This study investigated the relationships among family environment, demographic measures, the decisions made by unintentionally pregnant adolescents regarding post-delivery plans (stay single, get married, adoption), and the certainty with which these decisions were made. The Information Sheet, Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos, 1981), and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (Zuckerman & Lubin, 1965a) were administered to 17 5 pregnant adolescents, ages 14 through 22, who intended to carry their pregnancies to term. Pearson product-moment correlations and multiple regression analyses were utilized to assess the relationships between family environment and certainty of decision and between family environment and negative affect. Greater uncertainty was associated with nonwhite racial status and living with both natural parents or mother only. Higher levels of negative affect were related to lower levels of perceived family cohesion, independence, expressiveness, and intellectualcultural orientation. The demographic variables of age, trimester of pregnancy, and family constellation were also found to be useful in predicting levels of negative affect. Subjects who were older, further along in their pregnancies, and living with both natural parents or mother only tended to report greater negative affect. Findings of greater uncertainty and negative affect associated with living with the natural mother are consistent with previous reports of disturbed mother-daughter relationships among this population. Discriminant analysis revealed that subjects choosing adoption were more likely to be older and to be white than those choosing to keep the child. They also tended to perceive higher levels of expressiveness and independence in their families. Comparisons between the present sample and "normal" families revealed differences which were statistically significant, but quite small in terms of raw score units. Indeed, these groups may be more similar than has often been assumed. The implications of these findings for the delivery of services and for future research efforts in this area were discussed. More intensive assessment of family functioning is needed. Based upon present results, further investigation of the family constellation variable is warranted.

In this Diploma Thesis the recycling of the PET bottles in the company PETKA CZ, a.s. is under focus. Thesis describes the Italian technology AMUT designed for physical recycling of the PET bottles. The primary goal is the quality of the final recycled product, PET flakes, particularly in the context of undesirable admixtures such as PVC, other polymers and impurities. Due to the deteriorating quality of the PET flakes the equipment Polymer Separation System Purifier N 1024 has been tested, which had significantly reduced admixtures in PET flakes. As it turned out, the current procedures for solving problems with the PET flakes quality are no longer sufficient.

Unwanted horses are a growing problem in the United States, and through the use of surveys, researchers can understand public opinion and experiences related to this problem. This study administered surveys specific to horse and non-horse owners through face-toace delivery and to rescue/retirement and auction facilities through the mail. Data was analyzed using a CRD, GLM and Fisher’s Protected LSD with á of 0.05. Comparisons were completed between horse and non-horse owners, horse owners and non-horse owners with equine experience, non-horse owners with and without equine experience, Quarter horse and other breeds owners, and auction and rescue/retirement facilities. Similarities were seen between groups for questions associated with participant location, understanding of processing/harvesting regulations and procedures, processing/harvesting facility restrictions preferences, and knowledge of management cutbacks and rescue facility locations. The only question that was significantly different for all comparisons was concerning the support towards the reopening of equine processing/harvesting facilities.

No description available.

Introdução De acordo com a literatura, 70 a 80 por cento das mulheres que sofreram uma cesárea desejavam um parto normal no início da gravidez. Entre os fatores relacionados, identificam-se decisões junto à equipe que acompanhou o pré-natal e o trabalho de parto. Infere-se que a frustração desse desejo pode ter implicações no pós-parto, em especial, na relação mãe-bebê, na amamentação e na saúde mental pós-parto. Objetivo Descrever e analisar a experiência da cesárea autorreferida como indesejada por mulheres que buscaram um parto normal e os mecanismos associados à discrepância entre o desejo original (parto normal) e o desfecho (cesárea) e suas implicações no pós-parto, a saber, no aleitamento materno, na ocorrência de depressão pós-parto/babyblues e na formação do vínculo. Métodos Pesquisa qualitativa que contou com o preenchimento de roteiro de questões semiestruturadas, via e-mail, por mulheres participantes de mídias sociais, e análise dos dados a partir de categorias pré-determinadas e novas categorias advindas da análise. Resultados Esta pesquisa evidenciou o uso rotineiro de práticas inadequadas e desrespeitosas, como o convencimento para realizar a cesárea com base em informação distorcida e ameaçadora, o descaso com o bem-estar físico e emocional da mulher, a privação de recursos e procedimentos baseados em evidências científicas na condução do pré-natal e do trabalho de parto, o desrespeito à Lei do Acompanhante, a privação do contato com o bebê após o nascimento, o uso de medicamento para sedar as mulheres logo após o parto, entre outras ocorrências analisadas sob a ótica da violência institucional obstétrica. Conclusões O processo que conduz as mulheres a uma cesárea indesejada é marcado por uma assistência que virtualmente inviabiliza a possibilidade do protagonismo feminino e de escolha informada, priorizando as conveniências e necessidades das equipes e instituições que as acompanham, com significante impacto emocional no pós-parto e na relação mãe-bebê / Introduction: According to the literature, 70-80 per cent of women who underwent a cesarean wanted a normal delivery in early pregnancy. Among the related factors, we identify decisions along with the team that accompanied the pre-natal and labor. We can infer that the frustration of this desire may have implications in the postpartum period, especially in relation MotherBaby, breastfeeding and postpartum mental health. Goals: To describe and analyze the experience of cesarean section (CS) self-reported as unwanted by women seeking a vaginal delivery and the mechanisms associated with the disagreement between the original desire (normal delivery) and the outcome (CS) and its implications in the postpartum period, namely in breastfeeding, in the occurrence of depression/babyblues and in bonding. Methods: Qualitative research which included filling out a script of semi-structured questions, via email, by women who take part in social media and the analysis of data from pre-determined categories and new categories that came from the analysis. Results: This study documented the routine use of inappropriate and disrespectful practices, such as the persuasion to perform a cesarean section based on threatening information, the disregard for the physical and emotional welfare of women, the lack of resources and procedures based on scientific evidence for conducting pre-natal and labor, the disrespect of the Lei do Acompanhante (Law of the Escort), the deprivation of contact with the baby after birth, the use of medication to sedate women after childbirth among other occurrences analyzed under the perspective of the obstetrics institutional violence. Conclusion: The process that leads women to an unwanted cesarean section is marked by an assistance that virtually precludes the possibility of female protagonism and informed choice, prioritizing convenience and needs of the team and the institution that accompany them, with significant emotional impact on the post delivery and the MotherBaby relationship

Introdução De acordo com a literatura, 70 a 80 por cento das mulheres que sofreram uma cesárea desejavam um parto normal no início da gravidez. Entre os fatores relacionados, identificam-se decisões junto à equipe que acompanhou o pré-natal e o trabalho de parto. Infere-se que a frustração desse desejo pode ter implicações no pós-parto, em especial, na relação mãe-bebê, na amamentação e na saúde mental pós-parto. Objetivo Descrever e analisar a experiência da cesárea autorreferida como indesejada por mulheres que buscaram um parto normal e os mecanismos associados à discrepância entre o desejo original (parto normal) e o desfecho (cesárea) e suas implicações no pós-parto, a saber, no aleitamento materno, na ocorrência de depressão pós-parto/babyblues e na formação do vínculo. Métodos Pesquisa qualitativa que contou com o preenchimento de roteiro de questões semiestruturadas, via e-mail, por mulheres participantes de mídias sociais, e análise dos dados a partir de categorias pré-determinadas e novas categorias advindas da análise. Resultados Esta pesquisa evidenciou o uso rotineiro de práticas inadequadas e desrespeitosas, como o convencimento para realizar a cesárea com base em informação distorcida e ameaçadora, o descaso com o bem-estar físico e emocional da mulher, a privação de recursos e procedimentos baseados em evidências científicas na condução do pré-natal e do trabalho de parto, o desrespeito à Lei do Acompanhante, a privação do contato com o bebê após o nascimento, o uso de medicamento para sedar as mulheres logo após o parto, entre outras ocorrências analisadas sob a ótica da violência institucional obstétrica. Conclusões O processo que conduz as mulheres a uma cesárea indesejada é marcado por uma assistência que virtualmente inviabiliza a possibilidade do protagonismo feminino e de escolha informada, priorizando as conveniências e necessidades das equipes e instituições que as acompanham, com significante impacto emocional no pós-parto e na relação mãe-bebê / Introduction: According to the literature, 70-80 per cent of women who underwent a cesarean wanted a normal delivery in early pregnancy. Among the related factors, we identify decisions along with the team that accompanied the pre-natal and labor. We can infer that the frustration of this desire may have implications in the postpartum period, especially in relation MotherBaby, breastfeeding and postpartum mental health. Goals: To describe and analyze the experience of cesarean section (CS) self-reported as unwanted by women seeking a vaginal delivery and the mechanisms associated with the disagreement between the original desire (normal delivery) and the outcome (CS) and its implications in the postpartum period, namely in breastfeeding, in the occurrence of depression/babyblues and in bonding. Methods: Qualitative research which included filling out a script of semi-structured questions, via email, by women who take part in social media and the analysis of data from pre-determined categories and new categories that came from the analysis. Results: This study documented the routine use of inappropriate and disrespectful practices, such as the persuasion to perform a cesarean section based on threatening information, the disregard for the physical and emotional welfare of women, the lack of resources and procedures based on scientific evidence for conducting pre-natal and labor, the disrespect of the Lei do Acompanhante (Law of the Escort), the deprivation of contact with the baby after birth, the use of medication to sedate women after childbirth among other occurrences analyzed under the perspective of the obstetrics institutional violence. Conclusion: The process that leads women to an unwanted cesarean section is marked by an assistance that virtually precludes the possibility of female protagonism and informed choice, prioritizing convenience and needs of the team and the institution that accompany them, with significant emotional impact on the post delivery and the MotherBaby relationship

It is a novel experience for a woman to enter into motherhood. While she may have some familiarity with basic methods of childcare, the experience of caring for her own child is a new one. Becoming a mother elicits a transformation for a woman, from a „self as a self‟ to a „self as a mother‟. When the pregnancy is unplanned, this transformation may be particularly complicated. This study explored this transformation by focusing on the stressors and supports mothers reported during pregnancy and in early motherhood, for women whose pregnancies had been unintended. The study utilized a psychoanalytic perspective, particularly object relations theory (ORT), to understand how the mother‟s object relations have been influenced by her perceptions and her stress levels, in her transition into motherhood. A qualitative approach was adopted in this study, so that the researcher could gain a “rich” description of the participants‟ experiences of pregnancy and motherhood. Five mothers, whose eldest was four years or younger and who had not intended to conceive, participated in focus groups and individual interviews. The data gained was analysed by means of thematic analysis, which brought about a list of perceived stressors and support factors. These stressors were categorized and discussed in relation to child-specific factors, factors specific to parenthood, environmental factors, and factors specific to the unintended nature of the pregnancy. The perceived supports included psychosocial support, allomaternal support, financial support, and information. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

The main objective of the study is to analyze the role of family planning program in reducing maternal mortality in Bangladesh. A conceptual framework has been developed in which family planning is shown to be integrated in reducing maternal mortality. This study found that the risk factors of maternal mortality e.g. unwanted pregnancy, high parity, and early and old age at child birth still prevail in Bangladesh. It is hypothesized that the prevalence of these factors can be substantially reduced by a proper practice of family planning. There is a high level of unmet need for family planning Bangladesh, and its removal will substantially help in reducing maternal mortality in the country. The risk factors of maternal mortality are strongly associated with lack of family planning practice and other socio-economic and demographic background characteristics of women. By using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) of 2004 and the Bangladesh Maternal Health and Maternal Mortality Survey (BMMS) of 2001 the study has analyzed the relationship of the risk factors of maternal mortality, namely wantedness of pregnancy, age at child birth, parity and birth interval with various socio-demographic factors. The analysis has shown that use status of family planning is influenced by the risk factors of maternal mortality. Wantedness of pregnancy has been found to be significantly related with age at birth, parity and birth interval. It has been also found that the risk factors of maternal mortality also affect on antenatal care. The study has identified some policy implications regarding family planning and maternal mortality, and has made appropriate recommendations. One of the major aspects of the strategies to reduce maternal mortality through family planning is to provide family planning services to all women, regardless of any group affiliation. Fulfilment of unmet for family planning has been recommended as an important strategy to reduce maternal mortality in the country. It addition, it is also recommended to raise the age at marriage and child birth, to space births and to limit family size by empowering women through education.

Introdução: A contracepção de emergência, embora disponível há mais de 30 anos, ainda nos dias atuais encontra resistências de natureza religiosa, cultural e social em diferentes regiões do mundo. Estados como o Pará, segundo maior da Amazônia brasileira e da Região Norte do Brasil, com características continentais, têm, certamente na geografia, na diversidade populacional e no ecossistema, fatores que contribuem sobremaneira para a ocorrência de gestações precoces e indesejadas, assim como a prática de abortamento. Pouco se sabe sobre o nível de conhecimento sobre a contracepção de emergência pelas mulheres e sua utilização pela população brasileira. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento sobre contracepção de emergência entre mulheres atendidas nos Ambulatórios de Ginecologia do Hospital da Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Estado do Pará. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 316 mulheres sexualmente ativas, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, que frequentaram o Ambulatório de Ginecologia entre junho e julho de 2012. As pacientes responderam a um questionário contendo 29 perguntas, incluindo: idade em anos, nível educacional, conhecimento e uso prévio do método de contracepção de emergência. Resultados: A idade média das participantes foi de 31,84 ± 8,00 anos, 46,84% delas concluíram o ensino médio e apenas 8,55% possuíam o ensino superior. A maioria obtivera informações sobre contracepção de emergência por meio de amigos (48,61%, n = 152) e apenas 7,30% através de seus médicos. Embora 83,54% das participantes relatassem estar familiarizadas com o método, apenas 0,63% disseram que o contraceptivo de emergência poderia ser usado até 5 dias após a relação sexual desprotegida e 76,58% nunca tinham utilizado o método. Conclusão: As mulheres incluídas neste estudo demostraram ter elevado conhecimento e prevalência de uso da contracepção de emergência, apesar de pouco conhecimento sobre o tempo máximo para sua utilização e, devem receber mais informações sobre o contraceptivo de emergência. / Introduction: emergency contraception although available as a safe and effective method for more than 30 years, even today, meets resistance as religious, cultural and social development in different regions of the world, limiting their use and compromising your knowledge on the part of the population. States such as Pará, the second largest Brazilian Amazon State, and of the northern region of Brazil, with continental characteristics, has certainly, in geography, population diversity, ecosystem, factors that contribute greatly favoring the occurrence of premature and unwanted pregnancies, as well as the practice of abortion. Little is known about the level of knowledge about emergency contraception by women and their use in Brazil. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge about emergency contraception among women attending at gynecology clinics in the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia of State of Pará. Methods: cross-sectional study was conducted with 316 sexually active women aged 18-50 years attending the gynecology outpatient clinic, between June and July 2012. The patients answered a questionnaire containing 29 questions, including: age in years, education level, knowledge and previous use of emergency contraception method. Results: The mean age of participants was 31.84 ± 8,00 years. 46.84% of them completed high school, and only 8.55% have higher education. Most women obtained information on emergency contraception through friends (48.61%, n = 152) and only 7.30% of its physicians. 83.54% participants reported being familiar with the method, only 0.63% said that emergency contraception could be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse, 57.59% did not know, and 76,58% (n = 242) had never used the method. Conclusion: The women in our study seem to have high level of knowledge and prevalence of use of emergency contraception, although little known about the time limit for its use and should receive more information about the emergency contraceptive.

Det pågår idag inom skolans vardagspraktik en tillämpning av polisanmälningar av barn under 15 år. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skolkuratorers perspektiv på polisanmälningar i grundskolan, för att kunna beskriva och förstå vilken roll de har vid bedömningen. Syftet var också att undersöka om skolkuratorerna anser att en polisanmälan är förenlig med principen om barnets bästa och om de tror att en polisanmälan påverkar barnet. Vi har utfört en kvalitativ studie i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta skolkuratorer inom såväl kommunala- som friskolor i Stockholms län. Materialet från intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av professionsteori, stämplingsteori och vald litteratur. Resultatet visar att skolkuratorerna ser polisanmälningar av barn som ett komplext fenomen och de har en ambivalent hållning till tillämpningen. Skolkuratorernas erfarenhet är att polisanmälningar kan påverka barnet både positivt och negativt. Positiva erfarenheter lyfts i form av att ett barns oönskade beteende kan upphöra. Negativa erfarenheter beskrivs vara att det polisanmälda barnet kan få en stämpel som avvikare, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till negativa konsekvenser för barnet. Vidare visar resultatet att principen om barnets bästa, enligt skolkuratorerna, är att barn ska nå kunskapsmålen i skolan. Skolkuratorerna tycks inte ha reflekterat över huruvida skolrelaterade polisanmälningar är förenliga med principen om barnets bästa. Majoriteten har dock en negativ inställning till polisanmälningar av barn i grundskolan och menar att det finns andra, bättre, sätt att arbeta med barns oönskade handlingar. Trots att skolkuratorerna ger uttryck för att polisanmälningar kan påverka barnet negativt, visar studien att de sällan är delaktiga när det fattas ett beslut om att polisanmäla ett barn.Socionomer har genom sin profession ett uppdrag att företräda barn i utsatta situationer och bör därmed vara bärare av barnet bästa. Att skolkuratorer inte deltar i bedömningen och således inte företräder barnet anses problematiskt. Det framkommer att skolkuratorerna ser till sin funktion och är lojal skolorganisationen snarare än att se till sitt uppdrag som socionom. Avslutningsvis visar resultatet på att det behövs mer kunskap om såväl skolkuratorns roll, som fenomenet polisanmälningar i grundskolan och vilka konsekvenser dessa får för barn. / Today it is common for Swedish compulsory schools to write police reports about incidents caused by pupils below the age of criminal responsibility.  The purpose of this study was to examine school counselors perspective on police reports in compulsory schools, in order to describe and understand the role they play in assessing. Another purpose was to examine whether the school counselors believe that a police report is consistent with the principle of the best interests of the child and if they believe that a police report affects the child. The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with eight school counselors in both municipal and independent schools in Stockholm county. The material from the interviews has been analyzed using professional theory, labeling theory and selected literature. The result shows that school counselors see police reports of children as a complex phenomenon and that they have an ambivalent attitude towards the application. The school counselors’ experience is that police reports can affect the child both positively and negatively. Positive experiences are described as a child's unwanted behavior can come to an end. Negative experiences are described as the fact that the police-reported child can get a label as an outlier, which in the long run can lead to negative consequences for the child. Furthermore, the result shows that the principle of the best interests of the child, according to the school counselors, is that children reach the knowledge goals in school. School counselors does not seem to have reflected on whether school-related police notifications are consistent with the principle of the best interests of the child. The majority, however, have a negative attitude towards police reports towards children in compulsory schools and mean that there are other, better ways to work with children's unwanted actions. Despite the fact that the school counselors express that police reports may adversely affect the child, the study shows that they are rarely involved when a decision is made to report a child to the police.  Through his profession, social workers have an assignment to represent children in vulnerable situations and should therefore carrier for the best interests of the child. The fact that school counselors do not participate in the assessment and thus do not represent the child is considered problematic. It appears that the school counselors look at their function and are loyal to the school organization rather than to attend to their assignment as social workers. Finally, the result shows that more knowledge is needed about the role of the school counselor, as well as the phenomenon of police reports toward children in compulsory schools and what their consequences are for the children.