University of Macau / Faculty of Law

In this essay I attempt to examine critically Michael Walzer's just war theory. I begin by pointing out what I take to be philosophically sound about his conception; in particular, his philosophical commitment to a doctrine of human rights as being morally decisive for questions of war. He argues, and I think correctly, that questions of justified wars and justified means within wars are ultimately questions about whether or not human rights are being respected. Unfortunately, Walzer does not always formulate his war principles in light of his fundamental commitment to human rights, and where he fails to do so, supreme emergencies and nuclear deterrence, I argue that his account becomes incoherent. At bottom, Walzer supposes, in these instances, that while individual rights may not be overriden for purely utilitarian reasons, rights may, nevertheless, be overridden for the sake of the political community. What this amounts to, for Walzer, is the following claim: that it is more just to secure the rights of a collection of individuals than it is to secure the rights of one individual. If so, it is morally permissible to suspend some individual rights for the sake of many individual rights. And even though I will hold that this argument is very persuasive, I will suggest that it is mistaken from a moral point of view which takes human rights to be morally conclusive.

This dissertation ascertains the meaning of the Unjust Steward parable (Luke 16:1-13) by examining its language, historical background, and literary context. Chapter 1 introduces the parable's interpretive problems, acknowledges that it is perhaps the most difficult of Jesus' parables to understand, and offers a method for deciphering the meaning. Chapter 2 offers a detailed history-of-interpretation with special attention given to the work of Dennis J. Ireland ( Stewardship and the Kingdom , 1992) and the interpreters who have come after him, especially those who depart from the traditional interpretation. Chapter 3 first examines the text-critical concerns for the parable and then analyzes the language of 16:1-13 at the lexical, grammatical, and syntactical levels. Chapter 4 examines four historical background matters that some scholars have offered as interpretative keys for understanding the parable and determines that most of these background features have been overemphasized and are of limited help. Chapter 5 examines the literary concerns of the parable. This chapter first examines the nature of the "parable" genre, Luke's use of parables, and the history of parable interpretation in general. The chapter then examines the literary context of the parable, giving special attention to the relationship between the Unjust Steward and all of the major units in Luke 15 and 16. Finally, the chapter examines a few literary conventions that some scholars have proposed as interpretive keys. The conclusion is that some are of more value than others. Chapter 6 synthesizes the information and conclusions from Chapters 3, 4, and 5 to answer the nine most pressing questions that the parable presents to the reader. The dissertation concludes that the traditional interpretation, which perceives the parable to be about a dishonest transaction that serves as an exhortation about both the proper use of monetary possession and preparing for the kingdom of God, is still the most plausible. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

strana 259 Unjustified Enrichment in the Comparative Perspective Abstract The aim of the thesis is the legal research of important results concerning unjustified en- richment that have been attained in foreign jurisprudence and judicial opinions, especially within the German legal family, and their comparative application to all provisions of the New Czech Civil Code ("NCC") regulating unjustified enrichment, including their rela- tion to other parts of civil law. The thesis thus draws extensively from Austrian and Ger- man jurisprudence and case law, from the Draft Common Frame of Reference, from Swiss law and from comparative literature; further legal orders are also mentioned and a refined translation of relevant foreign provisions is included in the appendix. The thesis does not include a mere description, but rather follows the interests of Czech law and aims to make a contribution to Czech jurisprudence and application the of law. Accord- ingly, the thesis is also founded on complete research of the Czech Supreme Court case law made in and after 2010. The thesis comes to a number of conclusions (summarized in the itemized resumé) which may be deemed for original from the point of view of the Czech legal discourse. These conclusions corroborate the hypothesis that the Czech law of unjustified...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Pugliesi Leite.pdf: 880029 bytes, checksum: 2e6183dd31ee16f79ce947f9045bbee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-22 / The unjust enrichment in the Brazilian Civil Code is viewed as a source of obligations and a principle of Civil Law. The Civil Code of 2002 defined the term of unjust enrichment, in an innovative and autonomous manner, as a source of obligatons in the form of a unilateral act (arts. 884 to 886). At the same time, unjust enrichment existed before the publishing of this Code and remains in existance as a general principle of Civil Law. The present work has, as its objective, the analysis of historical aspects that resulted in the legal establishment of the term as a source of obligations, the main theories surrounding the theme, as well as the analysis of normative dispositions of the Brazilian Civil Code and its position in international judicial order, relating its fundamental principles to the manner in which it is applied. Therefore, the work intends to analyse the general characteristics of the term, its reach within Private Law, relating hypotheses of the configuration of the term expressed in the Brazilian Civil Code and examples of its application in Brazilian jurisprudence. The development of the project demonstrates that unjust enrichment has a large and growing importance in the Brazilian legal context, presenting itself as an important tool to render balance and justice to private dealings. The methodological direction used lies in judicial/dogmatic principles, since the intention is to analyse legal norms and their repercussion on the presented theme. In some aspects, it comes close to judicial/theoretical methodology, considering the social relevance that surrounds the term under scrutiny. As to the generic investigation types, the judicial/descriptive method predominates, since this work has, as its main objective, the interpretation of legal terms, not eliminating the possibility of judicial/progressive research, inasmuch as the study may lead to future tendencies concerning the application of the measure. The hypothetical/deductive method is applied, in which a theme is proposed and an analysis of the development of its characteristics is requested. The conclusions about the theme are relative and result from the argumentation structure presented in this dissertation, without disconsidering the fundaments of other studies, especially because it is a term whose comprehension is increasing with every new day / Trata-se de análise sobre o enriquecimento sem causa no Código Civil brasileiro, como fonte de obrigação e como princípio de Direito Civil. O Código Civil de 2002 disciplinou, de forma autônoma e inovadora, o instituto do enriquecimento sem causa como fonte de obrigação na espécie de ato unilateral (arts. 884 a 886). Paralelamente, o enriquecimento sem causa já existia antes do advento deste Código e continua a existir como princípio geral do Direito Civil. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos históricos que resultaram na previsão legal do instituto como fonte de obrigações, as principais teorias acerca do tema, bem como a previsão em ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros. Pretende-se também a análise das disposições normativas do Código Civil brasileiro e sua contextualização no ordenamento jurídico, relacionando seu fundamento principiológico e critérios para sua aplicação. Objetiva-se, assim, a análise das características gerais do instituto, seu alcance no Direito Privado, relacionando-se hipóteses de configuração do instituto expressamente previstas no Código Civil brasileiro e exemplos de sua aplicação pela jurisprudência brasileira. O desenvolvimento do trabalho demonstra que o enriquecimento sem causa tem grande e crescente importância no contexto jurídico brasileiro, apresentando-se como ferramenta importante para conferir equilíbrio e justiça às relações privadas. A vertente metodológica utilizada é a jurídico-dogmática, uma vez que se pretende analisar as normas legais e sua repercussão na análise do tema apresentado. Em alguns aspectos, aproxima-se da metodologia jurídico-teórica, tendo em vista a relevância social que circunda o tema em debate. Quanto aos tipos genéricos de investigação, tem-se a predominância jurídico-descritiva, pois o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo a interpretação dos institutos legais, não se podendo descartar a possibilidade de pesquisa jurídico-projetiva, na medida em que o estudo poderá conduzir às futuras tendências quanto à aplicação do instituto. O método utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, em que, a partir do tema fornecido, propõe-se a análise e desenvolvimento de suas características. As conclusões a respeito do tema são relativas e decorrem da estrutura dos argumentos apresentados nessa dissertação, sem que se desconsidere a fundamentação de outros estudos, principalmente por tratar-se de um instituto cuja compreensão é construída a cada dia

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Le quasi-contrat est consacré comme une source autonome d’obligation dans le code civil. Pourtant, l’unité de la notion est problématique. En effet, la loi définit le quasi-contrat comme un fait volontaire dont il résulte un engagement alors que la doctrine le présente comme une notion à mi-chemin entre le contrat et la responsabilité civile extra-contractuelle en raison de l’application du régime contractuel en dehors d’un accord de volontés des parties. Or, en pratique, hormis la gestion d’affaires qui obéit au régime du mandat sans pouvoir exprès, l’enrichissement sans cause, (désormais enrichissement injustifié) et la répétition de l’indu n’obéissent pas à un régime contractuel. Si la doctrine a tenté de proposer le critère du transfert de valeurs dépourvu de cause pour justifier l’unité de la notion, ce critère se trouve mis à mal par la jurisprudence sur les loteries publicitaires. La thèse tente ainsi de rechercher une nouvelle unité, recherche qui s’avère difficile, voire impossible, dans la mesure où chaque quasi-contrat répond à des règles tantôt propres au contrat, tantôt propres à la responsabilité civile extra-contractuelle, ce qui vient alors fausser l’autonomie du quasi-contrat / Quasi-contracts are set as an autonomous part of the civil code, yet the notion answers to no unity. Law defines the notion as a voluntary fact leading to bind its author but scholars are considering quasi-contracts to be halfway between contract law and tort law due to the lack of will leading nevertheless to binding obligations. Practice shows that, except for the business management based on a mandate without any express will, the other quasi-contracts, unjust enrichment and repetition of undue do not follow any contractual regime. Scholars have attempted to propose the transfer of value for explaining the unity of the notion but this criterion is no longer relevant since cases creating a new quasi-contracts: lotteries. This work aims to discover a new criterion to find back unity of quasi-contracts. Impossible task as each quasi-contract shares common aspects of contract law and of tort law

This thesis analyses the concept of unjust enrichment under the business law. First of all the thesis explains the term of business law. Business law is a complex of legal rules concerning the contractual relationships between entrepreneurs arising from their business activities. Business law is a comprehensive field of law which extends into many other fields of law, both private and public law. Equally the regulation of unjust enrichment within the business law expands into many other laws with particular specialization, but these laws are not subject of this thesis. For these laws the subsidiary legislation is included in the civil code., therefore this thesis focuses on the general regulation of unjust enrichment included in the civil code. Further the thesis continues with a historical development of both business law and unjust enrichment. The historical view begins with roman law, continues with the regulation of unjust enrichment under the ABGB and ends with regulation under the so. socialist law. Further in the text is referred to the historical chapter to facilitate understanding of a present regulation. Next chapter of the thesis describes the current regulation of unjust enrichment, mainly under the civil code, and from the reason mentioned above it is not going into the particular...

The thesis analyses the legal concept of unjust enrichment in business law. General legal regulation of unjust enrichment itself has never been included in Commercial Code though it had to be interpreted according to the general regulation contained in the Civil Code. This conception remained unchanged even after the re-codification of civil law, which abolished the Commercial Code, thus we no longer need to differentiate between legal relationships which are of a commercial nature and those which are not. The conclusions reached by the Supreme Court in correlation with the previous legislation cannot be completely abandoned - based on the transitional provisions of the Civil Code - the preceding legislation, and therefore the conclusions of the case law relating thereto, remain applicable. The thesis analyses unjust enrichment, mainly from the perspective of civil law. The commercial aspect is provided in comparison to the previous legislation which focuses on the specifics or application problems in relation to unjust enrichment that have arisen in commercial law. For this purpose, the thesis deals with related legal concepts such as limitation of claims resulting from unjust enrichment, the invalidity of legal acts, etc. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter analyses the...

Current issues of adhesive proceedings This thesis deals with current issues of adhesive proceedings. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic concepts essential for the definition of adhesive proceedings and related terms. These are primarily the definition of entities and parties to criminal proceedings, including the introduction of the institutes of harm as an overarching term, which includes damage, non-material damages and unjust enrichment. The first chapter also introduces the institute of bodily harm. The second chapter is devoted to the injured party, including a list of procedural rights and obligations that the injured party confers the Criminal Procedure Code and the injured party recognizes the law on victims of crime, if the injured party is also a victim under this law. The following subchapters are divided according to the rights that belong to all the injured parties and the rights that belong to the injured party, who is at the same time subject to the adhesive procedure. In the case of the injured party, the institute of consent of the injured party to criminal prosecution and representation of the injured party is also mentioned. In this part of the thesis, the current problems concerning the remuneration of the injured party's...