美國初級市場採用詢價圈購做為訂價與配售方式已趨成熟，而非美國地區也有八成採用詢價圈購。在過去幾年中，我國IPO案件仍以全面公開申購作為主要承銷方式，近年主管機關透過制度改革與承銷應與國際接軌聲浪中，我國IPO市場已出現詢價圈購取代全面公開申購之趨勢。為了解詢價圈購的定價效率性，本文以94年承銷改制後採用詢價圈購為訂價方式的初次上市(櫃)公司為例，探討IPO承銷價格的決定因素以及IPO的折價幅度。結果發現承銷商商譽、初始價格區間幅度以及定價日前一個月的興櫃市場價格與IPO價格調整具有顯著關聯，掛牌前一日的興櫃成交均價、掛牌前一個月的大盤與同產業報酬率則與IPO期初報酬率具有顯著正向關連，而掛牌前一日興櫃交易成交均價應可預測掛牌日之收盤價。 / Bookbuilding has traditionally dominated the primary market in terms of pricing and allocation in the US as well as in the worldwide.While in Taiwan, open offer is the major IPO underwriting method. After several rounds of reformation, bookbuilding has gradually replaced open offer.To examine the efficiency of bookbuilding, we study how underwriters set their offering prices, and the consequent initial returns. We find that underwriter reputation, initial price range, and OTC price are related to the range of price adjustment, while the lagged market return, the lagged industry return and the OTC price of the IPO issue preceeding the offer date are positively related to initial return.

國內新上市公司擁有長度不一的「蜜月期」，這個現象經由許多相關文獻證實。而造成此種現象之成因可能為承銷價低估或理性預期。 　　本研究嘗試以訊息傳遞、理性預期及動態策略等理論為架構，推測超額報酬之可能成因，並針對研究假設以複迴歸方法檢定自民國七十九年四月至民國八十二年十二月止九十一家新上市公司股票之超額報酬，以便得出可能之解釋。 　　國內外學者解釋超額報酬之成因相當多，本研究之自變數如下： 　　1.內部人持股比例 　　2.承銷商聲譽 　　3.負債比率 　　4.承銷價格 　　5.公司股本 　　6.公司年齡 　　7.同期市場報酬 　　8.上市後一年內是否辦理現金增資 　　由實證結果得知：內部人持股比例高，超額報酬高。此結果和Leland & Pyle (1977)結果相同。而承銷價格及公司股本則與超額報酬呈負相關，且達顯著水準。承銷價格與公司價值之關係與Allen & Faulhaber (1989)結果一致；而小型股效應（規模效應）與Reinganum (1991)結果一致。同期市場報酬與超額報酬呈負相關，且達顯著水準，與胡致仁君(1988)結果不一致，推測可能係因大盤下跌時，公司之內部人（董事、監察人及大股東）可能基於面子問題不願股價下跌，而有護盤逆勢操作之行為，若於大盤上漲時，公司之內部人反而較不在意股價表現，甚至可能利用盤面較佳的時機出貨，造成超額報酬與同期市場報酬呈反向關係。 　　經由上述研究之探討，可以予投資人作出更佳之投資決策，並提供相關主管機關、發行公司及承銷商訂定承銷價格時有更合理之依據。

Biotechnology generated solutions have been hailed as potential cures to many of the problems facing the world today. New therapeutics will eradicate disease, new agricultural products will solve food shortages, and industrial application will improve productivity with reduced environmental impact. Despite the much anticipated benefits of biotechnology, the industry faces significant challenges that must be overcome in the coming decades. Biotechnology is an inherently complex field with a high degree of uncertainty and associated risks. In addition to the risk associated with project development and delivery, businesses looking to extract an economic return from the provision of biotechnology products and services face significant financial risk. This is exacerbated by the long lead times in biotechnology product development and the expensive nature of research and development. This thesis looks investigates the multi faceted problem of biotechnology valuation in Australia using a multi method approach designed to provide greater insight into the valuation challenges facing the industry and identify key value drivers. The approach incorporates a broad qualitative investigation, complimented by more focused quantitative studies into specific valuation issues surrounding IPO and project valuation. Australian biotechnology firms face a significant challenge to raise sufficient capital in order to remain internationally competitive. The current industry structure and funding mechanisms encourage creation of small firms with narrow pipelines, exacerbating the risk of company failure and acting as an impediment to sustainability and, therefore, investment in the sector. Despite the challenges facing the Australian biotechnology industry, the nation possesses a competitive advantage in the strength of local science which, if fully leveraged, should see the development of an internationally competitive industry. Through improved funding mechanisms which encourage the creation of sustainable business models, increased investor participation in the industry should see a greater portion of the value generated through biotechnology retained by local participants. An IPO is likely the largest single capital raising in a company's history. A quantitative investigation into the factors influencing the amount of underpricing and money left on the table for Australian biotechnology IPOs found that the amount of money left on the table was more critical than the level of underpricing. Additionally the impact of market sentiment on biotechnology IPOs was investigated with increased media coverage found to be positively related to the amount of money left on the table. Using project valuation models, the drivers of value over the life of a typical biotechnology project were identified. Key drivers of biotechnology value are commercial viability, coupled with development cost and time. The ability of management to control these elements is crucial. Analysis of project valuations using a traditional DCF model found value estimates exhibited a greater level of uncertainty than those calculated using more contemporary methods of decision tree and real option analysis. Additionally, incorporation of management flexibility into valuation assessment using real options techniques increased the perceived value of biotechnology projects. The value of management flexibility was found to be most relevant for early stage projects where the option to abandon was found to greatly influence values.

<p>Who would not like a profit of more then 95 % in a day? Investors in Sweden had thatopportunity, if they had bought a certain stock on the primary market and sold it on the firsttradable day at the Stock Exchange. Most of that profit fell into the hands of institutionalinvestors. The reason for this extraordinary profit was the underpricing of that specific stockduring its initial public offering (IPO).Our report aims to analyze the relationship between offer price, underpricing and theownership structure of stocks. Our investigation is based on all IPO’s on the Stockholm stockexchange during the years between 2000 and 2005. Through our analysis we have found factssaying that companies can determine their ownership structure by setting their introductionprice high or low. A high offer price will have more institutional investors than if the price islow. On the other hand the high offer price will also create a greater underpricing which leadsto a higher initial return and greater transformation of wealth between old and new shareholders.</p> / <p>Vilken investerare skulle tacka nej till en positiv avkastning motsvarande drygt 95 % under enbörsdag? Den möjligheten fanns för investerare som köpte aktier i ”nya” bolag och såldedensamma under introduktionsdagen på Stockholmsbörsen. Underprissättningen av aktier iSverige är normalt inte så stor, men trots det kan vinster göras genom investeringar i företagsom kommer att introduceras på börsen. Mellan åren 2000 och 2005 noterades 116 nya bolagpå Stockholmsbörsen. Av dessa nya bolag var 30 stycken faktiska börsintroduktioner, vilkadärmed ingår i undersökningen. Bland de introducerade bolagen var den genomsnittligainitiala avkastningen + 3,43 %. Skillnaden mellan aktien med högst och den med lägst initialavkastning var under perioden 165,38 procentenheter och introduktionskursen varierademellan 7,50 och 161 kronor per aktie.Undersökningen fokuserar på sambandet mellan introduktionskurs och underprissättningkopplat till ägarstruktur vid börsintroducerande företag och de efterföljande arton månadernaefter introduktion. Syftet är att analysera dels introduktionskursens påverkan påintroduktionsrabatt och ägarstruktur, och dels samband mellan ägarstruktur ochunderprissättning vid börsintroduktion. Genom att undersöka samtliga börsintroduktioner påStockholmsbörsen mellan åren 2000 och 2005 har undersökningen skapat en bild av dessasamband. Då ingen tidigare känd studie undersökt hur introduktionskurs och underprissättningpåverkar ägarstrukturen vid en börsintroduktion samt tiden därefter, anser vi därför dennauppsats vara unik.Vi har med vår undersökning kommit fram till att det finns ett samband mellanintroduktionskurs, underprissättning och andelen institutionellt ägande. Debörsintroducerande företagen kan påverka ägarstrukturen och därmed också påverka hur storandel av den välfärdsöverföring som uppstår vid en börsintroduktion som skall fördelas tillprivata investerare respektive institutionella ägare. Vår undersökning visar att ägarstrukturenpåverkas i första hand genom det pris som fastställts på primärmarknaden. Vi förklararsambandet mellan introduktionskurs och ägarstruktur med att en hög introduktionskurs ger enrelativt hög andel institutionellt ägande. Vår undersökning visar även att samma antagandenger en hög introduktionsrabatt.</p>

This thesis provides new insight into the information environments of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and analysts’ equity reports. The thesis consists of four essays that address the issues of firm disclosure and the relevance of information for analysts and investors in the capital market. The research question concerns the role of accounting information on the capital market. The present thesis entails the following analyses: (i) An analysis of the content in IPO prospectuses (ii) Cross-sectional analyses on factors affecting prospectus disclosure (iii) An analysis of the short- and long-run returns of IPOs (iv) An analysis of the relevance of IPO disclosure on IPO valuation (v) An analysis of non-financial information content in analysts’ reports (vi) An analysis of the valuation relevance of non-financial information The first essay examines prospectus disclosure and looks at explanations as to the factors that drive the disclosure. The findings reveal that IPO firms provide more information in their prospectus in comparison with non-IPO firms. The second essay analyzes how prospectus disclosure affects IPO valuation in the secondary market. It is hypothesized that increased disclosure in the prospectus decreases valuation uncertainty, which implicates lower underpricing for the IPO firm. The essay shows that Swedish IPOs are underpriced. However, disclosure is not found to be related to underpricing. The third essay examines the extent and type of forecasts provided in the prospectuses and the value relevance of this information. The study reveals a reduction in profit and sales forecast disclosures while at the same time shows an increase in sales growth forecasts for the period 1996-2004. The essay finds that forecast information is particularly relevant to investors and analysts. Forecast disclosing firms demonstrate a significantly lower underpricing and lower long-run return compared with non-forecast disclosing firms. The fourth essay concerns the valuation relevance of non-financial information contained in analysts’ equity reports. The essay notes that valuation relevance of non-financial information is positively related to the size of the target firm. Moreover, analysts were observed to rely more heavily on forward-looking non-financial information than historical non-financial information in their valuation.

Increasing numbers of foreign firms are holding cross-border IPOs in attempts to raise capital in markets outside of their home nation. Within the United States cross-border IPOs consistently experience greater amounts of underpricing than domestic IPOs. This paper examines the effects of SIC industry classifications on cross-border and domestic IPO underpricing from 2004-2010. Analysis demonstrates that in various industries, SIC classification has a significant impact upon underpricing in comparison to other industries. While in other industries, significance is solely exhibited through the differing impacts of domestic and cross-border IPOs, within the industry itself, upon underpricing. The most significant industry effect is seen in high-technology industries which display a significant impact on underpricing on both the inter-industry and intra-industry level.

Prior researches find that advertising is the most common marketing strategy and also one of the most effective way to influence consumers¡¦ purchasing decisions. On the other hand, innovation plays an important role to enhance competitiveness of firms. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship among advertising, innovation and firm values in the existing literature. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of pre-IPO advertising and innovation on the level of IPO underpricing. Furthermore, this study examines whether market states influence the impact of pre-IPO marketing expenditures and innovation on IPO underpricing levels. The empirical results show: (1) without considering market states, pre-IPO advertising expenditures significantly reduce IPO underpricing levels; (2) without considering market states, pre-IPO innovation activities significantly increase IPO underpricing levels; (2) pre-IPO innovation activities significantly increase IPO underpricing levels; (3) pre-IPO advertising expenditures cannot significantly reduce IPO underpricing levels in bull markets; and (4) pre-IPO advertising expenditures can significantly reduce IPO underpricing levels in bear and correction markets; and (5) pre-IPO innovation activities significantly increase IPO underpricing levels in bull, bear and correction markets.

Recently, there has been considerable concern with determining underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). This study utilizes both OLS and quantile regression model to examine whether pre-listing marketing expenditure reduce IPO underpricing using China A-share IPOs data. Our OLS result shows that firm¡¥s marketing expenditure could reduce IPO underpricing significantly that was consist with Luo¡¥s (2008) finding who investigate US IPOs market. With regard to quantile regression results, we find that pre-listing IPO marketing expenditures are significantly associated with lower underpricing for lower-underpricing stocks but with no significant effects for median-, and higher-underpricing stocks. We infer that: for lower-underpricing stocks, the risk premium investors require would be lowered because pre-listing marketing expenditures can help for raising transparency of the firm.

This paper examines the role of investment banks in initial public offerings. More specifically, we uncover whether or not bulge bracket banks, on average, more or less underprice IPOs than non-bulge bracket counterparts. Three different models are utilized to uncover the determinants of underpricing, with an emphasis on deal mechanics and quantitative measures of the going public firm.

Who would not like a profit of more then 95 % in a day? Investors in Sweden had thatopportunity, if they had bought a certain stock on the primary market and sold it on the firsttradable day at the Stock Exchange. Most of that profit fell into the hands of institutionalinvestors. The reason for this extraordinary profit was the underpricing of that specific stockduring its initial public offering (IPO).Our report aims to analyze the relationship between offer price, underpricing and theownership structure of stocks. Our investigation is based on all IPO’s on the Stockholm stockexchange during the years between 2000 and 2005. Through our analysis we have found factssaying that companies can determine their ownership structure by setting their introductionprice high or low. A high offer price will have more institutional investors than if the price islow. On the other hand the high offer price will also create a greater underpricing which leadsto a higher initial return and greater transformation of wealth between old and new shareholders. / Vilken investerare skulle tacka nej till en positiv avkastning motsvarande drygt 95 % under enbörsdag? Den möjligheten fanns för investerare som köpte aktier i ”nya” bolag och såldedensamma under introduktionsdagen på Stockholmsbörsen. Underprissättningen av aktier iSverige är normalt inte så stor, men trots det kan vinster göras genom investeringar i företagsom kommer att introduceras på börsen. Mellan åren 2000 och 2005 noterades 116 nya bolagpå Stockholmsbörsen. Av dessa nya bolag var 30 stycken faktiska börsintroduktioner, vilkadärmed ingår i undersökningen. Bland de introducerade bolagen var den genomsnittligainitiala avkastningen + 3,43 %. Skillnaden mellan aktien med högst och den med lägst initialavkastning var under perioden 165,38 procentenheter och introduktionskursen varierademellan 7,50 och 161 kronor per aktie.Undersökningen fokuserar på sambandet mellan introduktionskurs och underprissättningkopplat till ägarstruktur vid börsintroducerande företag och de efterföljande arton månadernaefter introduktion. Syftet är att analysera dels introduktionskursens påverkan påintroduktionsrabatt och ägarstruktur, och dels samband mellan ägarstruktur ochunderprissättning vid börsintroduktion. Genom att undersöka samtliga börsintroduktioner påStockholmsbörsen mellan åren 2000 och 2005 har undersökningen skapat en bild av dessasamband. Då ingen tidigare känd studie undersökt hur introduktionskurs och underprissättningpåverkar ägarstrukturen vid en börsintroduktion samt tiden därefter, anser vi därför dennauppsats vara unik.Vi har med vår undersökning kommit fram till att det finns ett samband mellanintroduktionskurs, underprissättning och andelen institutionellt ägande. Debörsintroducerande företagen kan påverka ägarstrukturen och därmed också påverka hur storandel av den välfärdsöverföring som uppstår vid en börsintroduktion som skall fördelas tillprivata investerare respektive institutionella ägare. Vår undersökning visar att ägarstrukturenpåverkas i första hand genom det pris som fastställts på primärmarknaden. Vi förklararsambandet mellan introduktionskurs och ägarstruktur med att en hög introduktionskurs ger enrelativt hög andel institutionellt ägande. Vår undersökning visar även att samma antagandenger en hög introduktionsrabatt.