Esta dissertação tem como tema o “desemprego oculto pelo desalento", procurando, a partir da análise das histórias de trabalho de pessoas que experimentaram a situação de desemprego por desalento, refletir sobre questões ligadas à cultura do trabalho, à cultura do emprego e ao enraizamento. O trabalho tem como ponto de partida uma breve reflexão sobre as diferentes maneiras de medir o desemprego e segue apresentando e analisando sete trajetórias de trabalho – um homem adulto, duas mulheres adultas e quatro jovens. A análise das trajetórias permite recolher vários elementos que iluminam os valores e as práticas associadas às culturas do trabalho e do emprego, bem como ensinam sobre os limites e as possibilidades de reinvenção das relações com o trabalho quando se tem como referência a vida cotidiana dos indivíduos. Finalmente, conclui-se que o desemprego por desalento pode estar significando sociologicamente a dificuldade experimentada pelos indivíduos para interpretar, na esfera privada, o significado e o sentido das rápidas mudanças que têm lugar no mundo do trabalho. / This dissertation deals with the universe of the “discouraged unemployed", reflecting on the issue of a “culture of work", a “culture of employment" and the question of embededness. The exposition begins with a brief consideration about the different ways of measuring the phenomenon of unemployment and follows on introducing seven histories of work – an adult male, two adult female and four young people. The examination of these histories allows us to collect several elements which serve to illuminate the values and practices that are related to work and employment cultures. Also, they can instruct us about the limits and the possibilities that are given at the present time for us to reinvent the terms with regard to work, having as reference individual’s everyday life. At last, we come to the conclusion that “discouraged unemployed" can mean, in sociological terms, the uneasy experience of understanding – within the private sphere – the sense of all those fast changes that are happening on labor’s world.

Esta dissertação tem como tema o “desemprego oculto pelo desalento”, procurando, a partir da análise das histórias de trabalho de pessoas que experimentaram a situação de desemprego por desalento, refletir sobre questões ligadas à cultura do trabalho, à cultura do emprego e ao enraizamento. O trabalho tem como ponto de partida uma breve reflexão sobre as diferentes maneiras de medir o desemprego e segue apresentando e analisando sete trajetórias de trabalho – um homem adulto, duas mulheres adultas e quatro jovens. A análise das trajetórias permite recolher vários elementos que iluminam os valores e as práticas associadas às culturas do trabalho e do emprego, bem como ensinam sobre os limites e as possibilidades de reinvenção das relações com o trabalho quando se tem como referência a vida cotidiana dos indivíduos. Finalmente, conclui-se que o desemprego por desalento pode estar significando sociologicamente a dificuldade experimentada pelos indivíduos para interpretar, na esfera privada, o significado e o sentido das rápidas mudanças que têm lugar no mundo do trabalho. / This dissertation deals with the universe of the “discouraged unemployed”, reflecting on the issue of a “culture of work”, a “culture of employment” and the question of embededness. The exposition begins with a brief consideration about the different ways of measuring the phenomenon of unemployment and follows on introducing seven histories of work – an adult male, two adult female and four young people. The examination of these histories allows us to collect several elements which serve to illuminate the values and practices that are related to work and employment cultures. Also, they can instruct us about the limits and the possibilities that are given at the present time for us to reinvent the terms with regard to work, having as reference individual’s everyday life. At last, we come to the conclusion that “discouraged unemployed” can mean, in sociological terms, the uneasy experience of understanding – within the private sphere – the sense of all those fast changes that are happening on labor’s world.

Esta tese trata da relação entre o sindicalismo e os desempregados no Brasil e na Argentina no período de 1990 a 2002. Foram consideradas na análise as duas centrais sindicais mais importantes de cada país: a Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) e a Força Sindical (FS), no caso brasileiro; a Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) e a Central de los Trabajadores de la Argentina (CTA), no caso argentino. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com base em documentos de fonte primária e 48 entrevistas com sindicalistas e militantes de organizações de desempregados dos dois países. O marco teórico adotado foi baseado fundamentalmente na teoria da superpopulação relativa criada por Engels e desenvolvida por Marx. Ademais, foram incorporadas as contribuições de autores contemporâneos da sociologia francesa, com a qual se discutiu a noção de construção social do desemprego e os limites da mobilização dos desempregados. Por último, a partir de Gramsci e da História Social britânica foram fundamentados os conceitos de experiências e tradições de luta. O argumento central da tese é de que a relação entre o sindicalismo e os desempregados deve ser compreendida como parte do processo de construção de unidade e fratura entre o exército de operários ativo e de reserva, presente na formação histórico-cultural da classe trabalhadora. A partir das referências teóricas mencionadas, foram comparadas as ações e representações das centrais pesquisadas nos dois países com relação aos desempregados, relacionando-as à correlação de forças, à estrutura sindical, aos interesses da base e da cúpula, à posição adotada diante do neoliberalismo, e às experiências e tradições de luta da classe trabalhadora. / This thesis deals with the relationship between the trade unionism and the unemployed workers in Brazil and in Argentina in the period between 1990 and 2002. It was considered in the analysis the two most important unions of each country: the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) and Força Sindical (FS), in the Brazilian case; the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) and the Central de los Trabajadores de la Argentina (CTA), in the Argentinean case. The research was based in primary source documents and 48 interviews with trade unionists and militants of unemployed organizations of the two countries. The adopted theoretical mark was based fundamentally in the theory of the relative overpopulation created by Engels and developed by Marx. Besides, contemporary contributions of the French Sociology were incorporated, with which was discussed the notion of social construction of the unemployment and the limits of the unemployed mobilization. Last, the concepts of experiences and fight traditions were based in Gramsci and the British Social History. The central argument of the thesis is that the relationship between the trade unionism and the unemployed workers should be understood as part of the unity construction process and fracture between the active army of labour and the reserve army of labour, present in the historical-cultural making of the working class. From the mentioned theoretical references, this thesis searches to compare the actions and representations of the researched unions in the two countries concerning to the unemployed workers, relating them to the correlation forces, the unionism structure, the cupola and the base interests, the adopted position in relation to the neoliberalism, and the experiences and fight traditions of the working class.

Abstract The aim in this dissertation is to investigate into the working of the rehabilitation process as to actors involved. A specific focus has been set on the component “Work introduction”. The study shows that the road back to work is a complex matter. Individuals involved have different backgrounds and living situations, which influence this rehabilitation. The empirical basis of the study is built on interviews of four employees and two earlier unemployed persons. The statements of the informants were analyzed through the two concepts: Activation and empowerment. The interviews revealed that the authorities were not entirely content with program “Work introduction”, since the cooperation lacked a coherent view on the common tasks. In some cases the result is that clients fall between the authorities. A main problem of their cooperation nails down to that the authorities apply different definitions. An insight of this study is that 50% get a job and 50% goes back to social insurance office after they had been passing through the program “Work introduction”. This asks for a more differentiated view on clients.     Key words: unemployed, sick insurance, rehabilitation, work introduction

La tesi si inserisce nell'ambito dell'animato dibattito politico e scientifico in merito alle misure volte a supportare i soggetti più deboli nel processo di inclusione socio-lavorativa. Al centro della riflessione si situano i cambiamenti che hanno caratterizzato il mercato del lavoro negli ultimi trent'anni e le politiche di welfare sviluppate a livello nazionale e comunitario per rispondere ai nuovi rischi e bisogni dei cittadini. In particolare, si approfondiscono le politiche del mercato del lavoro, cioè tutte quelle misure e quei servizi finalizzati a supportare i lavoratori in difficoltà occupazionale. La lettura proposta è volta a comprendere il significato delle azioni di politica del lavoro, alla luce dei cambiamenti introdotti dalle riforme degli ultimi anni. Si parla oggi di politiche attive del lavoro, di occupabilità, di responsabilizzazione degli individui, di personalizzazione degli interventi e, sul fronte degli attori che governano e gestiscono il sistema, di concertazione e di sinergia pubblico-privato. Nella seconda parte della tesi sono proposti due studi di caso, il modello lombardo e il modello danese di politiche del lavoro, che presentano logiche di intervento e orientamenti differenti, pur in presenza di situazioni occupazionali simili, caratterizzate da ridotti problemi di disoccupazione e da elevati tassi di partecipazione al mercato del lavoro. / The thesis is positioned within the political and scientific debate regarding the measures aimed to support the vulnerable people in the social and employment integration process. The study in depth concerns the changes of the labour market of the last thirty years and the welfare policies developed on national and European level to meet new citizens requirements. In particular, the thesis is focused on the labour market policies, which include measures and services supporting people with employment difficulties. The analysis concerns the new trends in labour market policies, the Italian model, the actors who govern the system and the types of measures (vocational guidance, vocational training, employment services, etc). The second part of thesis explores two cases, Lombardy and Denmark labour market policies models, with the analysis of different labour market problems and the various strategies to improve social cohesion and integration for disadvantaged people.

This study deals with the consequences for household economy in connection with unemployment. Various mechanisms that influence the relationship between unemployment and the reception of supplementary benefits are described and analyzed. The labour market, the social insurance system and the adjustment strategies of families are fields of particular interest to this study. The economic systems of support that have developed are dominated by the unemployment insurance. Those, whose unemployment benefits have ceased or who for some other reason are not covered by the insurance, have to resort to supplementary benefits. The differences in level between working, receiving unemployment benefits or supplementary benefits can be described in terms of a scale of income. The aspect of the scale varies strongly between different types of families. The empirical point of reference for this dissertation is the close-down of a pulp industry (Ncb in Köpmanholmen 130 km south of Umeå in the north of Sweden). The development of those made redundant has been studied with regard to reception of supplementary benefits, income and adjustment strategies. Data about income and supplementary benefits were collected from registers at the local tax charge office and the local administration of social services. 83 out of 444 households were interviewed about adjustment strategies. The close-down in question proved to be exceptional in many aspects. The expected "social catastrophe" never occured due to the economic upswing, raised unemployment benefits and ambitious labour market policy efforts, among other things. Only a very small minority of those made redundant have received supplementary benefits after the close-down. This has been the case although many of those made redundant have been removed from the open labour market with a subsequent lowering of their income level. Amongst those made redundant many different patterns of adjustment havè been observed. It appears that those who lack work after a couple of years after the close-down are often characterized by passivity, whereas those who have been employed are often characterized by activity. Finally the variation in patterns of adjustment can be seen as a social policy problem. Judging from the results a combination of the institutional and marginal social policy strategies would be desirable. Reform schemes can be suggested that are based on a wish to supplement the preventive and institutional social policy with selective features where the adjustment strategies of families should provide an important resource potential. / digitalisering@umu

Magistro darbe nagrinėjami ilgalaikių bedarbių integravimo į darbo rinką aspektai, iš kurių pagrindinis – ilgalaikių bedarbių integravimas per aktyvias darbo rinkos politikos priemones. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami teoriniai darbo rinkos aspektai: darbo rinkos sampratos ir jos mechanizmo interpretacijos, taip pat daug dėmesio skiriama nedarbui ir jo rodikliams aptarti, analizuojamos nedarbo struktūrinės dalys ir tipai. Kiek plačiau nei kiti skyriai yra išanalizuotos ilgalaikio nedarbo ir ilgalaikių bedarbių sąvokos, šių reiškinių priežastys bei nedarbo mažinimo būdai, kur nukreipimas i aktyvias darbo rinkos priemones – esminis. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pateikiama ilgalaikio nedarbo analizė Klaipėdos apskrityje trimis koncentrais: pirmajame analizuojama ilgalaikių bedarbių dalyvavimo aktyviose darbo rinkos politikos priemonėse dinamika 2005 - 2007m. Apskaičiuoti kitimo ir pokyčio tempai, įvertinti ilgalaikio nedarbo socialiniai nuostoliai. Antrasis analizės koncentras yra plačiausias, nes čia pateikiama giluminė kiekvienos aktyvios darbo rinkos politikos priemonės analizė nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu: pagrindinis analizės komponentas – pokyčio įvertinimas ilgalaikių bedarbių dalyvavimo priemonėje požiūriu ir dviejų grupių – visų papildomai remiamų bedarbių ir ilgalaikių bedarbių – palyginimas apskrityje. Galiausiai pateikiami apibendrinti sociologinio tyrimo, kuris buvo atliktas Klaipėdos ir Palangos teritorinėse darbo biržose, rezultatai. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje kalbama apie... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work is about integration of long term unemployed persons back to the job market using various job market measures. It consist out of three main parts. The first part talks about the theory of jobs market and it‘s components, how they relates to and affects each other. Significant attention is allotted to unemployment and it‘s indicators, structural parts and types. The emphasis is put on long term unemployment explaining those terms, reasons why it exists and what are the ways of reducing it using various active job market measures. In the second part analysis of long term unemployment in Klaipeda region is done in three major aspects: how long term unemployed persons participate in various programs of reducing unemployment in 2005-2007. Second aspect is the most detailed because it talks about each active job market mean in details, about how it changes. Comparison between all and long term unemployment is done. Last chapter summarizes the results of survey made in labour exchange of Klaip da and Palanga. Third part talks about directions of reducing long term unemployment and measures which are used at national, private and non-governmental levels. The work done confirms the hypothesis that long term unemployment is stipulated by objective and subjective reasons, that integration of long term unemployed persons back to the job market can be effectively done by using active jobs market means.

Thesis (M.S.W.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-147). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008. / A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, Social Justice Social Change Research Centre, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.

Thesis (M. W. S.) --Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1997. / Restricted until November 1998. Bibliography: leaves 135-147.