Introdução: A contracepção de emergência, embora disponível há mais de 30 anos, ainda nos dias atuais encontra resistências de natureza religiosa, cultural e social em diferentes regiões do mundo. Estados como o Pará, segundo maior da Amazônia brasileira e da Região Norte do Brasil, com características continentais, têm, certamente na geografia, na diversidade populacional e no ecossistema, fatores que contribuem sobremaneira para a ocorrência de gestações precoces e indesejadas, assim como a prática de abortamento. Pouco se sabe sobre o nível de conhecimento sobre a contracepção de emergência pelas mulheres e sua utilização pela população brasileira. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento sobre contracepção de emergência entre mulheres atendidas nos Ambulatórios de Ginecologia do Hospital da Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Estado do Pará. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 316 mulheres sexualmente ativas, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, que frequentaram o Ambulatório de Ginecologia entre junho e julho de 2012. As pacientes responderam a um questionário contendo 29 perguntas, incluindo: idade em anos, nível educacional, conhecimento e uso prévio do método de contracepção de emergência. Resultados: A idade média das participantes foi de 31,84 ± 8,00 anos, 46,84% delas concluíram o ensino médio e apenas 8,55% possuíam o ensino superior. A maioria obtivera informações sobre contracepção de emergência por meio de amigos (48,61%, n = 152) e apenas 7,30% através de seus médicos. Embora 83,54% das participantes relatassem estar familiarizadas com o método, apenas 0,63% disseram que o contraceptivo de emergência poderia ser usado até 5 dias após a relação sexual desprotegida e 76,58% nunca tinham utilizado o método. Conclusão: As mulheres incluídas neste estudo demostraram ter elevado conhecimento e prevalência de uso da contracepção de emergência, apesar de pouco conhecimento sobre o tempo máximo para sua utilização e, devem receber mais informações sobre o contraceptivo de emergência. / Introduction: emergency contraception although available as a safe and effective method for more than 30 years, even today, meets resistance as religious, cultural and social development in different regions of the world, limiting their use and compromising your knowledge on the part of the population. States such as Pará, the second largest Brazilian Amazon State, and of the northern region of Brazil, with continental characteristics, has certainly, in geography, population diversity, ecosystem, factors that contribute greatly favoring the occurrence of premature and unwanted pregnancies, as well as the practice of abortion. Little is known about the level of knowledge about emergency contraception by women and their use in Brazil. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge about emergency contraception among women attending at gynecology clinics in the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia of State of Pará. Methods: cross-sectional study was conducted with 316 sexually active women aged 18-50 years attending the gynecology outpatient clinic, between June and July 2012. The patients answered a questionnaire containing 29 questions, including: age in years, education level, knowledge and previous use of emergency contraception method. Results: The mean age of participants was 31.84 ± 8,00 years. 46.84% of them completed high school, and only 8.55% have higher education. Most women obtained information on emergency contraception through friends (48.61%, n = 152) and only 7.30% of its physicians. 83.54% participants reported being familiar with the method, only 0.63% said that emergency contraception could be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse, 57.59% did not know, and 76,58% (n = 242) had never used the method. Conclusion: The women in our study seem to have high level of knowledge and prevalence of use of emergency contraception, although little known about the time limit for its use and should receive more information about the emergency contraceptive.

The aim of my dissertation is to provide a look into the subdeprivation phenomena in contemporary child care institutions (children{\crq}s homes, foster care). The theoretical part is focused on defining of basic concepts related to psychological deprivation, defining of psychological needs of children and psychological deprivation displays. Further, it deals with children{\crq}s homes issues, with some kinds of foster family care and with the unwanted children matter. The practical part focuses on the aim of the work. There are compared three children groups (children growing up in a functional family, children from children{\crq}s homes and children from foster care). There are described the findings that were gained from selected tests and observations. In the end the outcomes were evaluated.

Introdução: A contracepção de emergência, embora disponível há mais de 30 anos, ainda nos dias atuais encontra resistências de natureza religiosa, cultural e social em diferentes regiões do mundo. Estados como o Pará, segundo maior da Amazônia brasileira e da Região Norte do Brasil, com características continentais, têm, certamente na geografia, na diversidade populacional e no ecossistema, fatores que contribuem sobremaneira para a ocorrência de gestações precoces e indesejadas, assim como a prática de abortamento. Pouco se sabe sobre o nível de conhecimento sobre a contracepção de emergência pelas mulheres e sua utilização pela população brasileira. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento sobre contracepção de emergência entre mulheres atendidas nos Ambulatórios de Ginecologia do Hospital da Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Estado do Pará. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 316 mulheres sexualmente ativas, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, que frequentaram o Ambulatório de Ginecologia entre junho e julho de 2012. As pacientes responderam a um questionário contendo 29 perguntas, incluindo: idade em anos, nível educacional, conhecimento e uso prévio do método de contracepção de emergência. Resultados: A idade média das participantes foi de 31,84 ± 8,00 anos, 46,84% delas concluíram o ensino médio e apenas 8,55% possuíam o ensino superior. A maioria obtivera informações sobre contracepção de emergência por meio de amigos (48,61%, n = 152) e apenas 7,30% através de seus médicos. Embora 83,54% das participantes relatassem estar familiarizadas com o método, apenas 0,63% disseram que o contraceptivo de emergência poderia ser usado até 5 dias após a relação sexual desprotegida e 76,58% nunca tinham utilizado o método. Conclusão: As mulheres incluídas neste estudo demostraram ter elevado conhecimento e prevalência de uso da contracepção de emergência, apesar de pouco conhecimento sobre o tempo máximo para sua utilização e, devem receber mais informações sobre o contraceptivo de emergência. / Introduction: emergency contraception although available as a safe and effective method for more than 30 years, even today, meets resistance as religious, cultural and social development in different regions of the world, limiting their use and compromising your knowledge on the part of the population. States such as Pará, the second largest Brazilian Amazon State, and of the northern region of Brazil, with continental characteristics, has certainly, in geography, population diversity, ecosystem, factors that contribute greatly favoring the occurrence of premature and unwanted pregnancies, as well as the practice of abortion. Little is known about the level of knowledge about emergency contraception by women and their use in Brazil. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge about emergency contraception among women attending at gynecology clinics in the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia of State of Pará. Methods: cross-sectional study was conducted with 316 sexually active women aged 18-50 years attending the gynecology outpatient clinic, between June and July 2012. The patients answered a questionnaire containing 29 questions, including: age in years, education level, knowledge and previous use of emergency contraception method. Results: The mean age of participants was 31.84 ± 8,00 years. 46.84% of them completed high school, and only 8.55% have higher education. Most women obtained information on emergency contraception through friends (48.61%, n = 152) and only 7.30% of its physicians. 83.54% participants reported being familiar with the method, only 0.63% said that emergency contraception could be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse, 57.59% did not know, and 76,58% (n = 242) had never used the method. Conclusion: The women in our study seem to have high level of knowledge and prevalence of use of emergency contraception, although little known about the time limit for its use and should receive more information about the emergency contraceptive.

Många människor har påträngande tankar och uppfattar dessa som jobbiga. En vanligt förekommande copingstrategi är att tränga bort dessa upplevelser. Detta kallas suppression eller bortträngning och har kopplingar till psykiatriska besvär. Tidigare studier visar att bortträngning har en ironisk effekt som gör att de tankar en person önskar undvika studsar tillbaka in i medvetandet. I denna experimentella studie används en inomgruppsdesign för att undersöka huruvida denna ironiska effekt går att återfinna hos externa stimuli i form av sinustoner. Testdeltagare (n=40) instruerades att tränga undan eller fokusera på en av två toner. Den första hypotesen var att deltagarna under en tone-in-noise uppgift skulle indikera fler falska positiva på den bortträngda tonen, jämfört med den ton de fokuserade på eller vid ingen ton alls. Detta skulle då indikera på en ironisk effekt. Ytterligare hypoteser var att deltagare kommer ha fler sanna positiva på den bortträngda tonen jämfört med en kontrollton, även detta under brus. Sista hypotesen var att deltagarnas upplevelse av den bortträngda tonen skulle förändras och skattas som mer aversiv efter experimentet. Resultaten stödde ej någon av hypoteserna. Explorativa analyser visade att deltagarna upplevde båda tonerna som mer irriterande, uppjagande och att de lät högre efter en minnesuppgift. Studiens begränsningar diskuteras och förändringar i studiedesign föreslås. / Many people have intrusive thoughts that they experience as aversive. A common coping strategy is to suppress these thoughts. This practice has connections to psychiatric problems. Previous studies have shown that suppression has an ironic process, where the suppressed material has a rebound effect and re-enters consciousness. Furthermore, suppression can have an effect on the emotional perception of the suppressed material. In this experimental study a within-subjects design was used to examine if this ironic effect can be found when suppression is used on external stimuli such as sine tones. Participants (n=40) were instructed to either suppress or focus on two different tones. The hypothesis was that they would indicate more false positives on the suppressed tone during a tone-in-noise task, which would be a sign of a rebound effect. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that participants would have more correct identifications when the suppressed tone was present during the tone-in-noise task. Lastly it was hypothesized that participants would rate the suppressed tone as more aversive. The results did not support any of the hypotheses. Explorative analyses showed that participants rated both tones as more arousing, annoying, and loud after a recall task. Limitations of the study are discussed and changes to the study for further research design are proposed.

The rational aspect of abort Abstract The Diploma thesis "The rational aspect of abort" try to clarification rational aspect of abort. However a religious viewpoint is not the main topic of this thesis, author doesn't leave it out and one separate chapter of this work is dedicated to it. Author endeavours to find an answer whether it is possible to consider an abort to be ethical and in what conditions. The thesis is trying to explain various aspects of abort in Czech Republic as well as abroad, it is also following a medical view-point and various executive methods of aborts. There is an aspiration to refer to the historical advancement of abort opinion and to resolve an origin of this problem. Disposition of this work is to disclose not only the moral aspects but also the feelings of the woman experiencing an abort including after-effects on her. The important chapter there is the postabortal syndrome which is not accepted as a medical diagnosis associated with psychological effects of abort. There is a short questionaire inserted in the thesis which refers to some women's opinions and experiences. Keywords abortion, sorts of abortion, abortion and mental health, unwanted children, the dispute over the status of the embryo

The issue of abortion in today's society The thesis tries to clarify the rational aspect of abortion. However a religious viewpoint is not the main topic of this thesis, the author does not leave it out and one separate chapter of this work is dedicated to it. The authoralso tries to find an answer whether it is possible to consider an abortion to be ethical and in what conditions. The thesis is trying to explain various aspects of abortion in the Czech Republic as well as abroad, it is also following a medical view - point and various executive methods of abortions. There is an aspiration to refer to the historical advancement of abort opinion and to resolve an origin of this problem. Disposition of this work is to disclose not only the moral aspects but also the feelings of the woman experiencing an abort including after-effects on her. The important chapter there is the postabortal syndrome which is not accepted as a medical diagnosis associated with psychological effects of abort. There is a short questionnaire inserted in the thesis which refers to some women's opinions and experiences. Keywords abortion, sorts of abortion, abortion and mental health, unwanted children, the dispute over the status of the embryo

IN ENGLISH The aim of my thesis is to introduce the system of monitoring of undesirable events and its relationship with the legislative regulations of the Czech Republic and outline the process of controlled change in the organization. The theoretical part of the thesis is dedicated to the general description of the system of reporting undesirable events at national and international level and is based on research from available literature. The other important part of the theoretical part of the thesis is dedicated to the quality system and basic processes of controlled change processes as described by the Czech and foreign authors. The practical part of the thesis is based on a case study from The Žatec Hospital, which represents the initial analysis of the monitoring system of the undesirable events in the organization, planning and description of the processes and individual steps in the process of controlled change with subsequent analysis of the system of adverse event monitoring after aforementioned change. Furthermore the results of the original and the current system comparison are being presented. The original system, as found by the initial analysis, was not fully functional and the data were compared with the data obtained after the revision of system's adverse event reporting, and an...

Diploma thesis deals with the current methods of implementation of primary prevention of primary schools in the Czech Republic. The aim was to determine the degree of preparedness of primary schools for the implementation of a world-wide research-proven program of positive support for students behavior in the school environment (PBIS) in order to prevent risky behavior of students in schools. The first part of the thesis is devoted to theoretical knowledge about students with risky behavior, preventive and interventional procedures of primary prevention applied in schools and a thorough description of the PBIS method. We used a qualitative method of semi-structured interviews for the research survey. The evaluation took place on the basis of interviews with pedagogical staff at four primary schools. The analysis was performed using open coding. Questions were asked about the use of preventive measures by primary schools and the answers provided an insight into which elements used correspond to the PBIS method. The results of the research show similarities in the use of preventive elements in the field of physical environment of the class and in the positive formulation of the rules of conduct. On the contrary, visualizations of routine procedures and school-wide expectations in school premises are...

Thesis( MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Title: The Perceptions of Postgraduate Students About Female Condoms at The University of Limpopo Background: The female condom is one of the safest and effective female-initiated methods of contraceptives that has been promoted as an integral part of inventions that provide protection against the widespread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and other Sexual Transmitted Infections among the youth, including at institutions of higher learning. A number of university students in South Africa are at risk of contracting HIV because of their risky sexual behaviours. How one perceives the female condom can have greater potential to influence its use. There is a gap in literature about this condom. Therefore, this study seeks to understand and document perceptions of postgraduate students about the female condom at the University of Limpopo. Objectives: To explore demographic characteristics of postgraduate students at the University of Limpopo regarding female condoms. To describe perceptions of postgraduate students at the University of Limpopo about female condoms. Methods: The study used the qualitative research approach. Participants of the study were full-time male and female postgraduate students at the University of Limpopo. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participants were interviewed one by one using an interview guide. The sample size of the study was 10 participants which was determined by saturation of data. An audiotape was also used to record interviews with participants, and field notes were also taken during the interview. Data was analysed through Thematic Content Analysis. Results: Literature suggests that students are aware of the female condom and its potential to reduce the risk of contracting HIV and STI but are still reluctant to use it in preference of the MC which is well marketed and promoted. The observed discarding and misuse of female condoms among students is associated with lack of knowledge and their perceptions of it. Although this study does not generalise the overall students’ perceptions regarding the female condom, but as a qualitative research, the study provides a useful qualitative enquiry of postgraduate students at the University of Limpopo about the female condom. Conclusion: Many studies have concluded that a female condom is a female-initiated method that is developed to empower and educate women to take control of their sexual health issues as well as to develop other programmes that prioritise women against HIV/AIDS and other STI. There is a need for effective interventions and campaigns to improve student knowledge in order to minimise wasteful expenditure in the process of the procurement and distribution of female condoms. There is also a need to increase the availability and accessibility of these condoms at institutions of higher learning.

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