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The development of a more rational design procedure to predict not only ultimate tieback capacities in cohesive soils, but associated tieback displacements as well, requires a basic understanding of short-term and long-term tieback behavior. In view of the above, a series of full-scale and model tieback tests were conducted on instrumented and non-instrumented straight-shafted, postgrouted, and single-underreamed tiebacks anchored in different cohesive soils. In addition, laboratory shear strength tests were conducted on soil-soil samples and grout-soil samples to allow a better interpretation of field and model results. A better understanding of (1) the load-transfer mechanism of each type of tieback and (2) both time-independent and time-dependent component movements has led to the development of a physical model to describe short-term and long-term tieback behavior in a cohesive soil.

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Drilled foundations are often considered to be a standard method of installation of steel core piles and similar foundation components in sensitive environments such as urban areas where other common technologies such as stranding or diging cannot be applied. Much research has been made in the area of how the piles interact in the clay. BESAB, who are specialists within underpinning, have observed that it takes time for a house to settle after an underpinning. There are uncertainties when it comes to how the house adapts to an underpinning. During interviews experts have given many different possible explanations but it seems to be a lack of knowledge in the area. All agree that it takes a couple of years for a house to adapt to an underpinning. The recommendation is to wait at least 2 years before proceed with the work in the house. In the project that has been studied in this research, precision leveling points have been measured 2-3 times a week to monitor the settlements throughout the project. The measurements have shown a greater settlement on the street level than in the basement, 2 floors down from the street level during the same amount of time which lead to the question: What are the effects of underpinning in a house? The major reason for that settlement has occurred in the area is that the foundation, consisting of wooden piles, has lost its carrying capacity due to the lowered ground water level. During underpinning the house is mostly affected by dynamic forces. The structure gets temporary weakened when holes are made in walls for beams and drilling is made in already sensitive foundation. The fixated parts of the structure, where the load transferring elements are already installed between the pile and the structure, can get locally loaded when drilling is made in adjacent areas. After underpinning the house with its weight is settling on the piles. The house has to adapt to a new mode of action. This can be done either by just leaving the house and wait for the piles to take load and get compressed or by pre-load the piles with the expected final load of the house to avoid the time for the compression of the piles. The greatest risk linked to this phenomenon is that new cracks can occur due to post settlements and in worst case in an elevator shaft or in the water proofing in bathrooms or kitchen. If renovation work starts before the house have stopped settle than the risk is big that cracks will occur in the newly renovated areas resulting in that the renovation have to be re-done. 4 Effective communication is essential to assess risks involved with an underpinning and to avoid tensions between actors involved in an underpinning project if damage due to post settlement will occur. The problem investigated in this report is translated in to Kuhn’s theory on science the beginning of the crisis. Further research is required to develop the empirics in to theory. Accurate measurements must be collected and these must be processed in mathematical statistics. Models must be built and existing theories within structural- and geotechnical engineering must be studied in further depth to be able to state a new paradigm in this area.

The restoration of foundations of residential and light commercial structures that have been affected by differential displacement resulting from problematic soil conditions has been an ongoing issue since early times. In Florida, the issue of structures being affected by subsidence of soils related to sinkhole activity has been a problem that has gained more interest and exposure within the last 20 years. Structures affected by sinkholes have been historically addressed by remediating the soil mechanism which caused the structure to displace and then structurally addressing the portions of the structure that have displaced with steel underpins installed on the foundation. More comprehensive soil investigations are revealing that multiple soil mechanisms are contributing to the displacement of structures. Based on case studies of structures being partially underpinned on soils affected by multiple problematic conditions, Engineers have been forced to develop more comprehensive foundation restoration plans. These comprehensive plans were intended to address the potential for differential movement between portions of the structure supported by post-construction deep foundations and those portions of the structure that remain bearing on the soil. With limited products available for Engineers to rely on to adequately support cast-in-place concrete slabs on grade, the comprehensive restoration of structures on problematic soils has become cost prohibitive and structures throughout the state of Florida are either being left in a distressed state or are being repaired with substandard repair methods. Being exposed to this ongoing trend manifested the need to develop a solution to this detrimental problem. Having been involved in the design phase and the restoration process of structures affected by displacement, a comprehension was developed on the products available to support and restore slabs on grade and where those products were deficient. After several prototypes, the development of a new support bracket was invented which would more efficiently support and lift displaced slabs. This slab support bracket was named the ISB-07. This thesis is based on the research and development that was conducted on the ISB-07 and on different slab specimens. This research was performed to demonstrate that a slab supported by the multi pivoting arm ISB-07 slab bracket can be more efficient than previous support methods. It was concluded, after performing full scale testing, ultimate load testing, stress analysis, computation and finite element analysis, that the influence area of support provided to a cast-in-place concrete slab by the ISB-07 is greater than previous support methods. Therefore, the required spacing between interior slab supports when the ISB-07 is utilized is significantly increased and therefore the amount of interior supports warranted is reduced. With this reduction in interior supports, the disturbance of the existing structures slab is minimized. This reduction in disturbance and materials needed to stabilize structures directly translates to a cost savings which in turn will lead to more structures being properly repaired.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Livia Cristina Rocha.pdf: 815766 bytes, checksum: 82635d5039ae0bb942d92f31298e9467 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-16 / This study aims to analyze the many issues raised in relation to the reassignment of sex in their ways: neocolpovulvoplastia and neofaloplastia. Among them: surgical inefficiency and the possibility of repentance, the body naturally created; finding injury of serious nature, and especially the consequences brought by this surgery in the legal world. The reassignment of sex is only compatible with the figure of the transsexual, except for his help in other cases the behavioral states of sexuality (intersex, hermaphroditism, homosexuality, bisexuality and transvestism). The transsexual is defined as the person who experience an ongoing conflict between their physical sex and psychological, in other words, their mental gender identity does not match with the biological, which leads the transsexual vehemently deny their sexual organs, and in some cases the injured themselves or commit suicide. Thus, the reassignment of sex is shown as the only proper means to repair the suffering of transsexuals and is the only effective treatment. She is the extent of body-mind balance and essential to the preservation of life, health, health (physical and mental) and well-being of the patient. Once accomplished, brings with anatomical transformation for the transsexual, but how it reflects the legal world? Currently, the transsexual surgery is recognized the right to change the first name and sex in its civil register. Emphasized that it is not a unanimous position. At this point, the course includes the three main current jurisprudence, the first one in favor of changing the civil registry and its dual knowledge (first name and gender), the second most favorable only to registration under the justification of preserving rights of third parties and continuity of existing Public and, finally, one that begs the insertion of the term "transsexual" in the cartouche would register, so it would be acting under the aegis of the veracity of public record. Beyond these points, see that the only way to promote social inclusion of transsexuals will be with the completion of the process begun with the reassignment of sex, which is just a phase, complemented with the conclusion of the civil registry change that, because only thus can preserve and realize the much-trumpeted principle of human dignity / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as questões suscitadas em relação à cirurgia de redesignação de sexo em suas modalidades: neocolpovulvoplastia e neofaloplastia. Dentre elas: ineficácia cirúrgica; possibilidade de arrependimento; naturalidade do órgão criado; constatação de lesão corporal de natureza grave; e, especialmente, os reflexos trazidos pela realização dessa cirurgia no mundo jurídico. A cirurgia de redesignação de sexo apenas é compatível com a figura do transexual, excluindo de seu amparo os demais casos de estados comportamentais da sexualidade (intersexualismo; hermafroditismo; homossexualismo; bissexualismo e travestismo). O transexual é definido como aquela pessoa que vivencia um conflito permanente entre seus sexos físico e psíquico, em outras palavras, sua identidade sexual psíquica não corresponde com a biológica, o que leva o transexual recusar veemente seus órgãos sexuais, chegando em alguns casos a lesionar-se ou suicidar-se. Destarte, a cirurgia de redesignação de sexo se mostra como o único meio hábil para reparar o sofrimento do transexual, constituindo a única forma de tratamento efetivo. Ela é o alcance do equilíbrio corpo-mente e essencial à preservação da vida, da saúde, da integridade (física e psíquica) e do bem-estar do paciente. Uma vez realizada, traz relevante transformação anatômica para o transexual, mas como isso reflete no mundo jurídico? Atualmente, ao transexual operado é reconhecido o direito à alteração do prenome e do sexo em seu registro civil. Ressalta que não é uma posição unânime. Neste ponto, serão estudadas as três principais correntes jurisprudências, a primeira delas favorável à alteração do registro civil e seu duplo conhecimento (prenome e sexo); a segunda delas favorável apenas à averbação, sob a justificativa de preservar direito de terceiros e a continuidade do registro público; e, por último, aquela que suplica pela inserção da denominação transexual na cártula registrária, assim estaria agindo sob a égide da veracidade do registro público. Ultrapassados esses pontos, verá que o único modo de promover a inclusão social do transexual será com a completude do processo iniciado com a cirurgia de redesignação de sexo, que é apenas uma fase, sendo complementada com a efetivação da alteração do registro civil daquele, pois, somente assim poderá preservar e efetivar o tão proclamado princípio da dignidade humana

The study focuses on challenges in the development of learner-centred and process-oriented teaching and learning in the learning areas, natural science (NS) and mathematics in South African schools. The aim of NS is to develop scientifically literate learners. The three Learning Outcomes (LOs) and the accompanying Assessment Standards (ASs) should enable learners to understand the science products or system of ideas such as underlying theories and principles. The LOs point out the learner’s abilities to use the sciences products or system of ideas. Educators encounter challenges in the application of the LOs and ASs in teaching and learning activities. Against this background, a mixed method study was conducted in selected schools in the Tshwane South District in Gauteng. Data were gathered by document analysis, focus groups and a questionnaire to gauge how the educators are applying the LOs and ASs. Findings indicated that lessons plans were inadequate and educators were not familiar with curriculum documents. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Sciences Education)

The study focuses on challenges in the development of learner-centred and process-oriented teaching and learning in the learning areas, natural science (NS) and mathematics in South African schools. The aim of NS is to develop scientifically literate learners. The three Learning Outcomes (LOs) and the accompanying Assessment Standards (ASs) should enable learners to understand the science products or system of ideas such as underlying theories and principles. The LOs point out the learner’s abilities to use the sciences products or system of ideas. Educators encounter challenges in the application of the LOs and ASs in teaching and learning activities. Against this background, a mixed method study was conducted in selected schools in the Tshwane South District in Gauteng. Data were gathered by document analysis, focus groups and a questionnaire to gauge how the educators are applying the LOs and ASs. Findings indicated that lessons plans were inadequate and educators were not familiar with curriculum documents. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Sciences Education)