Des méthodes numériques sont présentées qui permettent la simulation de jets chauds débouchants dans un écoulement transverse aux grands nombres de Reynolds et aux rapports des vitesses faibles. Différentes approches pour la modélisation de turbulence, c'est-à-dire URANS, SAS, DDES et ELES, sont validées par comparaison à des données expérimentales pour une configuration générique, soulignant la nécessité de résoudre les différentes échelles turbulentes pour une prévision correcte du mélange thermique. L'analyse de la solution instationnaire permet l'identification de processus dynamiques intrinsèques ainsi que des phénomènes de mélange et l'application de l'analyse en composantes principales révèle l'ondulation latérale du sillage de jet. Du fait du caractère multi-échelles qui se manifeste dans la simulation d'un jet débouchant sur une configuration avion, l'approche séquentielle basée sur le modèle SAS est mise en place. Comme les résultats pour la sortie d'un système de dégivrage de nacelle sont en bon accord avec les données d'essai en vol, cette approche est finalement appliquée à la sortie complexe d'un système de pre-cooler, mettant en valeur sa capacité à être appliquée dans un processus industriel. / Numerical methods for the simulation of hot jets in cross flow at high Reynolds numbers and small momentum ratios are presented. Different turbulence modeling strategies, i.e. URANS, SAS, DDES and ELES, are validated against experimental data on a generic configuration, highlighting the necessity of scale-resolution for a correct prediction ofthermal mixing. The analysis of transient flow simulations allows the identification of inherent flow dynamics as well as mixing phenomena and the application of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition revealed the lateral wake meandering as being one of them. Due to the multi-scale problem which arises when simulating jets in cross flow on real aircraft configurations, the sequential approach based on the SAS turbulence model is introduced. As results for the exhaust of a nacelle anti-icing system comprising multiple jets in cross flow agree well with flight test data, the approach is applied in a last step to the complex exhaust of a pre-cooling system, emphasizing the capabilities of this methodology in an industrial environment.

Cette thèse, collaboration entre Michelin et l’ONERA, propose de mettre en œuvre des simulations instationnaires URANS grâce au code Navier-Stokes elsA de l’ONERA en vue d’analyser l’écoulement complexe 3D instationnaire se développant au voisinage des roues d'un véhicule et d’identifier les mécanismes à l’origine de la production de traînée.En effet, les roues (jantes et pneumatiques) constituent un nouvel axe de recherche prometteur en aérodynamique automobile car on estime de 20% à 40% la contribution des roues et passages de roues à la traînée totale. Cependant, leur optimisation nécessite en premier lieu une compréhension complète des phénomènes aérodynamiques mis en jeu. Les analyses spatio-temporelles menées sur roue isolée et sur véhicule pour trois types de pneumatiques (lisse, rugueux, avec sillons) apportent de nouveaux éléments de compréhension sur la physique de l’écoulement. Ce travail répond notamment aux limites principales des études précédentes grâce à la description de l'écoulement sur des géométries de référence incluant des pneumatiques déformés lisses et grâce à l’étude de l’instationnarité. Les analyses spatiales permettent de décrire l’organisation des structures tourbillonnaires sur roue isolée puis autour des roues avant et arrière d’un véhicule simplifié. Les analyses temporelles facilitent quant à elles la compréhension de la dynamique de l’écoulement par la mise en évidence de la génération des tourbillons et des mécanismes d’interaction avec la carrosserie. Des validations expérimentales sont effectuées à la fois sur roue isolée et sur véhicule en soufflerie. Enfin, l’utilisation de plusieurs types de pneumatiques démontre leur capacité à modifier les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles de l’ensemble de l’écoulement et à jouer ainsi sur la puissance dissipée par le véhicule via la traînée et le moment de rotation des roues. / As a collaborative task between Michelin and ONERA, this thesis aims to investigate the complex unsteady 3D flow around car wheels and to identify the mechanisms of drag production linked to this part of the car thanks to URANS unsteady numerical simulations using ONERA’s Navier-Stokes code elsA. The wheels (i.e. rims and tyres) are indeed a promising research topic in the field of car aerodynamics. The part of the total drag due to the wheels and wheelhouses is indeed estimated between 20% and 40%. The first step towards wheel optimisation is to achieve full understanding of the aerodynamic phenomena produced around them. The analysis of the flow for three types of tyres (smooth, rough, grooved), both around isolated wheels and around a simplified vehicle, brings further understanding of the flow physics. This work completes previous studies in this field thanks to the description of basic flows around smooth wheels and the study of unsteady effects. It describes the arrangement of vortical structures around an isolated wheel and around the front and rear wheels of a simplified vehicle. Moreover, the analysis of the flow unsteadiness facilitates understanding of the flow dynamics by highlighting the generation of the main vortices and the interaction phenomena with the car body. The validation of numerical models is performed with specific experiments by Michelin on both an isolated wheel and a vehicle configuration. Finally, the use of different tyres shows their ability to modify both space and time characteristics of the whole flow, thus modifying the power dissipated by the car drag and the rotation moment of the wheels.

Le nouveau moteur cryogénique de l'étage supérieur du nouveau lanceur Ariane présente la particularité d'être plusieurs fois réallumable, une fois la mise en orbite du lanceur. Le réallumage d'un moteur est particulièrement difficile durant les conditions de vol spatial. Ce moteur est composé d'un dôme LOX alimenté en oxygène liquide (LOX) qui est approvisionné par une vanne à boisseau positionnée en entrée d'une canne d'alimentation. Le mélange liquide / gaz formé dans le dôme LOX est injecté dans la chambre de combustion à travers des injecteurs reliant le dôme à la chambre. En conséquence, la distribution de l'écoulement diphasique en sortie des injecteurs revêt une importance particulière en terme d'allumage, de l'ouverture à la fermeture de cette vanne. La prise en compte de ces conditions de vol est primordiale pour qualifier le moteur. Cependant ces conditions ne peuvent pas être reproduites de façon représentative au cours d’essais au sol. Dans le cadre de ces études, un programme de recherche a été mis en place par le CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales) et SAFRAN Snecma pour étudier le remplissage du dôme LOX, via des études expérimentales et numériques. L'objectif est de connaître les conditions aux limites en sortie des injecteurs qui sont déterminantes pour appréhender la phase d'allumage dans la chambre de combustion. Des expériences ont été menées au LEGI (Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels) avec des fluides de substitution (de l'eau et de l'air), sans transfert de masse et de chaleur, sur la maquette du dôme d’alimentation d'un moteur de fusée. Les travaux présentés, menés à l'IMFT (Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse), tentent de reproduire les expériences réalisées à l'aide de simulations numériques 3D incompressibles diphasiques. La géométrie du domaine de calcul est représentative de la maquette expérimentale, qui est composée d'une canne d'alimentation, d'un dôme, d'un allumeur et d'un grand nombre d'injecteurs. Le but de cette étude est de démontrer la faisabilité d'un calcul 3D instationnaire diphasique du remplissage du dôme oxygène du moteur-fusée avec le code industriel NEPTUNE_CFD, en prenant en compte la géométrie réelle et les phénomènes physiques prépondérants. La comparaison des prédictions avec les résultats expérimentaux est réalisée afin d'évaluer la capacité du code à prédire l'écoulement à l'aide des modèles de fermeture disponibles. Enfin, plusieurs études de sensibilité sur les modèles de fermeture sont menées pour estimer leur influence sur les résultats des simulations. Un travail important a été effectué pour imposer les mêmes conditions d'entrée que dans les expériences. Des études ont également été conduites sur un injecteur isolé. / New generation cryogenic upper-stage rocket engines are planned to be restartable during the orbit mission. The re-ignition of the engine is particularly difficult in space flight conditions. The engine contains a LOX dome fed with liquid oxygen (LOX) supplied by a bushel valve through a pipe. The gas / liquid mixture forming in the dome is injected into the combustion chamber through a number of injectors. Therefore the two-phase flow distribution at injectors outlet carries a real importance in terms of the ignition from the opening to the closing phases of the main valve. These flight conditions are of paramount importance, however, they are truly difficult to reproduce by experimental ground tests. In the framework of these studies, a research program set up by CNES (the French Space Agency) and SAFRAN Snecma, tries to study the LOX dome filling, through experiments and numerical studies. The aim is to identify the phenomena at sake to know the limit conditions at injectors, which will determine the ignition stage in the combustion chamber. Experiments are carried out at LEGI (Geophysical and Industrial Flows Laboratory in Grenoble) with substitution fluids (air and water), without heat and mass transfer on a rocket engine mockup. The work presented here, conducted at IMFT (Fluid Mechanics Institute in Toulouse), intends to reproduce the experimental results using incompressible two-phase flow simulations. The geometry used is representative of the experimental mockup composed of a feeding pipe, a dome, an igniter pipe and injectors. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of a 3D unsteady two-phase flow calculation with the industrial code NEPTUNE_CFD, to simulate the LOX dome filling of the rocket engine, by taking into account the real geometry and the preponderant physical phenomena. The comparison of the predictions with the experimental results is carried out in order to estimate the code capability to predict the flow behavior, according to available closure laws. Finally, several sensitivity studies on the closure laws have been conducted to assess their influence on the numerical results. An important work has been carried out to obtain the proper inlet conditions to be imposed in the code in coherence with the experiments. Studies have equally been conducted on an isolated injector.

As estruturas aeronáuticas estão sujeitas a diversas solicitações, devido principalmente às interações com o escoamento aerodinâmico, que podem causar distúrbios e vibrações, comprometendo seu desempenho. As medidas aerodinâmicas aplicadas em uma aeronave podem ser obtidas por simulações computacionais ou testes experimentais. No entanto, podem existir imperfeições na simulação computacional, como por exemplo, se conseguir reproduzir algumas condições de vôo real. Sendo assim, diversas pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas para solucionar estes problemas. Dentre elas estão os testes experimentais feitos em túnel de vento com modelos de escala real em diversas condições de vôo. Desta forma, a construção de um modelo físico de um aerofólio em escala reduzida e a implementação de sensores a este modelo torna-se uma ferramenta bastante importante para validar resultados teóricos e experimentais. Assim, nesse trabalho realizou-se a construção de um modelo de aerofólio NACA0012, o desenvolvimento de um mecanismo de fixação do modelo ao túnel de vento e a implementação de um controlador de oscilação forçada. O modelo físico realiza oscilações harmônicas, em regime não-estacionário. O objetivo do trabalho foi mapear as medidas de pressão atuantes sobre modelo ensaiado em regime estacionário e não-estacionário e fazer a comparação entre os dois casos. / Aeronautical structures are affected by many loads, most of them given by the aerodynamic flow interactions. These flow interactions may cause vibration leading to structural failure, such as cracks and fatigue. The aerodynamic flow interactions can be measured by experiment or predicted by computational simulation. Otherwise, computational simulations on its own are not reliable and can not reproduce a real flight condition, such as the mean atmospheric turbulence dynamic. Many researches has been done to solve these problems for computational simulations. One of them are the wind tunnel experiments with a full scale models in many flight conditions for posterior comparison. For a smaller wind tunnel, a small scale physical prototype well instrumented becomes an important solution to validate theoretical and experimental results. In the present work the construction of a NACA 0012 airfoil model, the development of a constraint mechanism and the implementation of a forced oscilation control system were done. The physical model oscilates with a given frequency. The aim of present work is to map the pressure measurements actuating on the model, testing it under a steady state condition and a transient condition for posterior comparison of both conditions.

Orientadores: Amauri Garcia, Jose Eduardo Spinelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MariaAdrinaPaixaodeSouzada_M.pdf: 3527327 bytes, checksum: 88f3012a000dcdb2956852ed7fa40402 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Ligas de alumínio dispersas com bismuto apresentam aplicações promissoras em componentes automotivos resistentes ao desgaste. Essas dispersões de elementos de baixa temperatura de fusão diminuem a dureza e escoam facilmente em condições de deslizamento, resultando em um comportamento tribológico favorável. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados a fim de melhor compreender as distintas morfologias obtidas pela reação monotética. Algumas pesquisas assumem que a evolução do espaçamento interfásico na liga monotética Al-Bi obedece à clássica relação utilizada para eutéticos: ?2v = C, onde v é a velocidade de solidificação e C é uma constante. Não há nenhum consenso a respeito dos valores de C encontrados. Além disso, tais estudos utilizaram fornos de aquecimento à resistência do tipo Bridgman para produzir a solidificação direcional de ligas monotéticas. Existe uma falta de estudos consistentes no desenvolvimento microestrutural de ligas monotéticas durante condições de fluxo de calor transitório, que são de importância primordial, uma vez que esse tipo de fluxo de calor engloba a maioria dos processos industriais de solidificação. No presente estudo, foram feitos experimentos de solidificação unidirecional em regime não-estacionário com as ligas hipomonotética Al-2,0%Bi e monotética Al-3,2%Bi. Os parâmetros térmicos como velocidades de crescimento, taxas de resfriamento e gradientes térmicos foram determinados experimentalmente por curvas de resfriamento adquiridas ao longo do comprimento do lingote. Os crescimentos celular e monotético foram caracterizados por técnicas metalográficas, e os espaçamentos celulares e interfásicos correlacionados com os parâmetros térmicos de solidificação. Verificou-se que a lei de crescimento ?2v = C pode ser expressa por um valor de C de 1,70 x10-12, que é em torno de duas ordens de magnitude maior do que aqueles reportados para o regime estacionário. Embora o fluxo convectivo induzido não tenha sido suficiente para mudanças consideráveis na magnitude dos espaçamentos interfásicos, as partículas ricas em bismuto foram afetadas pela direção do crescimento, diminuindo o diâmetro em condições de solidificação vertical descendente, quando comparadas com aquelas obtidas no modo vertical ascendente / Abstract: Aluminium alloys dispersed with bismuth show promising applications in wear-resistant automotive components. Such dispersions of low melting temperature elements decrease hardness and flow easily under sliding conditions, resulting in favorable tribological behavior. Much research has been devoted in order to better comprehend the distinct morphologies obtained by monotectic reaction. Some researches assume that the phase spacing evolution in the monotectic Al-Bi alloy follows the classical relationship used for eutectics: ?2v = C, where v is the solidification velocity and C a constant value. There is no consensus concerning the found C values. Other than, such studies have used Bridgman-type resistance heated furnaces to produce the directionally solidified monotectic samples. There is a lack of consistent studies on the microstructural development of monotectic Al-Bi alloy during transient heat flow conditions, which are of prime importance since this class of heat flow encompasses the majority of solidification industrial processes. In the present study, directional unsteady-state solidification experiments were carried out with hypomonotectic Al-2.0wt%Bi and monotectic Al-3.2wt%Bi alloys. The thermal parameters such as growth rates, cooling rates and thermal gradients were experimentally determined by cooling curves recorded along the casting length. The cellular and monotectic growths were characterized by metallography, being both the cell and the interphase spacing correlated with the thermal parameters. It is shown that the ?2v = C growth law can be expressed by a C value of 1,7x10-12, which is about two orders of magnitude higher than those reported for the steady-state regime. Although the induced convective flow was not enough to considerably change the interphase spacing's magnitude, the Bi-rich particle diameters have been affected by the direction of growth, decreasing in conditions of downward vertical solidification when compared with those grown vertically upwards / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Os recentes desenvolvimentos na tecnologia de sistema aeronáutico de geometria variável têm sido motivados principalmente pela necessidade de melhorar o desempenho de aeronaves. O conceito de Morphing Aircraft, por meio da variação da linha de arqueamento, representa uma alternativa para sistemas aeronáuticos mais eficientes. No entanto, para aeronaves de alto desempenho, projetos com estes novos conceitos podem gerar reações aeroelásticas adversas, o que representa uma questão importante e pode vir a limitar esses novos projetos. A compreensão adequada do comportamento aeroelástico devido à variação da linha de arqueamento, particularmente em regimes transônico, compreende uma questão importante. Este trabalho consiste num estudo preliminar das consequências aeroelásticas de um sistema aeronáutico de geometria variável. O objetivo desse trabalho é explorar as repostas aeroelásticas transônicas de um aerofólio com arqueamento variável no tempo. A metodologia para análise aeroelástica é baseada num modelo de seção típica. A integração no tempo do sistema aeroelástico é obtida pelo método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. A representação do escoamento transônico não estacionário foi computada por um código CFD em um contexto de malhas não estruturadas com uma formulação dada pelas equações de Euler-2D. Esses resultados preliminares podem fornecer aos projetistas informações importantes sobre as respostas aeroelásticas de um sistema aeronáutico com variação da linha de arqueamento, permitindo estabelecer um quadro adequado para futuras investigações de controle aeroelástico de sistema aeronáutico de geometria variável. / Recent developments on aircraft variable geometry technologies have been mainly motivated by the need for improving the flight performance. The morphing wing concept, by means of variable camber, represents an alternative towards more efficient lifting surfaces. However, for higher performance aircraft, this technology may lead to designs that create unsteady loads, which may result in adverse aeroelastic responses, which represents an important and limiting issue. Proper understanding of the aeroelastic behavior, particularly in transonic flight regimes, due to variations in camber comprises an important matter. This work is a primary study of aeroelastic consequences of an real-time adaptive aircraft. The objective of this work is to investigate prescribed variations to airfoil camberline and their influence to the aeroelastic response in transonic flight regime. The methodology is based on computational simulations of typical section with unsteady transonic aerodynamics solved with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The time integration of the aeroelastic system is obtained by Runge-Kutta fourth order. The unsteady transonic flow was computed by a CFD code based on the 2D-Euler equations with unstructured mesh. Prescribed camber variation of a symmetrical airfoil is transferred to the CFD mesh, and aeroelastic responses and loading is assessed. These preliminary results may provide the designers valuable information on the interaction between changes in camber during airfoil aeroelastic reactions, allowing establishing an adequate framework for further aeroelastic control investigations of morphing wings.

This thesis is concerned with studies on spatially developing high speed mixing layers with twin objectives: (a) to provide enhanced and detailed understanding of spatial development of two-dimensional mixing layer emanating from splitter plate through large eddy simulation (LES, from now on) technique and (b) to evolve a consistent strategy for Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) approach to mixing layer calculations. The inspiration for this work arose out of the explanations that were being developed for the reduction in the mixing layer thickness with compressibility (measured by a parameter called convective Mach number, Mc). The reasons centered around increased stability, increase in compressible dissipation that was later discounted in favor of reduction in production and pressure-strain terms (with Mc, of course). These were obtained with direct numerical simulations (DNS) or LES techniques with homogeneous shear flow or temporal mixing layer. As apart, there was also a wide held view that using RANS (steady) techniques did not capture the compressibility effects when used in a way described above and so classical industrial codes for computing mixing- layer-embedded flows are unsuitable for such applications. Other important aspects that come out of the examination of literature are: the mixing layer growth is controlled in the initial stages by the double- boundary layer profile over the splitter plate and results in the mixing layer growth that is somewhat irregular due to doubling and merging of vertical structures. The view point of a smooth growth of the mixing layer is a theo- retical approximation arising out of the use of a smooth tan-hyperbolic profile that results at larger distances from the splitter plate. For all practical applications, it is inferred that the initial development is what is important because the processes of ignition and stable combustion occur close to the splitter plate. For these reasons, it was thought that understanding the development of the mixing layer is best dealt with using accurate spatial simulation with the appropriate initial profile. The LES technique used here is drawn from an OpenFOAM approach for dissimilar gases and uses one-equation Eddy Model for SGS stresses. The temporal discretization is second order accurate backward Euler and spatial discretization is fourth order least squares; the algorithm used for solving the equations is PISO and the parallelized code uses domain decomposition approach to cover large spatial domain. The calculations are performed with boundary layer profiles over the splitter plate and an initial velocity field with white noise-like fluctuations to simulate the turbulence as in the experiments. Grid independence studies are performed and several experimental cases are considered for comparison with measured data on the velocity and temperature fields as well as turbulent statistics. These comparisons are excellent for the mean field behavior and moderately acceptable for turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress. To further benefit from the LES approach, the details of the mixing layer are calculated as a function of four independent parameters on which the growth depends: convective Mach number (Mc = (U1 -U2)/ (a1 +a2)), stream speed ratio (r = U2=U1), stream density ratio (s = p2/p1) and the average velocity of the two streams ((U1+U2)=2) and examine the various terms in the equations to enable answering the questions discussed earlier. It is uncovered that r has significant influence on the attainment of self similarity (which also implies on the rate of removal of velocity defect in the double-boundary layer profile) and other parameters have a very weak influence. The minimum velocity variation with distance from the splitter plate has the 1/paxial distance behavior like in wakes; however, after a distance, departure to linear rise occurs and the distance it takes for this to appear is delayed with Mc. Other features such as the coherent structures, their merger or break up, the area of the structures, convective velocity information extraction from the coherent structures, the behavior of the pressure field in the mixing layer through the field are elucidated in detail; the behavior of the correlations between parameters (like pressure, velocity etc) at different points is used to elucidate the coherence of their fluctuating field. The effects of the parameters on the energy spectra have expected trends. An examination of the kinetic energy budget terms reveals that • the production term is the main source of the xx turbulence stress, whereas it is not significant in the yy component. • A substantial portion of this is carried by the pressure-velocity coupling from the xx direction to the yy direction, which becomes the main source term in the yy component. • Both, the production term as well as the pressure-velocity term show a clear decrease with increase in Mc. The high point of the thesis is related to using the understanding derived from an analysis of various source terms in the kinetic energy balance to evolve an unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) model for calculating high speed mixing layers, a subject that has eluded international research till now. It recognizes that the key feature affected by ompressibility is related to the anisotropy of the stress tensor. The relationship between stress component (_Txy) and the velocity gradient (Sxy) as obtained from LES is set out in the form of a simple relationship accounting for the effects of other parameters obtained earlier in this thesis. A minor influence due to _Tyy is extracted by describing its dependence on Sxy again as gleaned from LES studies. The needed variation of Prandtl and Schmidt numbers through the field is extracted. While the detailed variations can in fact be taken into account in URANS simulations, a simple assumption of these values being around 0.3 is chosen for the present simulations of URANS. Introduction of these features into the momentum equation gives the much expected variation of the reduction in the growth rate of the mixing layer with convective Mach number as in experiments. The relationships that can be used in high speed mixing layers are Introduction of these features into the momentum equation gives the much expected variation of the reduction in the growth rate of the mixing layer with convective Mach number as in experiments. This is then a suggested new approach to solve high speed mixing layers. While it can be thought that the principal contributions of the thesis are complete here, an additional segment is presented related to entropy view of the mixing layer. This study that considers the mixing layer with two different species expresses various terms involved in the entropy conservation equation and obtains the contribution of various terms on the entropy change for various Mc. It is first verified that the entropy derived from the conservation equation matches with those calculated from fluid properties, entropy being a state variable. It is shown that irreversible diffusion comes down the most with convective Mach number. Left: This image shows pictorially the flow of source of turbulent stress from the axial to the cross wise turbulent stress. Production (Σ) of turbulence happens mainly in the xx direction, a part of it is carried by the pressure-velocity correlation to the yy direction, which itself has a low production. With increasing Mc, both the production as well as the pressure-velocity correlation decrease. Right: This image shows the growth rate obtained from simulations scaled with the incompressible growth rate, of LES and RANS in the background of experiments (others). As is clear, the growth rate obtained is well within the band of experimental results.

Les constructeurs aéronautiques envisagent les systèmes de propulsion à hélices contra rotatives comme une alternative aux turboréacteurs, afin de réduire la consommation de carburant et les émissions des gaz à effet de serre. En raison de l’absence de carénage, la réduction du bruit engendrée par de tels systèmes représente un enjeu majeur pour les industriels. En particulier, le bruit de raies dû à l’impact des sillages de l’hélice amont sur l’hélice aval constitue une part significative de l’émission acoustique. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a abouti à une méthode semi-analytique de prédiction de ce bruit d’interaction, intégrant de façon relativement réaliste les effets tridimensionnels des sillages de l’hélice amont et de la géométrie des pales de l’hélice aval. L’espace balayé par une pale est décomposé en tranches annulaires, déroulées pour décrire localement l’interaction en coordonnées cartésiennes. Le segment de pale obtenu est approché par un trapèze plat de forme et d’orientation quelconques. Une double stratégie est proposée pour la description du sillage. Premièrement, il peut être décrit par un modèle analytique tenant compte du vrillage et de l’expansion avec la distance au bord de fuite. Deuxièmement, il peut être post-traité à partir des calculs numériques. Ensuite, dans chaque tranche le déficit de vitesse ressenti par le segment de pale fait l’objet d’une décomposition de Fourier à deux nombres d’onde. Le calcul de la réponse aérodynamique instationnaire du segment est fait dans le domaine fréquentiel. Il étend des solutions analytiques existantes valables pour un segment rectangulaire, et prend en compte la compressibilité du fluide et la non-compacité des pales. On restitue ainsi les effets de la flèche, du vrillage et de la variation de la corde en envergure. Les fluctuations de portance induites sur les différents segments, obtenues par le calcul, sont utilisées pour construire une répartition de sources acoustiques équivalentes sur la surface réelle des pales, au sens de l’analogie acoustique. Le bruit en champ lointain est alors calculé en utilisant le formalisme de Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings, adapté au cas d’un dipôle tournant dans un écoulement uniforme. La méthodologie proposée a été implémentée dans l’outil ORION et évaluée avec des résultats numériques et des mesures en soufflerie. / Counter-rotating open rotors are seen as a possible alternative to turbofan engines for future subsonic aircraft propulsion, essentially for their higher fuel-efficiency. This technology leads to fuel saving sand to reduced green-house gas emissions. However, these benefits are balanced by some inherent draw-backs, as the increased noise radiation. Particularly, the tonal noise produced by the impingement of the wakes issuing from the front rotor onto the rear-rotor blades is recognized as a major contributor to the emitted noise. The research presented in this thesis led to a semi-analytical methodology to predict the rotor-rotor interaction tonal noise, including three-dimensional features of both rear-rotor blades and front-rotor wakes. The space is cut into annular regions, subsequently unwrapped for formulating the problem in equivalent Cartesian coordinates. Also, the obtained blade segments are assimilated as a set of flat trapezoids with arbitrary orientation, accounting for blade sweep and chord variations in the span wise direction. A double strategy is proposed for the description of front-rotor wakes. First, an analytical model is proposed in which wake direction and diffusion are deduced from the blade stagger angle and axial distance between the rotors. Secondly, a strategy for post-processing numerical wakes is presented. In both cases, the oncoming excitation is expanded in a series of sinusoidal gusts with two aerodynamic wavenumber components. Using this information the unsteady loading on the rear-rotor blades is obtained, in the frequency domain, from an extension of Amiet’s theory for gust-air foil interaction to account for air foil sweep and chord variations, flow compressibility and source non-compactness. The obtained noise source is back-projected on the blade mean-camber surface. An extended far-field formulation is then used to predict the noise. This theory is derived in detail from Ffowcs Williams &Hawkings’ formalism adapted for acoustic dipoles rotating in a uniformly moving atmosphere. The pro-posed methodology has been implemented in the tool ORION and assessed by comparing its results with numerical simulations and wind-tunnel measurements.

L’amélioration des performances des turboréacteurs actuels est un enjeu crucial dans un contexte de contraintes économiques et environnementales fortes. Au sein du turboréacteur, le canal inter-turbines, localisé à l’interface entre la turbine Haute Pression (HP) et le premier distributeur Basse Pression (BP), est le siège d’écoulements très complexes. Ainsi, les structures aérodynamiques issues de la turbine HP (sillages, tourbillons et ondes de choc) interagissent fortement entre elles et impactent l’écoulement du distributeur BP, engendrant ainsi des pertes de rendement de l’ensemble de la configuration. Ce travail de thèse s’attache à étudier les phénomènes d’interactions aérodynamiques entre une turbine HP et le premier distributeur BP et à analyser les mécanismes à l’origine des pertes aérodynamiques dans le distributeur BP. Une campagne expérimentale antérieure, réalisée sur un banc d’essai comprenant une turbine HP couplée à un distributeur BP, avait permis de recueillir des mesures de l’écoulement dans des plans situés dans le canal inter-turbines et à l’aval du distributeur BP. En lien avec ces résultats expérimentaux, les simulations numériques menées dans cette étude avec le logiciel elsA s’attachent à restituer précisément la nature tridimensionnelle, instationnaire et turbulente de l’écoulement au sein de cette même configuration. Ces travaux se développent alors en trois étapes principales. Dans un premier temps, une étude stationnaire avec traitement plan de mélange permet de comprendre et quantifier les aspects généraux de l’écoulement. Une évaluation de l’effet de la modélisation turbulente RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) et du schéma numérique spatial sur les structures aérodynamiques présentes dans la configuration est réalisée. Dans un deuxième temps, une modélisation turbulente avancée de type ZDES (Zonal Detached-Eddy Simulation) est employée pour la résolution de l’écoulement dans le distributeur BP. Les structures aérodynamiques instationnaires issues de la roue HP amont sont modélisées par une condition limite à l’entrée du domaine de calcul. L’approche ZDES est comparée à une approche Unsteady RANS (URANS) sur la même configuration. La formation et la dissipation des sillages et des tourbillons est significativement différente entre les deux modélisations, ce qui impacte de manière importante la génération des pertes aérodynamiques. Enfin, des simulations URANS de plusieurs configurations permettent de mieux comprendre les effets d’interaction entre les différentes rangées d’aubes. Ainsi, les approches instationnaires chorochroniques prenant en compte un seul rotor et un seul stator évaluent des effets instationnaires importants dans le canal inter-turbines. Ces approches conduisent à la mise en oeuvre d’un calcul sur une configuration multipassages-chorochronique prenant en compte les deux stators et le rotor afin de modéliser complètement les interactions déterministes existantes. Afin de quantifier celles-ci avec précision, une décomposition modale du champ instationnaire est mise en place. Les niveaux d’interactions liées aux différentes roues sont alors quantifiés et l’impact sur les pertes aérodynamiques est évalué. / Improving the performance of current aeronautical turbines is an important issue in a context of severe economical and environmental constraints. In a turbofan, the inter-turbine channel which is located between the High-Pressure (HP) turbine and the first Low Pressure (LP) vane is characterized by a complex flow. Therefore aerodynamic structures coming from the HP turbine (wakes, vortices and showkwaves) strongly interact between each other and affect the LP vane flow field. This generates efficiency losses of the overall configuration. This PhD thesis aims at studying the aerodynamic phenomena between a HP turbine and the first LP vane and at analyzing the mechanisms creating aerodynamic losses. A previous experimental campaign, which was carried out on a facility including a HP turbine coupled to a LP vane, enabled to gather flow field measurements in planes located in the inter-turbine channel and downstream of the LP vane. In comparison with these experimental data, the numerical simulations done with elsA software intend to reproduce accurately the 3D, unsteady and turbulent nature of the flow within this configuration. The work can be divided into three mains steps. As a first step, steady simulations with a sliding mesh treatment enable to understand the general aspects of the flow. An assessment of the effects of RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) turbulent predictions and of spatial numerical schemes on the aerodynamic structures present in the configuration is carried out. As a second step, the advanced turbulence approach ZDES (Zonal Detached-Eddy Simulation) is considered for the LP vane flow prediction. The unsteady aerodynamic structures coming from the upstream HP rotor are set as an inlet boundary condition of the computational domain. The ZDES approach is compared to a URANS (Unsteady RANS) approach on the same computational domain. The generation and dissipation of the wakes and vortices are significantly different on the two simulations, and thus impact the creation of aerodynamic losses. Finally, URANS simulations enable to better understand the interaction effects between the different blade rows. First, the unsteady phase-lagged approaches that take into account a single rotor and stator assess the important unsteady effects in the inter-turbine channel. They finally lead to the implementation of a multipassages phase-lagged computation that takes into account the two stators and the rotor in order to model all the existing determinist interactions. In order to quantify them accurately, a modal decomposition of the unsteady flow field is set up. The interaction levels linked to the different blade rows are therefore quantified and the impact of the aerodynamic losses is evaluated.

Bien que les méthodes de calcul peuvent donner de bons résultats, ils ne sont généralement pas en accord avec exactement les données d'essais en vol en raison des incertitudes dans les modelé de calcul de structure et aérodynamiques. Une méthode efficace est nécessaire pour la mise à jour des modelé aeroelastiques en utilisant les données d'essais en vol, les données d'essais de vibration au sol ( GVT ) et les données de soufflerie. Tout d'abord tous les développements ont été valides sur une section de l'aile 2D et sur un modèle 3D simple et après l'approche POD a été applique= a une configuration industrielle (modèle de soufflerie aile-fuselage et modèle d' avions complète). / Although computational methods can provide good results, they usually do not agree exactly with the flight test data due to uncertainties in structural and aerodynamic computational models. An effective method is required for updating computational aeroelastic models using the flight test data along with Ground Vibration Test (GVT) data and wind tunnel data. Firstly all developments have been validated on a 2D wing section and on a simple 3D model and after the POD approach has been applied to an industrial configuration (wing-fuselage wind tunnel model and complete aircraft model).