, corona ion discharges, etc. The presence of powerline generated corona ions in any ambient air environment can be associated with the local modification of the earth’s natural dc electric field (e-field), while the interactions between these ions and other airborne aerosol particles can be associated with the presence of charged aerosol particles in the environment of the corona ion emitting lines. When considering all the studies conducted to date on the possible direct and indirect effects of high voltage powerlines (HVPLs), of significant interest are those suggesting links between powerlines and some adverse human health effects – with such health effects alleged to be strongest amongst populations directly exposed to HVPLs. However, despite the numerous studies conducted on HVPLs, to date a lack of proper scientific understanding still exist in terms of the physical characterization of the electrical environment surrounding real-world HVPLs - mostly in terms of the entire dynamics of ions and charged particles, as well as the possible links/associations between the different parameters that characterize these electrical environments. Yet, gaining a sound understanding about the electrical environment surrounding energized real-world HVPLs is imperative for the accurate assessment of any possible human exposure or health effects that may be associated with powerlines. The research work presented in this thesis was motivated by the existing gaps in scientific understanding of the possible association between corona ions generated by real-world HVPLs and the production of ambient charged aerosol particles. The aim of this study was to supply some much needed scientific knowledge about the characteristics of the electrical environment surrounding real-world energized HVPLs. This was achieved by investigating the possible effects of corona ions generated by real-world overhead HVPLs on ambient aerosol particle number concentration level, ambient aerosol particle charge concentration level, ambient ion concentration level and the magnitude of the local vertical dc e-field; while also taking into consideration the possible effect of complex meteorological factors (such as temperature, pressure, wind speed wind direction, solar radiation and humidity) on the instantaneous value of these measured parameters, at different powerline sites. The existence of possible associations or links between these various parameters measured in the proximity of the powerlines was statistically investigated using simple linear regression, correlation and multivariate (principal component, factor, classification and regression tree-CART) analysis. The strength of the regression was tested with coefficient of determinations R2, while statistical significance was asserted at the 95 % confidence level. For the powerline sites investigated in this study, both positive and negative polarities of ions were found to be present in the ambient air environment. The presence of these ions was associated with perturbations in the local vertical dc e-field, increased net ambient ion concentrations and net particle charge concentration levels. The mean net ion concentration levels (with a range of 4922 ions cm-3 to -300 ions cm-3) in the ambient environment of these powerlines, were in excess of what was measured in a typical outdoor air (i.e -400 ions cm-3). The mean net particle charge concentration levels (1469 ions cm-3 to -1100 ions cm-3) near the powerlines were also found to be statistically significantly higher than what was obtained for a mechanically ventilated indoor room (-84 ± 49 ions cm-3) and a typical urban outdoor air (-486 ± 34 ions cm-3). In spite of all these measured differences however, the study also indicated that ambient ion concentration as well as its associated effects on ambient particle charge concentration and e-field perturbations gradually decreased with increase in distance from the powerlines. This observed trend provided the physical evidence of the localized effect of real-world HVPL generated corona ions. Particle number concentration levels remained constant (in the order of 103 particles cm-3) irrespective of the powerline site or the sampling distance from the lines. A close observation of the output signals of the sampling instruments used in this study consistently revealed large fluctuations in the instantaneous value of all the measured electrical parameters (i.e. non-periodic extremely high and low negative and positive polarities of ions/charged particles and e-field perturbations was recorded). Although the reason for these observed fluctuations is not particularly known at this stage, and hence in need of further investigations, it is however being hypothesized that, since these fluctuations appear to be characteristic of the highly charged environment surrounding corona ion emitting electrical infrastructures, they may be suggestive of the possibility that the release of corona ions by ac lines are not necessarily in the form of a continuous flow of ions. The results also showed that statistically significant correlations (R2 = 74 %, P < 0.05) exists between the instantaneous values of the ground-level ambient ion and the ground-level ambient particle charge concentration. This correlation is an indication of the strong relationship/association that exists between these two parameters. Lower correlations (R2 = 3.4 % to 9 %, P < 0.05) were however found to exist between the instantaneous values of the vertical dc e-field and the ground-level ambient particle charge concentration. These suggest that e-field measurements alone may not necessarily be a true indication of the ground-level ambient ion and particle charge concentration levels. Similarly, low statistical correlations (R2 = 0.2 % to 1.0 %, P < 0.05) were also found to exist between the instantaneous values of ambient aerosol particle charge concentration and ambient ultrafine (0.02 to 1 μm sized) aerosol particle number concentration. This low level of correlations suggests that the source contribution of aerosol particle charge and aerosol particle number concentration into the ambient air environment of the HVPLs were different. In terms of the implication of human exposure to charged aerosol particles, the results obtained from this study suggests that amongst other factors, exposure to the dynamic mixture of ions and charged particles is a function of : (a) distance from the powerlines; (b) concentration of ions generated by the powerlines; and (c) meteorology - wind turbulence and dispersal rate. In addition to all its significant findings, during this research, a novel measurement approach that can be used in future studies for the simultaneous monitoring of the various parameters characterizing the physical environment of different ion/charged particle emission sources (such as high voltage powerlines, electricity substations, industrial chimney stack, motor vehicle exhaust, etc.) was developed and validated. However, in spite of these significant findings, there is still a need for other future and more comprehensive studies to be carried out on this topic in order to extend the scientific contributions of in this research work.

The measurement of submicrometre (< 1.0 m) and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 m) number concentration have attracted attention since the last decade because the potential health impacts associated with exposure to these particles can be more significant than those due to exposure to larger particles. At present, ultrafine particles are not regularly monitored and they are yet to be incorporated into air quality monitoring programs. As a result, very few studies have analysed their long-term and spatial variations in ultrafine particle concentration, and none have been in Australia. To address this gap in scientific knowledge, the aim of this research was to investigate the long-term trends and seasonal variations in particle number concentrations in Brisbane, Australia. Data collected over a five-year period were analysed using weighted regression models. Monthly mean concentrations in the morning (6:00-10:00) and the afternoon (16:00-19:00) were plotted against time in months, using the monthly variance as the weights. During the five-year period, submicrometre and ultrafine particle concentrations increased in the morning by 105.7% and 81.5% respectively whereas in the afternoon there was no significant trend. The morning concentrations were associated with fresh traffic emissions and the afternoon concentrations with the background. The statistical tests applied to the seasonal models, on the other hand, indicated that there was no seasonal component. The spatial variation in size distribution in a large urban area was investigated using particle number size distribution data collected at nine different locations during different campaigns. The size distributions were represented by the modal structures and cumulative size distributions. Particle number peaked at around 30 nm, except at an isolated site dominated by diesel trucks, where the particle number peaked at around 60 nm. It was found that ultrafine particles contributed to 82%-90% of the total particle number. At the sites dominated by petrol vehicles, nanoparticles (< 50 nm) contributed 60%-70% of the total particle number, and at the site dominated by diesel trucks they contributed 50%. Although the sampling campaigns took place during different seasons and were of varying duration these variations did not have an effect on the particle size distributions. The results suggested that the distributions were rather affected by differences in traffic composition and distance to the road. To investigate the occurrence of nucleation events, that is, secondary particle formation from gaseous precursors, particle size distribution data collected over a 13 month period during 5 different campaigns were analysed. The study area was a complex urban environment influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources. The study introduced a new application of time series differencing for the identification of nucleation events. To evaluate the conditions favourable to nucleation, the meteorological conditions and gaseous concentrations prior to and during nucleation events were recorded. Gaseous concentrations did not exhibit a clear pattern of change in concentration. It was also found that nucleation was associated with sea breeze and long-range transport. The implications of this finding are that whilst vehicles are the most important source of ultrafine particles, sea breeze and aged gaseous emissions play a more important role in secondary particle formation in the study area.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-16T19:31:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDAGP.pdf: 24957220 bytes, checksum: d8c9cd6b22c7e40f1a1f5c7c88deb93a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-30T16:50:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDAGP.pdf: 24957220 bytes, checksum: d8c9cd6b22c7e40f1a1f5c7c88deb93a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-30T16:50:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDAGP.pdf: 24957220 bytes, checksum: d8c9cd6b22c7e40f1a1f5c7c88deb93a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-30T16:57:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDAGP.pdf: 24957220 bytes, checksum: d8c9cd6b22c7e40f1a1f5c7c88deb93a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Biomedical devices currently in use (prostheses, implants) have satisfactory performance in many cases. However, sometimes the body reacts to the device insertion and may lead to its rapid replacement. Some of these disadvantages can be solved by the use of titanium and its alloys, due to their excellent combination of corrosion resistance, wear resistance and biocompatibility compared to other competing biomaterials. This work presents the possibility of obtaining near β titanium alloy with ultrafine grains produced by severe plastic deformation. For this, the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was processed by high-pressure torsion processing method. Samples were processed with different loads and number of turns. The samples were evaluated by Vickers microhardness. As-received and deformed samples were analyzed through X-Ray diffraction. The microstructures were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope and the microtexture and phase mappings of the material evaluated through the ASTAR equipment in the transmission electron microscope. After characterization, it was observed that there is a refinement of the microstructure and increase of the microhardness of the Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy deformed by HPT. Due to the superior microhardness of the deformed material and the results of phase transformations indicate a potential application as nanostructured biomaterial. / Os dispositivos biomédicos utilizados atualmente (próteses, implantes) possuem desempenho satisfatório em muitos casos. No entanto, às vezes, o corpo reage à inserção destes dispositivos exigindo a sua rápida substituição. Algumas destas desvantagens podem ser resolvidas pelo uso de titânio e suas ligas, devido à sua excelente combinação de resistência à corrosão, resistência ao desgaste e biocompatibilidade em comparação com outros biomateriais concorrentes. Este trabalho apresenta a possibilidade de obtenção de liga de titânio quase β com grãos ultrafinos produzidos por deformação plástica severa para três diferentes condições iniciais de microestrutura. Para isso, a liga Ti-13Nb-13Zr foi processada pelo método de processamento de torção sob alta pressão (High-Pressure Torsion - HPT). As amostras foram processadas com diferentes cargas e número de voltas e avaliadas por meio de microdureza Vickers. Amostras como recebidas e deformadas foram analisadas através de difração de raios X. As microestruturas foram observadas por meio de microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. A microtextura e mapeamentos de fase do material foram avaliados através do equipamento ASTAR no microscópio eletrônico de transmissão. Após a caracterização, foi observado que existe um refinamento da microestrutura e aumento da microdureza da liga Ti-13Nb-13Zr deformada por HPT. A microdureza superior do material deformado e os resultados de transformações de fase apontam para uma potencial aplicação como biomaterial nanoestruturado.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T15:14:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Mariana Dias Antunes.pdf: 1431622 bytes, checksum: 9905ccf2b784bdcc91d69fa8ef93c413 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-17T21:29:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Mariana Dias Antunes.pdf: 1431622 bytes, checksum: 9905ccf2b784bdcc91d69fa8ef93c413 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T21:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Mariana Dias Antunes.pdf: 1431622 bytes, checksum: 9905ccf2b784bdcc91d69fa8ef93c413 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O controle microbiano é uma preocupação constante na indústria de embalagens para alimentos. As embalagens ativas são capazes de inibir o crescimento microbiano nos alimentos. Além disso, o uso de polímeros biodegradáveis tem sido amplamente estudado. A zeína é um polímero biodegradável que possui um grande potencial na indústria de embalagens, podendo encapsular compostos bioativos em sua matriz polimérica. Os óleos essenciais (OE) são compostos bioativos de ocorrência natural decorrente do metabolismo secundário de algumas plantas e têm sido estudado como agentes antimicrobianos em embalagens ativas. No entanto, torna-se necessário a complexação com alguma molécula a fim de reduzir algumas características indesejáveis, como a alta volatilidade. As ciclodextrinas são moléculas em forma de cone capazes de acomodar no seu interior moléculas apolares, como os óleos essenciais. Uma tecnologia eficaz capaz de incorporar compostos bioativos em nanomateriais, é a técnica de electrospinning. Com isso, o objetivo desse estudo foi produzir fibras ultrafinas de zeína incorporando um complexo de inclusão (CI) entre β-Ciclodextrina (β-CD) e óleo essencial de eucalipto (Eucalyptus citriodora) (OEE) através da técnica de electrospinning a fim de se obter membranas antimicrobianas como embalagens ativas para alimentos. O OEE foi caracterizado quanto a composição química e atividade antimicrobiana contra 7 bactérias de importância em alimentos. O CI foi avaliado quanto aos grupos funcionais, morfologia e propriedades térmicas. As soluções poliméricas de zeína pura, em diferentes concentrações, foram avaliadas quanto a viscosidade aparente e condutividade elétrica e as membranas resultantes após o processo de electrospinning foram avaliadas quanto a morfologia e distribuição de diâmetro. As soluções de zeína 30% (p/v) foram adicionadas de CI nas concentrações de 6, 12, 18 e 24% (p/v), sendo estas caracterizadas quanto a viscosidade aparente e condutividade elétrica. Após o processo de electrospinning das soluções com CI, estas membranas foram avaliadas quanto a morfologia e distribuição de diâmetro, propriedades térmicas, grupos funcionais e atividade antimicrobiana em microatmosfera contra S. aureus e L. monocytogenes. Os resultados indicaram atividade antimicrobiana do OEE contra as bactérias testadas. Através da análise dos grupos funcionais e da morfologia, pode-se observar uma efetiva complexação do OEE e da β-CD. As fibras obtidas com 30% (p/v) de zeína na solução polimérica apresentaram melhores características morfológicas. Todas as membranas formadas com CI reduziram o crescimento microbiano de S. aureus e L. monocytogenes. A concentração de 24% (p/v) de CI foi a que se obteve maior percentual de redução de crescimento, em micro-atmosfera, com 24,3% e 28,5% para S. aureus e L. monocytogenes, respectivamente. As membranas antimicrobianas apresentaram características para possível aplicação como embalagens ativas para alimentos. / Microbial control is a constant concern in the food packaging industry. Active packaging is capable of inhibiting microbial growth in food. In addition, the use of biodegradable polymers has been extensively studied. Zein is a biodegradable polymer that has great potential in the packaging industry and can encapsulate bioactive compounds in its polymer matrix. Essential oils (EO) are naturally occurring bioactive compounds due to the secondary metabolism of some plants and have been studied as antimicrobial agents in active packaging. However, complexation with some molecule is necessary in order to reduce some undesirable characteristics, such as high volatility. Cyclodextrins are cone-shaped molecules capable of accommodating apolar molecules such as essential oils. An effective technology capable of incorporating bioactive compounds into nanomaterials is the electrospinning technique. The objective of this study was to produce ultrafine zein fibers by incorporating an inclusion complex (IC) between β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and eucalyptus essential oil (EO) through the electrospinning technique in order to Antimicrobial membranes as active food packaging. The EEO was characterized by the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against 7 bacteria of importance in food. CI was evaluated for functional groups, morphology and thermal properties. Polymer solutions of pure zein at different concentrations were evaluated for apparent viscosity and electrical conductivity and the resulting membranes after the electrospinning process were evaluated for morphology and diameter distribution. The 30% (w/v) zein solutions were added with IC at concentrations of 6, 12, 18 and 24% (w/v), which were characterized for apparent viscosity and electrical conductivity. After the electrospinning process of IC solutions, these membranes were evaluated for morphology and diameter distribution, thermal properties, functional groups and micro-atmosphere antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. The results indicated antimicrobial activity of EEO against all tested bacteria. Through the analysis of functional groups and morphology, an effective complexation of EEO and β-CD can be observed. The fibers obtained with 30% (w/v) zein in the polymer solution showed better morphological characteristics. All membranes formed with IC reduced the microbial growth of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. The concentration of 24% (w/v) IC was obtained with the highest percentage of growth reduction in micro-atmosphere, with 24.3% and 28.5% for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The antimicrobial membranes showed characteristics for possible application as active food packaging.