This thesis presents an account of attribution in unjust enrichment. Attribution refers to how and when two parties – a claimant and a defendant – are relevantly connected to each other for unjust enrichment purposes. It is reflected in the familiar expression that a defendant be 'enriched at the claimant's expense'. This thesis presents a structured account of attribution, consisting of two requirements: first, the identification of an enrichment to the defendant and a loss to the claimant; and, secondly, the identification of a connection between that enrichment and that loss. These two requirements must be kept separate from other considerations often subsumed within the expression 'enrichment at the claimant's expense' which in truth have nothing to do with attribution, and which instead qualify unjust enrichment liability for reasons that should be analysed in their own terms. The structure of attribution so presented fits a normative account of unjust enrichment based upon each party's exchange capacities. A defendant is enriched when he receives something that he has not paid for under prevailing market conditions, while a claimant suffers a loss when he loses the opportunity to charge for something under the same conditions. A counterfactual test – asking whether enrichment and loss arise 'but for' each other – provides the best generalisation for testing whether enrichment and loss are connected, thereby satisfying the requirements of attribution in unjust enrichment. The law is stated as at 15 March 2014.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacqueline do Prado Valles.pdf: 1037211 bytes, checksum: ac602f75c2edeb6a532203ca2b3344e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-22 / The homicide is one of the most horrific crimes that a man can commit, since that it is the elimination of a being of it s own kind, but particularly in this work, were addressed the driving factors of what is called passionate murder , that which is practiced by the criminal under extreme emotional influence, that can be, love, hate, anger or fear. Feelings that cannot be ignored during the verification process of the crime and the imposition of criminal liability. The forensic psychiatric explains that the emotions felt by the criminal at the moment of the crime can the considered so severe, to the pint of exclusion of the guilt of the agent, not allowing him the perception of the criminal act, It s not the case of the passionate murder provided under the article 121 § 1º last part of the Criminal Code, in this case, the criminal acts with the domain of violent emotion, after unjust provocation by the victim . Such emotional state is so engaging that prevails all the rational feeling of the agent, and under this circumstance so psychologically dominating, that it becomes essentially difficult to impose a predefined time lapse , between the victim attitude and the criminal reaction, at the crime moment / O crime de homicídio é um dos atos criminosos mais horrendos que o homem pode cometer, já que é a eliminação de um ser da sua própria espécie, mas particularmente neste trabalho, foram abordados os fatores impulsionadores do chamado homicídio Passional , aquele que é praticado pelo criminoso sob uma extrema influência emocional, seja, amor, ódio, raiva ou medo; sentimentos que não podem ser ignorados durante o processo de verificação do delito e na imposição da responsabilidade penal. A psiquiatria forense explica que as emoções sentidas pelo criminoso no momento do crime podem ser consideradas tão graves, ao ponto de excluir a culpabilidade do agente, não permitindo a ele a percepção do ato criminoso; não é o caso do homicida Passional previsto no artigo 121 § 1º última parte do Código penal; nesse caso, o criminoso age com o domínio da violenta emoção, após injusta provocação da vítima . Tal estado emocional é tão envolvente que prevalece a todo sentimento racional do agente; e diante desta circunstância tão dominadora psicologicamente, que se torna essencialmente difícil impor um lapso temporal pré definido, entre a atitude da vítima e a reação do criminoso, no momento do crime

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

<p>Careers education was first established in Sweden at the beginning of the 1940s. At that time it was mainly the concern of the Swedish Labour Market Board. The Labour Market Board started to develop a model, partly influenced by the activities of other countries in the field, that over the years grew into something exceptional with for instance a lot of activities in schools.</p><p>In the early stages the aim was the development and production of informational texts. The person behind most of the ideas was Einar Neymark. In 1971, responsibility for careers education was handed over to the school authorities except for the part concerning the production of occupational information texts.</p><p>The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of careers education as it is represented in occupational information texts produced by the Swedish Labour Market Board, in the period from 1940 - 1970.</p><p>The empirical research focuses on careers education and gaining an understanding through the texts within (not about) careers education. The research has a philosophical-hermeneutic orientation and falls into two parts. Starting from an assumption that the intentions behind careers education are met, three “careers education realities” are constructed for the sake of argument. These realities are then analysed using a theoretical framework grounded in educational sociology, or more precisely the thinking of Durkheim and Bernstein. The result shows that careers education plays an important role in making invisible the connection between school and society hierarchies and also in creating a collective conscience in a Durkheimian sense.</p><p>The first constructed “reality” shows that a careers education based on labour market considerations is both normative and deterministic. In this careers education the labour market consists of a variety of working lives depending on who you are and where you come from. For that reason careers education is both limiting and subordinating according to sex and class background.</p><p>A consciousness-raising careers education is moralizing and limiting. A “perfect” working life is presented to which individuals can relate their personal qualities. For that reason careers education also subordinates.</p><p>A study-motivating careers education is principally motivating for those who have already had good experiences of schooling. It limits and subordinates primarely in terms of sex. Possible relations between education and working life are mostly discussed in general terms. For example, education will be a good thing to have in a future working life as an insurance against unemployment.</p><p>The extended analysis, where the above mentioned results are put together, shows that careers education can be described as unjust, limiting and concealing. It is unfair in that it creates images about different and non-questionable working lives for young people to fit into, in that it perpetuates sex and class subordination, and in that it uses present individually related competencies as the grounds for future education and employment. It is limiting through being normative, moralizing and subordinating. It is concealing in that it is being selective concerning the information given in the texts prepared for pupils.</p><p>Careers education is also adjustable. It fits easily into different situations by being pragmatic and flexible, as is shown by the impact of other scientific areas. This adjustability makes it possible to use careers education regardless of the conception you may have of career choices or wherever careers education is carried out. Being adjustable is not something to be avoided in careers education, on the contrary it is a condition for its existence.</p>

This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four self-contained papers on temporary work agenciesand the economic analysis of law. Paper [I] adds to the theoretical literature on the incentives of Temporary Work Agencies (TWAs). Using aprincipal-agent model with hidden action to model two main types of contracts between a TWA and a ClientFirm (CF), the TWA is shown to potentially act against the best interest of the CF when helping to fill avacant position. The results also suggest that the adverse effect of the incentive misalignment is larger whenthe worker is going to be leased instead of hired by the CF. However, this effect could potentially be offsetby introducing a sufficient level of competition among the TWAs. Paper [II] uses individual-level data on young adults to estimate how the probability of being employed inthe Swedish temporary agency sector is affected by whether a partner or other family member has experienceof temporary agency work. The results show a significant effect from all peer groups of a magnitude thatcorrespond to the other most influential control variables. We also find that this cohort of the agency sectorhas a relatively high education level compared to the regular sector, and that there are predominately menworking in thissector. Paper [III] analyses possible effects on total employment, and the distribution between agency work andregular contracts as a consequence of the implementation of the EU Temporary and Agency Workers Directive in Sweden. The analysis is based on changes in the compensation to agency workers in a calibratedextension of a Mortensen-Pissarides search model. Even though the results suggest a negative net effect ontotal employment, the implementation is shown to increase (utilitarian) welfare, and an increased transitionprobability from the agency sector into regular employment will increase welfare even further. Paper [IV] focuses on settlement probabilities for different types of representation within the Swedish LabourCourt. Empirical estimates on a set of unjust dismissal cases show that private representatives are generallyless likely to reach a settlement than their union counterparts. The settlement probabilities converge following court-mandated information disclosure, which suggests that information asymmetry is an importantfactor in explaining differences in settlement behaviour. Privately instigated negotiations are therefore ingeneral insufficient for making cases with non-union representation reach the same settlement rate as caseswith union representation.

Careers education was first established in Sweden at the beginning of the 1940s. At that time it was mainly the concern of the Swedish Labour Market Board. The Labour Market Board started to develop a model, partly influenced by the activities of other countries in the field, that over the years grew into something exceptional with for instance a lot of activities in schools. In the early stages the aim was the development and production of informational texts. The person behind most of the ideas was Einar Neymark. In 1971, responsibility for careers education was handed over to the school authorities except for the part concerning the production of occupational information texts. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of careers education as it is represented in occupational information texts produced by the Swedish Labour Market Board, in the period from 1940 - 1970. The empirical research focuses on careers education and gaining an understanding through the texts within (not about) careers education. The research has a philosophical-hermeneutic orientation and falls into two parts. Starting from an assumption that the intentions behind careers education are met, three “careers education realities” are constructed for the sake of argument. These realities are then analysed using a theoretical framework grounded in educational sociology, or more precisely the thinking of Durkheim and Bernstein. The result shows that careers education plays an important role in making invisible the connection between school and society hierarchies and also in creating a collective conscience in a Durkheimian sense. The first constructed “reality” shows that a careers education based on labour market considerations is both normative and deterministic. In this careers education the labour market consists of a variety of working lives depending on who you are and where you come from. For that reason careers education is both limiting and subordinating according to sex and class background. A consciousness-raising careers education is moralizing and limiting. A “perfect” working life is presented to which individuals can relate their personal qualities. For that reason careers education also subordinates. A study-motivating careers education is principally motivating for those who have already had good experiences of schooling. It limits and subordinates primarely in terms of sex. Possible relations between education and working life are mostly discussed in general terms. For example, education will be a good thing to have in a future working life as an insurance against unemployment. The extended analysis, where the above mentioned results are put together, shows that careers education can be described as unjust, limiting and concealing. It is unfair in that it creates images about different and non-questionable working lives for young people to fit into, in that it perpetuates sex and class subordination, and in that it uses present individually related competencies as the grounds for future education and employment. It is limiting through being normative, moralizing and subordinating. It is concealing in that it is being selective concerning the information given in the texts prepared for pupils. Careers education is also adjustable. It fits easily into different situations by being pragmatic and flexible, as is shown by the impact of other scientific areas. This adjustability makes it possible to use careers education regardless of the conception you may have of career choices or wherever careers education is carried out. Being adjustable is not something to be avoided in careers education, on the contrary it is a condition for its existence.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-09T13:48:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1805485 bytes, checksum: 005e64449c363605379785e0de65008a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-09T13:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1805485 bytes, checksum: 005e64449c363605379785e0de65008a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation has the objective of create an explicative model of the willingness to forgive, using implicit and explicit questionnaires. The human values and the belief in a just or unjust world was the independent variables, considering a cross-cultural sample. In this sense, two empirical studies was performed. The Study 1 considered a sample of 723 subjects, with mean age of 26.5 years old (DP = 9,10), mostly composed by women (73,3%), and distributed on 5 countries: Argentina (n =54), Brazil (n =330), Spain (n = 154), Mexico (n = 83) and Portugal (n = 102). They answered to General Just World Scale, Unjust Word Scale, Willingness to Forgive Scale, Basic Values Questionnaire and demographic questions. The results pointed to the formulation of a theoretical model involving the Personal goals (excitement and promotion) and beliefs in just and unjust world, predicting the explicit willingness to forgive. This model looks satisfactory by the empirical data observed: [χ²/gl = 7,26, GFI = 0,98, AGFI = 0,94, CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,09 (0,063 – 0,013)]. The Study 2 aimed: a) adapt an implicit measure of willingness to forgive (IAT- Forgiveness) for the five countries; b) know the implicit correlates of willingness to forgive and c) develop a alternative model to explain this willingness, involving the values and beliefs. Was counted with a sample of 449 participants, from five different countries. These had a mean age of 25.5 years (SD = 8.40) most female (72.6%). In order to achieve the objectives, the sample was divided by country: Argentina (n = 41), Brazil (n = 200), Spain (n = 84), Mexico (n = 76) and Portugal (n =48). The IAT - Forgiveness was given together with the same questionnaires of Study 1. The results showed that the implicit measurement presented predictive validity. It also revealed that people in five countries showed implicit willingness to forgive, and that this willingness correlaciou positively with social goals (interactive and normative) and with the beliefs in a just world and inversely with the belief in an unjust world. The second theoretical model also presented appropriate indices: [χ²/gl = 3,09, GFI = 0,99, AGFI = 0,96, CFI = 0,93 e RMSEA = 0,07 (0,27 – 0,11)]. It is estimated that the objectives were achieved, with the adaptation of of an implicit measure of willingness to forgive for five countries, with preliminary evidence of its validity, and increasing the understanding that has been around willingness to forgive from the relationships it establishes with other constructs. / Esta dissertação objetivou elaborar um modelo explicativo da disposição para perdoar, utilizando instrumentos explícito e implícito, tendo, como variáveis independentes, os valores humanos, a crença no mundo justo e injusto, considerando uma amostra transcultural. Neste sentido, dois estudos empíricos foram levados a cabo. O Estudo 1 considerou uma amostra total de 723 participantes, cuja idade média foi de 26,5 anos (DP = 9,10), em maioria mulheres (73,3%), distribuídos em cinco países: Argentina (n = 54), Brasil (n = 330), Espanha (n = 154), México (n = 83) e Portugal (n = 102). Estes responderam à Escala Geral de Crença no Mundo Justo, Escala de Crenças no Mundo Injusto, Escala de Disposição para Perdoar, Questionário de Valores Básicos e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados apontaram para elaboração de um modelo teórico envolvendo os valores pessoais (experimentação e realização) e as crenças no mundo justo e injusto, predizendo a disposição para perdoar explícita. Este modelo se mostrou satisfatórios aos dados empíricos: [χ²/gl = 7,26, GFI = 0,98, AGFI = 0,94, CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,09 (0,063 – 0,013)]. O Estudo 2 teve os seguintes objetivos: a) adaptar uma medida implícita de disposição para perdoar (TAI- Perdão) para os cinco países; b) conhecer os correlatos implícitos da disposição para perdoar e c) elaborar um modelo alternativo para explicar essa disposição, envolvendo os valores e as crenças. Contou-se com uma amostra de 449 pessoas dos mesmos países do Estudo 1. Estes tinham idade média de 25,5 anos (DP= 8,40) em maioria mulheres (72,6%). A fim de realizar os objetivos, a amostra foi dividida segundo os países: Argentina (n = 41), Brasil (n = 200), Espanha (n = 84), México (n = 76) e Portugal (n = 48). O TAI – Perdão foi administrado em conjunto com os mesmos instrumentos do Estudo 1. Os resultados mostraram que a medida implícita apresentou validade preditiva. Revelou também que as pessoas dos cinco países apresentaram disposição implícita para perdoar, e que esta disposição se correlaciou positivamente com os valores sociais (interativa e normativa) e as crenças no mundo justo e inversamente com a crença no mundo injusto. O segundo modelo teórico também apresentou índices adequados: [χ²/gl = 3,09 GFI = 0,99, AGFI = 0,96, CFI = 0,93 e RMSEA = 0,07 (0,27 – 0,11)]. Estima-se que os objetivos propostos foram alcançados, com a adaptação transcultural de uma medida implícita de disposição para perdoar, apresentando evidências preliminares de sua validade, além de aumentar o entendimento que se tem em torno da disposição para perdoar a partir das relações que ela estabelece com outros construtos.

Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.

Central point of the thesis at hand is the effort to clarify legal consequences arising out of the conclusion of the usurious contract. Its primary aim is to determine whether the usurious contract is voidable or rather null and void and whether it is possible to uphold the usurious contract either by applying the concept of partial invalidity or by judicial balancing of the grossly disproportionate considerations arising out of the usurious contract. This thesis is structured into two parts. The first chapter of the first part briefly introduces paradigms of the rules related to the usury. The second chapter analyzes individual characteristics of the usury. In the third chapter author argues for the possibility to review the contracts (showing the disproportion of considerations, defects of the abused's will and the element of abuse, however, not fulfilling all the characteristics of the usurious contracts due to narrow definition of the usury) by the good-manners-test. Second part of this thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes consequences resulting from the violation of the usury prohibition and their impact on the usurer's and the abused's legal position. This chapter also deals with the difficulties in terms of interpretation of rules governing invalidity of legal...