A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o papel desempenhado pela Constituição na construção de uma ordem pós-guerra civil em Angola, fundamentalmente no que diz respeito ao modelo de Estado e à distribuição do poder político. A pergunta que norteou a pesquisa foi sobre que bases a lógica do exercício do poder deveria se pautar em uma nova ordem social, de modo a garantir a estabilidade política no contexto de pós-guerra? A análise partiu do pressuposto que a Constituição foi construída para transformar o conflito e consolidar uma nova etapa na história angolana, consolidando o modelo de distribuição do poder estatal e, sobretudo, um projeto de Estado para o pós-guerra. Em virtude disso, os agentes políticos buscaram cristalizar pontos específicos na Lei Magna e institucionalizar seus interesses pela via constitucional. Para a feitura da pesquisa empreendemos uma análise do processo de negociação constitucional entre UNITA e MPLA durante o período de 1998 ano da criação da Comissão Constitucional a 2010 ano de promulgação da nova Constituição. A hipótese de trabalho aventada é que o MPLA procurou aprovar uma Constituição com forte pendor presidencialista e concentração do poder do Estado no Presidente da República. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise documental, enriquecida com entrevistas e análise de material de imprensa. Por meio dessa pesquisa, observou-se a ocorrência de um processo histórico de concentração do poder do Estado no Presidente da República não só em Angola, mas em diversos países africanos, e a existência de diferentes projetos de Estado pelos partidos políticos, de acordo com suas trajetórias e posições nas disputas políticas. Adicionalmente, apontou-se que o MPLA procurou configurar uma transição constitucional negociada e que isso não foi possível porque a direção da UNITA apresentou caráter heterogêneo, que ora facilitou ora bloqueou a consecução desse fim. / The aim of this research is to investigate the role played by the Constitution in the construction of a post-civil war order in Angola, mainly with respect to the nature of the State and to the distribution of political power. The research question was on what basis the logic guiding the exercise of power should be grounded, in order to guarantee the political stability in the post-war context? The analysis is based in the assumption that the Constitution was forged to transform conflict and to consolidate a new era in Angolan history, cementing the chosen model of State power distribution and, mainly, a project of State to the post-war. Because of this, the political agents sought to crystalize particular points and to institutionalize their interests in the Constitution. We analyze the process of constitutional negotiation between UNITA and MPLA during the period of 1998 when the Constitutional Commission is created to 2010 year of enactment of the new Constitution. The hypothesis is that the MPLA sought to approve a presidential Constitution with high concentration of State power in the President of the Republic. The methodology involved documental analysis, refined with interviews and press documents. Through this research, we observed the occurrence of a historical process of concentration of State power in the President of the Republic in Angola and many other African countries, and the existence of different projects of State in Angola, in accordance to the trajectories and positions of each political party in the political disputes. Additionally, we pointed that the MPLA sought to configure a constitutional transition transactioned, what was not possible because the direction of UNITA was very heterogeneous, sometimes facilitating and sometimes blocking this aim.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o papel desempenhado pela Constituição na construção de uma ordem pós-guerra civil em Angola, fundamentalmente no que diz respeito ao modelo de Estado e à distribuição do poder político. A pergunta que norteou a pesquisa foi sobre que bases a lógica do exercício do poder deveria se pautar em uma nova ordem social, de modo a garantir a estabilidade política no contexto de pós-guerra? A análise partiu do pressuposto que a Constituição foi construída para transformar o conflito e consolidar uma nova etapa na história angolana, consolidando o modelo de distribuição do poder estatal e, sobretudo, um projeto de Estado para o pós-guerra. Em virtude disso, os agentes políticos buscaram cristalizar pontos específicos na Lei Magna e institucionalizar seus interesses pela via constitucional. Para a feitura da pesquisa empreendemos uma análise do processo de negociação constitucional entre UNITA e MPLA durante o período de 1998 ano da criação da Comissão Constitucional a 2010 ano de promulgação da nova Constituição. A hipótese de trabalho aventada é que o MPLA procurou aprovar uma Constituição com forte pendor presidencialista e concentração do poder do Estado no Presidente da República. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise documental, enriquecida com entrevistas e análise de material de imprensa. Por meio dessa pesquisa, observou-se a ocorrência de um processo histórico de concentração do poder do Estado no Presidente da República não só em Angola, mas em diversos países africanos, e a existência de diferentes projetos de Estado pelos partidos políticos, de acordo com suas trajetórias e posições nas disputas políticas. Adicionalmente, apontou-se que o MPLA procurou configurar uma transição constitucional negociada e que isso não foi possível porque a direção da UNITA apresentou caráter heterogêneo, que ora facilitou ora bloqueou a consecução desse fim. / The aim of this research is to investigate the role played by the Constitution in the construction of a post-civil war order in Angola, mainly with respect to the nature of the State and to the distribution of political power. The research question was on what basis the logic guiding the exercise of power should be grounded, in order to guarantee the political stability in the post-war context? The analysis is based in the assumption that the Constitution was forged to transform conflict and to consolidate a new era in Angolan history, cementing the chosen model of State power distribution and, mainly, a project of State to the post-war. Because of this, the political agents sought to crystalize particular points and to institutionalize their interests in the Constitution. We analyze the process of constitutional negotiation between UNITA and MPLA during the period of 1998 when the Constitutional Commission is created to 2010 year of enactment of the new Constitution. The hypothesis is that the MPLA sought to approve a presidential Constitution with high concentration of State power in the President of the Republic. The methodology involved documental analysis, refined with interviews and press documents. Through this research, we observed the occurrence of a historical process of concentration of State power in the President of the Republic in Angola and many other African countries, and the existence of different projects of State in Angola, in accordance to the trajectories and positions of each political party in the political disputes. Additionally, we pointed that the MPLA sought to configure a constitutional transition transactioned, what was not possible because the direction of UNITA was very heterogeneous, sometimes facilitating and sometimes blocking this aim.

Targeted sanctions’ impact over rebel groups has not been examined by scholars, making it unclear whether the policy mechanism has the capacity to peacefully resolve intrastate armed conflicts and cease hostilities by weakening rebel groups. Considering the mentioned, the paper explores how targeted sanctions impact rebel groups, and suggests that properly monitored and effectively enforced targeted sanctions have the capacity to weaken rebel groups, via shortening rebels’ economic, military and political resources. Using the method of structured, focused comparison, the suggested hypothesis is empirically tested on the rebel groups of Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola in Angola. The findings of the study revealed that effectively monitored and enforced targeted sanctions are capable of lessening rebels’ military and political resources, however, observing sanctions impact on economic resources proved difficult. Based on the analyses and findings the paper suggests that imposition of targeted sanctions should be initiated at the early warning phase of a conflict, rather at the point when the intensity of conflict has reached its peak.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-09-14T12:00:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_TOMAS_DIEL_MELICIAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1786711 bytes, checksum: 1f60f35d1fca2be6ae670c595b349bfe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-14T12:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_TOMAS_DIEL_MELICIAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1786711 bytes, checksum: 1f60f35d1fca2be6ae670c595b349bfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-24 / During the late half of the XX century, the African states? nation building process was deeply influenced by the relationship between two sets of very different ideologies. The historical figures that led the struggle for the liberations of their countries were heavily influenced by modernist European theories, as well as many ancient traditions kept alive by the African people. For almost thirty years, Angola faced a bloody civil war between its many different nationalist movements and their political and national agendas. This thesis analyses both the manifestation and constant reshuffle of Jonas Malheiro Savimbi?s nationalist speeches between his early political years (late 1950?s) and the end of the Cold War (late 1980?s). Founder and leader of the Uni?o Nacional para a Independ?ncia Total de Angola (UNITA), Savimbi?s political and nationalist stances are analyzed not only by their historical contexts, but also by their correlation with theories that seek to examine the many forms and social manifestations taken by the notion of nationalism and national identity. Considering this twofold analytic perspective, this thesis intends to underline the importance of Jonas Savimbi?s legacy to the process of nation building in Angola. / O processo de forma??o nacional dos estados africanos foi, durante a metade final do s?culo XX, profundamente influenciado pela rela??o entre ideologias provenientes de dois mundos completamente diferentes. Os atores hist?ricos que conduziram as lutas e os esfor?os de liberta??o de seus pa?ses foram, por um lado, fortemente influenciados pelas teorias de cunho modernista oriundas do continente europeu, e por outro, pelas ancestrais tradi??es mantidas pelos povos de seu continente. No caso angolano, o pa?s presenciou um sangrento clash ideol?gico proveniente desta dualidade conceitual. Os diferentes projetos nacionais mantidos pelos seus movimentos de liberta??o desencadearam, por quase trinta anos, um sangrento conflito civil. Esta disserta??o pretende, portanto, analisar a manifesta??o e remodela??o dos discursos nacionalistas produzidos por Jonas Malheiro Savimbi ? fundador e antigo l?der da Uni?o Nacional para a Independ?ncia Total de Angola (UNITA) ? entre os primeiros anos de sua carreira pol?tica (final da d?cada de 1950) e o fim do per?odo da Guerra Fria (finais de 1980). Os posicionamentos pol?ticos e ideol?gicos manifestados por Savimbi s?o analisados a partir de seu contexto hist?rico e de sua rela??o com estudos te?ricos que exploram as diversas facetas do nacionalismo e da identidade nacional. Com base nessa jun??o de perspectivas de an?lise, pretende-se explorar a import?ncia do legado da figura pol?tica de Jonas Savimbi para a forma??o nacional de Angola.

No description available.

A significant question currently facing environmental managers is how to accurately and efficiently quantify forest diversity and resources. Numerous studies have demonstrated the use of modern spatial analytical tools , such as geographical information systems (GIS), remote sensing devices, and statistical models for predicting the distribution of dominant vegetation cover types. This study examines the ability of generalized additive models (GAMs) to delineate structural diversity in forested ecosystems (specifically the Uinta Mountain Range in Utah) using GIS tools and satellite spectral data, and analyzes the effect of including different forms of satellite data in model construction (i.e., Landsat thematic mapper (TM), advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), and the GAP Analysis TM-classified map). Based on the assumption that vegetation composition, as well as structural diversity, is a function of environmental gradients, temperature, precipitation, elevation, aspect, slope, and geology were included as independent environmental variables. Probability surface maps were generated for presence of forest , presence of lodgepole pine, basal area of forest trees, percent cover of shrubs, and density of snags. The maps were validated using an independent set of field data collected from the Evanston Ranger District within the Uinta Mountain Range . In general, the models tended to underpredict at large numbers and overpredict at locations that were sampled as having no forest cover. The models predicting the presence of forest and lodgepole pine were 88% and 80% accurate, respectively, within the Evanston Ranger District and an average of 62% of the predictions of basal area, shrub cover , and snag density fell within an approximate 15% deviation from the field validation values . The addition of TM spectral data and the GAP Analysis TM-classified data were found to contribute significantly to the models' predictions, with some contribution from AVHRR data. The methods used in this study provide a systematic approach for delineating structural features within forest habitats, thus offering an efficient spatial tool for making management decisions.

The organization and morphology of Middle Fork Sheep Creek and South Fork Sheep Creek, two mountain streams in the upper Sheep Creek basin, are controlled by the spatial distribution of glacial moraines. Both channels are organized into a reoccurring sequence of steep-gradient reaches changing downstream to low-gradient reaches. Steep-gradient reaches are located where the channels flow through moraine s. Low-gradient reaches are located in meadows downstream of the steep-gradient reaches and immediately upstream of the next moraine. Knickpoints in the longitudinal profiles of both streams coincide with the location of moraines. Large boulder s, beyond the size transportable by the channel at bankfull discharge, are found within the steep-gradient channels, and are presumed to be glacial lag. Between knickpoints, channel morphology follows the conceptual model of Montgomery and Buffington. Unlike mountain channels elsewhere, landslides, debris flows, and alluvial fans do not influence the morphology or organization of Middle Fork Sheep Creek and South Fork Sheep Creek. Large woody debris loading is less than on channels in Washington and Alaska, with debris dams found mainly in reaches with gradients less than cascade and greater than pool-riffle. Middle Fork Sheep Creek and South Fork Sheep Creek are located in a glaciated basin. At time scales of 103 to 104 years, the channels may be classified as in disequilibrium and the system is not adjusted to present conditions. The presence of large, unmovable boulder s within the steep-gradient channels allows the location of the steep-gradient channels to remain static until the large particles are transported during infrequent large discharges. At time scales of 101 to 102 years, the channels may be thought of as equilibrium systems with channel variables adjusted to the present climate.

Upper Triassic strata that lie between the Chinle Formation and Nugget Sandstone along the south flank of the Uinta Mountains in northeastern Utah are distinctive. In the past, these rocks have been lumped together with the overlying or underlying units. These strata are equivalent to the Bell Springs Member of the Nugget Sandstone as defined in Wyoming and perhaps to the Rock Point Formation of the Chinle Formation near the Four Corners region. In this study, these rocks will be called the Bell Springs Formation following the usage of Lucas (1993) in Wyoming. The unit is regionally mappable in northeastern Utah, and is the sedimentologic transition from the fluvial-lacustrine environment of the Chinle Formation to the eolian depositional environment of the Nugget Sandstone. The Bell Springs Formation is comprised of interbedded fine- to medium-grained sandstone and siltstone, as well as planar laminated mudstone. The unit varies from planar laminated sandstone with abundant ripple marks, to cross-bedded sandstone that contains scoured channels filled with mudstone or sandstone. The mudstone beds are commonly mottled and contain desiccation cracks while both the mudstone and sandstone beds have rip-up clasts, occasional bioturbation, and small salt crystal casts. The thinly bedded mudstone and siltstone beds are purple to red to brown, and the sandstone beds vary in color from red to brown to orange or tan with green and gray mottling. The ripple structures with mud drapes indicate fluctuating deposition in low energy water. The presence of desiccation cracks, plant root traces, small eolian sand dunes, gypsum casts, crinkly algal mat beds, and bioturbation indicate intermittent subaerial exposure. Fluvial deposits by meandering streams, including point bar, levee, and splay deposits comprise a large part of this formation. Rocks of the Bell Springs Formation have previously been interpreted as either tidal flat or fluvial/lacustrine deposits. A tidal flat environment certainly may produce some of the features found in these deposits, such as, alternating erosion and deposition of interfingering channels and scours with rip-up clasts, ripples, flaser bedding, desiccation cracks, and bioturbation; however, these rocks lack some of the most important characteristics of tidal flat deposits such as herringbone-cross-stratification, general fining upward successions, and regionally associated sediments that would typically be found in shallow marine environments. We conclude that the sedimentary characteristics and regional setting of these rocks fit best with a fluvial environment interpreted as a meandering system being deposited on a broad floodplain in an arid to semi-arid climate. This depositional environment existed between the expanding Nugget Sandstone erg and the shrinking Chinle Formation as desertification increased during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic in what is now the western United States. This study not only helps solidify the understanding of the depositional history of these strata, it also clarifies the nomenclature of these formations for future mapping and research.

Cette thèse étudie la persistance du conflit angolais entre 1991 et 2002. Elle entend revenir sur les causes de la faillite des processus de paix de Bicesse et de Lusaka. La signature des accords de Bicesse entre le MPLA et l’UNITA, le 31 mai 1991, ne permit guère à l’Angola d’accéder à une paix durable. Après les élections des 29 et 30 septembre 1992, la guerre reprit sur l’ensemble du territoire. Le gouvernement MPLA et l’UNITA signèrent un nouvel accord de paix à Lusaka le 30 novembre 1994. Mais, celui-ci n’eut guère plus de réussite que le précédent malgré l’inauguration d’un Gouvernement d’unité et de réconciliation nationale en avril 1997. Les deux camps s'affrontèrent de nouveau en décembre 1998 et fut alimentée par les entrées d’armes au profit des deux camps, qui finançaient leur effort de guerre grâce au pétrole pour le MPLA et aux diamants pour l’UNITA. L’affaiblissement politique et militaire de l’UNITA permit au MPLA de défaire ce mouvement en tuant son chef le 22 février 2002. / This PhD dissertation examines the persistence of the Angolan conflict between 1991 and 2002. It goes back over the causes of the failure of the Bicesse and Lusaka peace processes. The signing of the Bicesse accords between MPLA and UNITA, on May 31st, 1991, did not permit Angola to reach a lasting peace. After the elections, which took place on September 29 and 30, 1992, the war started again on the whole territory. The MPLA government and UNITA signed a new peace accord in Lusaka on November 30,1994. Nevertheless, it had as little success as the former peace accord, despite the inauguration of a new government of unity and national reconciliation in April 1997. A new war began in December 1998 and was fueled by weapon supplies for the two groups, which financed their war effort thanks to oil resources for MPLA and diamonds for UNITA. UNITA's political and military weakening allowed MPLA to defeat this organization by killing its leader on February 22nd, 2002.

Geologic mapping, facies analysis, sedimentary petrography, and detrital zircon analyses of undivided eastern Uinta Mountain Group stratigraphy are presented to better understand the depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Uinta Mountain Group basin. Subdivided units have been modified and correlated from previous work and include the Red Pine Shale, Hades Pass, Crouse Canyon, Outlaw Trail, and Diamond Breaks formations. Three lower-order maximum flooding surfaces associated with the lower Outlaw Trail formation, lower Hades Pass formation, and Red Pine Shale are interpreted. The relative magnitude of each lower-order transgression increases up section along with increasing diversity of palynomorph assemblages found in organic shale intervals. Six facies associations exist within the section and are interpreted as braided fluvial conglomerate, braided fluvial sandstone and conglomerate, braided fluvial sandstone, low-energy braided fluvial sandstone, mudflat, and offshore depositional environments. Both marine and non-marine interpretations are plausible for mudflat and offshore environments; however, previous interpretations of correlative Red Pine Shale exposures suggest a marine environment. The coarsest fluvial environments are restricted to the northern half of the study area and likely coincide with proximity to a tectonically-active northern basin margin. Paleocurrent analysis and the restriction of some subaqueous deposits to the north show northward-dipping depositional slopes, which suggest a tectonic control. Provenance work suggests three general sediment sources existed: an eastern source where ~1.1 Ga and lesser ~1.4 Ga detritus dominate, an east-northeastern source where ~1.8 Ga detritus dominate, and a north-northeastern arkosic source where ~2.7 Ga detritus dominate. Results suggest that during lower-order lowstands, sediments derived from eastern sources dominate. Higher concentrations of ~1.8 Ga and ~2.7 Ga detritus is likely coincident with proximity to the northern basin margin. During lower-order highstands, eastern or northern sources may dominate; northern sources appear more prominently within the Outlaw Trail formation, while eastern sources appear more prominently within the Red Pine Shale. Reasons for this may be linked to the magnitude of the transgressive interval sampled. These relationships, in conjunction with observations of previous studies, suggest the eastern Uinta Mountain Group was deposited in a half-graben style rift, a strike-slip basin, or some combination of the two.