Zugl.: Erlangen, Nürnberg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [327]-339) and index.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral), Universität Frankfurt am Main, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 13-30).

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-143). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 472-499).

Zugl.: München, Universiẗat der Bundeswehr, Diss., 2004.

- / The United European legislation, as a result among other things, unified the markets. Products now circulate, freely, among the member states. This development allows the consumer who lives in one part of the world to be informed, to research and to buy products from other parts of the world. However, reservations have been observed, because of the different legislations among countries. Businesses take advantage of the situation and aspire to increase there capital and strengthen their superiority by adjusting prices (through the web or their stores) to their consumers, and different unfair commercial practices that don’t benefit the consumer. To face this situation the European Union (E.U) has set the goal of harmonization of laws in the area of protecting the consumer of illegal actions by businesses and in long term goals to simplify trading among borders. The laws of the E.U for protecting the economic benefits of the consumer from illegal trading practices, were until recently, sketchy, for example sect oral instructions 84/450/E.U for deceptive advertising, the instructions 97/55/E.U for comparative advertising (which therefore were coded by the instructions 2006/114/E.U and other detailed instructions. In May of 2005, the European Parliament voted in favor of the law 2005/29/E.C, with the object of protecting consumers of illegal trading practices by businesses. These directive are said to contribute to regulations, on the side of the businesses to activate boundry marketing and promote their sales on the other hand, it will help consumers approach overboundry buying with more trust with the result of assured and safe trade. It involves directive frameworks, fully harmonized which means that member-countries, will not have the power to preserve or introduce new strict regulations, but will restrict regulations of the directives.

1 Abstract The crime of breach of regulations on rules of economic competition This thesis deals with the crime of breach of regulations on rules of economic competition under section 248 of the Criminal Code. This section consists of four separated crimes, where the author focuses only on the crime of unfair competition and the crime of conclusion of cartel agreement. In the first chapter the author concisely describes the historical background which is notable especially for legislation from period of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The author considers its significance mainly since the then Unfair Competition Act has been a source for the current provisions on unfair competition in the Civil Code. Moreover, the author intended to point out a very different rationale and approach to cartels under the then Act on Cartels in comparison with contemporary legal situation. After a general description of the elements of the crime in question in sense of systematic classification and introduction of its main issues the author presents two criminal law principles, i.e. subsidiarity of prosecution in criminal law and requirement of nullum crimen sine lege certa. The author examines both crimes in the light of these two principles throughout his whole thesis. In the third chapter the author inquires into legal...

xvi, 411 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation research takes an ethnographic perspective on competing notions of "fairness" in the first vertically-integrated garment production chain in the world that is certified as fair trade. In sharp contrast to the straightforward images of social justice that are so common on the consumer end of fair trade, the dissertation demonstrates that relations of fair trade production, distribution, and consumption are complicated by ideological disjunctures, by different experiences of work and labor, by unequal access to capital and political opportunity, by asymmetrical power, and ultimately by disparate concepts of economic justice. Organized as a commodity chain analysis, this dissertation is based on sixteen months of multi-sited, ethnographic research in Nicaragua, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), with four separate fair trade organizations: a faith-based NGO from North Carolina called the Center for Sustainable Development, a well-known Michigan-based fair trade retailer called Clean Clothes Organics, and two Nicaraguan producer organizations, including a women's industrial sewing cooperative (The Fair Trade Zone, which is the first worker-owned organization in the world to gain free trade zone customs certification), and an industrial cotton spinning plant called Genesis. The research shows that, from the standpoint of production and distribution, conflicts frequently emerge over the terms, conditions, and meanings of labor, business contracts, extra-contractual relations, participation in decision-making, and the definition of roles. Producers, moreover, often have no alternative but to accept the terms of more powerful groups under duress of poverty. Theoretically speaking, this dissertation contributes to an understanding of alternative economic formations, including fair trade and cooperatives. In this vein, I argue that the idea of fair trade as an "alternative" to conventional trade is a problematic rhetorical move that tends to obscure the fact that all aspects of trade--production, distribution, and consumption--are not only inherently political, they are also riven with the complications of mediating between disparate cultural meanings, social positionalities, and political, economic, and social inequality. I recommend revisioning the relationship between the economy, the state, and various spheres of society in light of the insights of substantivist economics, feminist political economy, and ethnography. / Committee in charge: Lynn Stephen, Chairperson, Anthropology; Philip Scher, Member, Anthropology; Aletta Biersack, Member, Anthropology; Lise Nelson, Outside Member, Geography

O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que a responsabilidade civil aquiliana, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, tem como pressuposto fundamental a causação de dano injusto. Esse objetivo justifica-se porque existem posições doutrinárias, conhecidas como direito de danos, que defendem a desnecessidade do dano injusto para que seja deflagrada a estrutura de responsabilização civil. Analisam-se, para tanto, a estrutura e a finalidade da responsabilidade civil, bem como o seu enquadramento no sistema jurídico brasileiro. / The aim of this dissertation is to show that the non-contractual civil liability in the Brazilian legal order has as a fundamental presupposition the causation of the unfair damage. This aim is justifiable because there are doctrinaire opinion, known as damage law, that advocate the unnecessariness of the unfair damage to be triggered the structure of civil liability. It analyzes, therefore, the structure and the goal of the civil liability, as well as its fitting into the Brazilian legal system.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 831347 bytes, checksum: 813665eb658f12f32b26933a2a0c2799 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work approaches two topics related to income distribution. First, we measure the level of justice associated to income distribution in Latin American countries. The analysis is based on the calculation of the unfair inequality before and after taxing. The results showed that the taxing system in such countries does not have any impact on the level of distributive justice. In this context, we highlight Brazil and Colombia. Secondly, we look into the persistence of poverty in Brazilian states. The empirical analysis is carried out in order to avoid bias related to the presence of outliers and the fallacy of Galton. Results showed that, contrary to what is currently exposed, the persistence level of poverty in Brazil is high. / Esta dissertação aborda dois temas relacionados à distribuição de renda. Estes temas apresentam-se em dois ensaios. No primeiro mensura-se o nível de justiça associado ao sistema de redistribuição de renda dos países latino americanos. A análise se baseia no cálculo da desigualdade injusta pré e pós taxação. Os resultados indicaram que o sistema de tributação desses países não possui impacto sobre o nível de justiça distributiva. Neste contexto, destacam-se, negativamente, Brasil e Colômbia. O segundo ensaio aborda a persistência da pobreza nos Estados brasileiros. A análise empírica é conduzida de forma a evitar vieses relacionados à presença de outliers e de falácia de Galton. Os resultados demonstram que, ao contrário do que postula a literatura atual, o nível de persistência da pobreza brasileira é elevado.