Objectif : La mortalité précoce chez la population psychiatrique, notamment atteinte de schizophrénie, est un phénomène fort étayé dans la littérature médicale et l’exposition aux antipsychotiques a été postulée pour expliquer, en partie, celle-ci. À notre connaissance, aucune étude ne s’est intéressée à la mortalité précoce auprès des utilisateurs de clozapine. L’objectif de cette étude est l’exploration des causes spécifiques de la mortalité précoce chez ceux-ci, dont la mortalité subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée, et de leurs caractéristiques au moment du décès. Méthodologie : Le devis est de type non expérimental, rétrospectif et descriptif par séries de cas. La population à l’étude est constituée de sujets âgés entre 18 et 64 ans utilisateurs de clozapine au moment du décès. Des variables sociodémographiques, psychiatriques, médicales, pharmacologiques et en lien avec la cause, l’origine et les circonstances du décès, incluant l’autopsie, ont été analysées. Résultats : L’échantillon est composé de 100 sujets pour lesquels 67 ont fait l’objet d’une autopsie. L’âge moyen au moment du décès est de 47,4 ans (écart-type de 9,1 ans). La principale cause de mortalité est la mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée (n = 63; 63,0%). Si une origine naturelle est déterminée, elle est d’abord pulmonaire (n = 11; 37,9%), principalement en lien avec la pneumonie (n = 8; 72,7%). Une association significative entre la mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée, et le diagnostic de schizophrénie (valeur-p = 0,022), la dyslipidémie (valeur-p = 0,003) et la plage horaire de la survenue du décès (valeur-p = 0,020) est observée. La majorité, s’élevant à 53,5%, des individus décédés d’une mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée, dont la nature indéterminée est confirmée par l’autopsie, survient la nuit. Conclusion : La mort subite, inattendue et d’origine indéterminée est la principale cause de mortalité auprès des utilisateurs de clozapine. Elle est associée au diagnostic de schizophrénie et à la plage horaire de la survenue du décès, dont la prépondérance s’avère nocturne, à l’instar de la mort subite chez les épileptiques, appelée Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Déclaration d’intérêt : Aucun. / Objective: Early mortality is associated to psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia. Antipsychotics may explain, at least partly, this phenomenon. To our knowledge, there is no literature regarding early mortality among clozapine users. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of early mortality among these individuals, including sudden, unexpected, and undetermined death, and their related characteristics. Methodology: This study is a non-experimental, retrospective and descriptive case series. The population is aged from 18 to 64 years old and used clozapine at the time of their death. Sociodemographic, psychiatric, medical, pharmacological variables and others related to the cause, origin and circumstances of the death, including autopsy, were analyzed. Results: The sample size is 100 participants. Of these, 67 were autopsied. The mean age at the time of death is 47,4 years (+/- 9,1 years). The leading cause of death is sudden, unexpected death of undetermined origin (n = 63, 63,0%). If a natural origin is determined, it is primarily related to a pulmonary disorder (n = 11; 37,9%), mainly pneumonia (n = 8, 72,7%). A significant association between sudden, unexpected, and undetermined death, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia (p-value = 0,022), dyslipidemia (p-value = 0,003), and time slot of occurrence of death (p-value = 0,020) is observed. Fifty-three percent of patients with sudden unexpected death of undetermined origin, meaning a medical cause could not be identified following an autopsy, died during their sleep or at night. Conclusion: Sudden, unexpected and undetermined death is the leading cause of death among clozapine users. It is associated with schizophrenia and the time slot of the occurrence of death, whose preponderance is nocturnal, as Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is. Declaration of interest: None.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcial.pdf: 622255 bytes, checksum: f2862dc6d12d4138991d900aec9aa63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-04 / The objective of this PhD thesis is the defense of the application of the constitutional principle of solidarity (art. 3°, clause I, Federal Constitution) within family law. This assignment consists of an introduction (Chapter I), in which the course to be followed is carefully laid out. Chapter II consists of a philosophical investigation pursuing the origins of the instinct of solidarity. Aristotle and his ideas of justice and friendship, which are strongly connected to charity, was taken as a starting point. From there on, only the thoughts of the most important philosophers who dealt with these three matters were included, We end with the study of utopian socialists and the development of charity and solidarity as a duty, and thus forensic institution. In chapter III juridical solidarity and its most significant representations are approached, Next, in chapter IV, principles, general clauses, undetermined legal concepts were studied, as a means to best pinpoint the juridical nature of the principles underlying this study. A brief incursion in the subject of human rights, which bears a close relation to the scope of this thesis, was also made. Next, chapter V analyses the principle of solidarity in some of the most important constitutions in force, leading in chapter VI to the approach of the same principle in the Brazilian constitution. As an absolutely logical following, family regulations in the Brazilian, and in the main foreign constitutions were studied. From there, in chapter VIII, the inferior to the constitution legislation, the Civil Code in force were considered, tackling the questions related to the included or missing principles. The study is terminated with a brief conclusion from which the thesis here defended is drawn succinctly and objectively / Esta tese de doutorado tem por objeto a defesa da aplicação do princípio constitucional da solidariedade (art. 3º, inciso I, Constituição Federal) no Direito de Família. O trabalho é composto de uma introdução (capítulo I), na qual minuciosamente se declara o percurso que será seguido. Em seguida, capítulo II, é realizada uma pesquisa de natureza filosófica, buscando as origens do instituto da solidariedade. Partiu-se de Aristóteles e de sua idéia de justiça e amizade, que se entrelaçam com a caridade. A partir daí, o trabalho foi trazendo o pensamento apenas dos mais importantes filósofos que trataram dos três assuntos. Concluiuse com o estudo de socialistas utópicos e o desdobramento da caridade em solidariedade como dever, e, portanto, instituto jurídico. No capítulo III, é abordado o solidarismo jurídico e seus mais significativos representantes. A seguir, no capítulo IV, estudaram-se princípios, cláusulas gerais, conceitos legais indeterminados, como meio de melhor se localizar a natureza jurídica do princípio objeto deste trabalho. Fez-se, também, uma breve incursão pelo tema dos direitos humanos, que guarda absoluta relação com o escopo desta tese. Em continuidade, capítulo V, analisou-se o princípio da solidariedade em algumas das mais importantes constituições em vigor, para juntar no capítulo VI com a abordagem do mesmo princípio na constituição brasileira. Como decorrência absolutamente lógica do caminho, enveredou-se pelo regramento da família nas principais constituições estrangeiras e nas brasileiras. A partir daí, capítulo VIII, desceu-se à legislação infraconstitucional, o Código Civil vigente, abordando os pontos relativos ao princípio ali constantes ou faltantes. O trabalho é encerrado com breve conclusão, na qual é deduzida de forma sucinta e objetiva a tese defendida (capítulo IX)

La question de la mesure du pouvoir du juge s’impose lorsqu’on souhaite comparer l’étendue des pouvoirs du juge dans différents ordres juridiques donnés. Or force est de constater que les pouvoirs du juge sont appréhendés sous diverses notions dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux : il est fait tour à tour référence au pouvoir souverain d’appréciation du juge du fond, au pouvoir facultatif du juge, à son pouvoir modérateur, discrétionnaire, arbitraire. Toute la difficulté de la comparaison réside dans l’absence d’un instrument de mesure uniforme. A l’échelle supranationale, le terme anglais « Judicial discretion » constitue souvent le point de départ de discussions et d’analyses comparatives sur les pouvoirs du juge. Cette notion à forte coloration doctrinale sert de critère de mesure de l’ampleur des pouvoirs du juge dans les systèmes juridiques respectifs. On entend par pouvoir discrétionnaire le pouvoir donné au juge de choisir entre deux ou plusieurs décisions également conformes à la légalité. Le critère du libre choix est au cœur de la notion du pouvoir discrétionnaire du juge. Le pouvoir discrétionnaire constitue ainsi la forme la plus libre du pouvoir exercé par le juge. Bien qu’elle fasse office de dénominateur commun, la notion de pouvoir discrétionnaire est diversement entendue en droits français et allemand. Il en va ainsi en particulier à propos des notions-cadre et standards : ces derniers confèrent-ils au juge un pouvoir discrétionnaire ? Les réponses divergent d’un système à l’autre, ce qui a un impact sur l’image qu’on se fait des pouvoirs du juge. Une fois ces malentendus dissipés, reste à déterminer la part faite à ce pouvoir dans les suites de l’inexécution du contrat : exécution forcée en nature, délai d’exécution et révision, résolution. / How to measure a judge’s power? This question is necessary, when it comes to comparing the extent of the powers of a judge in various given jurisdictions. It has tobe noted, that the powers of a judge are gathered under diverse notions in national legal systems: successively, references are made to the sovereign judicial authority of the judge, the unfettered discretion of the lower courts, the authority to modify the legal situation, the discretionary power, the arbitrary power. The challenge in the comparison lies in the absence of a uniform measuring tool. On a supranational level,the English term“Judicial discretion”is very frequently the starting point for discussions and comparative analyses regarding the judge’s power. This notion serves as criteria to measure the extent of the judge’s powers in the respective legal systems. Discretionary power means the power given to the judge to choose between different decisions that are all conformable to law. The criterion of freedom of choice is in the center of the judge’s discretionary power. The discretionary power is the most powerful authority of the judge. It is common sense that the judge has a discretionarypower but the meaning of this term is differently interpretated by the national law,especially by the German and French law systems. This applies especially to the standards provisions or“open-textured”provisions : do they grant the judge a discretionary power? The answers vary from one system to the other, which has an impact on the image one has on the judge’s powers. Once these misunderstandings are dispelled, it remains to determine the proportion this power has in the consequences of the non-performance of contract: specific performance, delay inexecution, revision and termination.

Maters thesis People with undetermined citizenship the case of Estonia , describes the situation of the group of people who has no citizenship. The status of those people is described by chronological analysis of Estonian law and analysis of their socioeconomic position. They came to Estonia after the Second World War from different republics of USSR. When Estonian independence was renewed they had to adapt at new living conditions. Some of them are not successful. They did not get the automatic right to get Estonian citizenship. In Estonian law the main principal is the principal of state continuity. It means that immigrants have to naturalize. They have to pass the exam of the state language and fulfill the requirements concerning the permanent residence permit. Estonian law gives people with undetermined citizenship almost the same rights as to Estonian citizens the exceptions are active and passive right to vote to Parliament and the right to be elected to local councils. From 2006 there is even the advantage for them because they can travel to Russia without visa. They are not discriminated economically the problem is mostly in the indirect impact of division of Soviet time society. People with undetermined citizenship usually cannot speak well Estonian. It makes it difficult to find a good...