A zidovudina, conhecida como AZT, é um inibidor da transcriptase reversa, enquanto que a lamivudina é um fármaco antirretroviral que atua na inibição da síntese de ácidos nucléicos. Estes são dois dos 21 fármacos componentes dos medicamentos distribuídas pelo Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro em programas de combate a Síndrome da imunodeficiência Adquirida (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS), configurando-se assim uma grande demanda de produção de medicamentos com estes fármacos. Programas de Tecnologia Analítica em Processo (Process Analytical techology - PAT), embasadas por avanços nos guias internacionais da Conferência Internacional sobre a Harmonização dos Requerimentos Técnicos para o Registro de Produtos Farmacêuticos para o uso Humano (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use - ICH) e pela agência norte-americana para a Administração de Alimentos e Medicamentos (Food and Drugs Administration - FDA), estão ganhando força como alternativas para aumentar a eficiência e a segurança na produção de medicamentos, tanto para aqueles já em processo produtivo como também para medicamentos em fase de desenvolvimento. Estes últimos são denominados desenvolvimento em programas de Qualidade por Design (QbD). Métodos de quantificação por espectroscopia (NIR, MID, RAMAM, entre outras) são reconhecidos como ferramentas para a PAT. Neste contexto propôs-se comparar objetivamente o método tradicional de quantificação destes dois fármacos frente a um método de quantificação desenvolvido utilizando-se a espectroscopia no infravermelho médio (MID). Prepararam-se assim 41 amostras de calibração e 23 amostras de validação, compostas por misturas de zidovudina, lamivudina e placebo (qs) em escala laboratorial, na faixa de 80 a 120% da concentração nominal de uma associação comercial dos dois fármacos. As concentrações de referência de todas as preparações foram determinadas empregando-se o método de referência por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) da Farmacopeia Americana (United States Pharmacopeia - USP). Subsequentemente, obtiveram-se cinco espectros no infravermelho de cada uma das preparações, na faixa de 450 a 4000 cm-1. Os espectros foram então pré-processados e utilizados para a construção de um modelo de calibração multivariado por PLS (mínimo quadrados parciais), de acordo com a ASTM E1655-05. Adicionalmente, o método de CLAE foi transferido para um método de UPLC de acordo com o Capitulo Geral descrito no volume 37(3) do Fórum da USP (United States Pharmacopeia). O desempenho do método MID foi então comparado com o método tradicional, bem como com o novo método de quantificação por UPLC. Foram definidaLs assim regiões de confiança para embasar a utilização dos métodos desenvolvidos. O método de quantificação por MID apresentou uma grande variabilidade enquanto que o método por UPLC foi totalmente comparável com o método tradicional, reduzindo o tempo de corrida de 60 minutos para 12.55 minutos. / Zidovudine, also known as AZT is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, whereas lamivudine is an antiretroviral drug that acts on the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. These are two of the 21 active ingredients components of medicines distributed by Brazilian Health Ministry in programs against the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), becoming thus a great demand for production of these two drugs. Process Analytical Technology (PAT) programs, supported by advances in international guides from the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and by the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration), are gaining momentum as alternatives to increase efficiency and safety in the production of medicines, both for those medicines already in the production process as well as to those medicines under development. The latter are called Quality by Design (QbD) programs. Spectroscopy quantification methodologies methodologies (NIR, MID, Ramam, among others) are recognized as PAT tools. In this context it was proposed to compare objectively the traditional method for quantification of these two drugs against a quantification method developed using the MID (middle infrared spectroscopy). Thus 41 calibration and 23 validation samples, comprising of laboratorial scale mixtures of lamivudine, zidovudine and placebo (qs), were prepared in the range equivalent to 80 to 120% of the nominal concentration of the commercial tablets product. The concentrations of all calibration and validation samples were determined using the HPLC reference method of USP (United States Pharmacopeia). Subsequently, there were obtained five infrared spectra of each of the preparations in the range 450-4000 cm-1. The spectra were then pre-processed and used to build a multivariate calibration model for PLS (Partial Least Squares) according to ASTM E1655-05. Additionally, the HPLC method was transferred to a UPLC method according to General Chapter described in volume 37 (3) Forum USP (United States Pharmacopeia). The performance of the method MID was then compared with the traditional method and with the new method of quantification by UPLC. Confidence regions were built to support the use of the methods developed. The MID quantification method presented considerable variability, while the method the UPLC method was fully comparable to the traditional method. Another advantage of the UPLC method was the reduction of running time from 60 minutes to 12:55 minutes.

Dans ce travail, l’évaluation des activités antioxydantes, antibactérienne, anti-âge et photoprotectrices ont été effectuées sur les parties aériennes de douze halophytes : dont 6 Tunisiennes et 6 françaises montre une variabilité importante en fonction de l’espèce.Cependant, la fraction MeoH60% se distingue par son activité antioxydante, antibactérienne ainsi que pour l’activité écran pour les deux plantes sélectionnées. Ensuite, les fractions MeOH20%, et MeOH40% présentent une activité anti-élastase et anti-collagénase importante pour Haloxylon articulatum alors que pour daucus carota les fractions MeOH20% et MeOH100% présentent les activités anti-élastase et anti-collagénase les plus intéressantes.L’évaluation du potentiel cytotoxique des fractions sur la viabilité des kératinocytes humains indique une absence de toxicité puisqu’une viabilité de 100% des cellules est obtenue avec différentes concentrations (jusqu’à 100 μg/ml) et différents temps de contact (jusqu’à 24 h) des deux plantes. Toutes les activités biologiques montrées dans cette étude sont expliquées par l'existence de divers composés phénoliques essentiellement: la scopolétine (coumarine aglycone), l’épigallocatéchine, l’esculétine et l’isorhamnétine triglycoside, l’acide caféique, l’acide chlorogénique, la lutéoline et sa forme glycosylé( la lutéoline-3-O-glucoside), enfin l’apigénine libre et sa forme glycosylée. / In this work, the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-aging and photoprotective activities was carried out on the aerial parts of twelve halophytes: 6 Tunisian and 6 French shows a high variability according to the species. A screening based on these activities allowed the selection of the two most promising species (Haloxylon articulatum and Daucus carota). A fractionation by adsorption chromatography of their hydroalcoholic extracts was used to specify its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-aging and cytotoxic capacities. The results show a high variability between the fractions. The MeOH20% and MeOH100% fractions showed the most interesting anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities. The evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of the fractions on the viability of human keratinocytes indicates an absence of toxicity since a viability of 100% of the cells is obtained with different concentrations (up to 100 μg / ml) and different contact times (At 24 h) of the two plants.These biological activities were correlated to the presence of various phenolic compounds mainly: scopoletin (coumarin aglycone), epigallocatechin, esculetin , isorhametin triglycoside, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, Luteolin and its glycosylate form (luteolin-3-O-glucoside), and finally free apigenin and its glycosylate form.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of linear bio-polysaccharides, which are heterogeneously modified with negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups. They are located on every cell surface, extracellular matrix or intracellular space in the body. GAGs are composed of alternating units of an amino sugars (glucosamine or galactosamine) and hexuronic acid/hexose (iduronic acid, glucoronic acid/ or galactose), which are linked by glycosidic bonds with different geometries. In recent years, GAGs have attracted considerable interest. GAGs play vital roles in fundamental biological processes, such as hemostasis, angiogenesis, cell signaling, growth and differentiation. Thus, GAGs contribute to a number of diseases such as thrombosis, cancer, inflammation, osteoarthritis and degenerative diseases. One of the most studied GAGs is heparin, which is widely used as an anticoagulant and is also implicated in other biological processes. Despite its extensive clinical use, heparin continues to suffer from major problems, such as life threatening hemorrhagic complications and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. These activities originate from the large number of glycan sequences generated during its biosynthesis. Many different enzymes act in a non-template fashion to produce heparin chains with various chain lengths, sulfation and acetylation patterns. Their inherent heterogeneity, complexity and highly anionic nature have seriously limited the development of tools for rapid identification of sequences critical for many biological activities. A RPIP-UPLC MS protocol was developed to separate and characterize structures of heparin oligosaccharides prepared through enzymatic cleavage process and chemoenzymatic synthesis. In designing such protocol, several UPLC and MS parameters were considered. An efficient separation of each oligosaccharide mixture was achieved with different ion-pairing reagents. Yet, the structural elucidation of the multiple chromatographic peaks was hindered by the heterogeneity inherent in these mixtures even with supposedly defined standards. In order to elucidate the structures of these complex molecules, we utilized a strategy, which exploits the ease with which sulfate groups can be fragmented during MS ionization. A systematic increment of the MS cone voltage was employed starting from a minimum dissociation voltage, where the intact molecule is preserved, to a high enough dissociation voltage, where the only core oligosaccharide backbone was retained. This allowed identifying the number of sulfate groups and the core structures. However, positions of substituents were difficult to pinpoint because of the phenomenal number of possibilities. Such analysis would require tandem MS/MS–based approaches.

A ambrisentana é um novo fármaco utilizado para o combate aos sintomas da hipertensão arterial pulmonar e comercializado na forma de comprimidos revestidos. Em 201 O, sua comercialização foi aprovada pela ANVISA, sob nome comercial de Volibris®. O controle de qualidade de medicamentos é parte fundamental para o desenvolvimento e liberação de fármacos para o consumo, no entanto, há poucos estudos relacionados à proposição de métodos analíticos e estudo da estabilidade deste fárrnaco. Assim, foi proposto o desenvolvimento e validação de método de doseamento e análise de produtos de degradação, juntamente com a identificação da molécula proveniente da degradação do insumo ativo em condição de estresse térmico. Um método crornatográfico, com utilização de equipamento de cromatografia UPLC ®, acoplado a detector de arranjo de fotodiodos (PDA), foi desenvolvido. Testes com diferentes solventes e diferentes colunas cromatográficas foram executados, alcançando-se a urna condição ideal, com excelente qualidade crornatográfica (pratos teóricos, sensibilidade e resolução entre picos) e um reduzido tempo de análise (6 minutos). Este método foi validado de acordo com os guias de validação internacionais e após a finalização dos ensaios e interpretação dos resultados, verificou-se que o método apresenta especWicidade adequada, tanto para análise de doseamento da substância ativa como para identificação e quantWicação de produtos de degradação. Também apresentou exatidão e precisão dentro do esperado para utilização em controle da qual idade de produtos farmacêuticos, tendo também limites de quantificação e detecção em magnitude adequada para se avaliar a possível degradação do fármaco. O método se apresentou linear no intervalo pretendido e com robustez satisfatória. Com o estresse da molécula estabelecido no desenvolvimento e va lidação da metodologia analítica, o principal produto de degradação foi identificado por detecção em espectrometria de massas após separação cromatográfica em sistema composto de UPLC®- EM/EM. A molécula proveniente da degradação do fármaco foi identificada, e teve o seu mecanismo de degradação proposto, concluindo-se que a presença da ambrisentana em ambientes ácidos pode desencadear a degradação da molécula, facilitada ainda por temperatura. / The ambrisentana is a new drug used to combat the symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension and marketed in the form of coated tablets. In 2010, its commercialization was approved by ANVISA, under trade name Volibris®. The quality control of medicines is a fundamental part for the development and release of drugs for consumption, however, there are few studies related to the proposition of analytical methods and study the stability of the drug. Thus, we propose the development and validation of appropriate method to assay the drug and degradation products, and the identification of degradation product obtained in stress conditions. A chromatographic method using UPLC ® chromatography equipment coupled to photodiode array detector (PDA) have been developed. Tests with different solvents and different chromatographic columns were performed, reaching up to an optimal chromatographic condition (theoretical plates, sensitivity, and resolution between peaks) and reduced chromatographic run time (6 minutes). This method was validated in accordance with international guidelines and va lidation after the completion of the tests and interpret the results, it was found that the method has adequate specificity for both analysis, assay of the active principie for identification and quantification of degradation products. Also presented accuracy and precision as expected for use in quality control of pharmaceuticals, and limits of quantification and detection at adequate leveis to assess the possible degradation of the drug. The method was linear in the target range and with satisfactory robustness. With the stress of established molecule in the development and validation of analytical methodology, was identified the main degradation product by mass spectrometry detection after chromatographic separation of compound UPLC® system. The molecule from the drug degradation was identified, and had its proposed degradation mechanism, concluding that the presence of ambrisentana in acidic can trigger the degradation of the molecule, ais o facilitated by temperature.

No description available.

The fungus Cunninghamella elegans has in many studies shown to have abiotransformation similar to the metabolism of mammals. If the biotransformation isgeneral, it enables the production of metabolites by the fungus and the use asreference material. The purpose of the project were to examine whether themetabolic process of C. elegans is general, with respect to the formation ofglucosides, and can be applied to different classes of drugs. During the project, theanalyses were performed on a UPLC Q-TOF, run in both MSE and MSMS mode. Themobile phase used consisted of MeOH and 0.1 % formic acid in MQ water. Toincrease the concentration of possible glucosides, the samples were subjected to anacidic or alkaline SPE. Glucosides were detected in the fungal incubates of diclofenac,buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and oxazepam. For diclofenac, besides twodifferent glucosides (diclofenac glucoside and hydroxylated diclofenac glucoside), ahydroxylated metabolite and a hydroxylated metabolite conjugated with sulfate werediscovered. In the samples containing buprenorphine, the phase I metabolitenorbuprenorphine was also encountered. Further, in the fungal incubates ofdexamethasone a defluorinated metabolite was identified, which is a metabolicpathway never before described for C. elegans.ISSN: 1650

While carotenoids are essential for visual function, their potential role in diabetic retinopathy is not known. By providing carrot powder, this study examined carotenoid metabolism and visual function in Type 1 diabetes. Wistar rats (n=30) were assigned to diet either with or without carrot enrichment (15%, w/w) for 12 weeks. Type 1 diabetes was induced with streptozotocin at 3 weeks. Retinal function and anatomical integrity were assessed along with retinoid and carotenoid levels in the serum, liver, and retina. Loss of ERG oscillatory potentials, with normal histology indicated early stage retinopathy. Healthy animals fed carrot diet showed highest b-wave amplitudes; reflecting higher phototransduction. Diabetic animals fed carrot diet had the lowest b-wave amplitudes, reduced retinoids liver reserves, and highest α- and β-carotene, suggesting disturbance of conversion during diabetes. Consequently carrot powder at concentrations used by this study cannot be recommended for diabetic retinopathy.

While carotenoids are essential for visual function, their potential role in diabetic retinopathy is not known. By providing carrot powder, this study examined carotenoid metabolism and visual function in Type 1 diabetes. Wistar rats (n=30) were assigned to diet either with or without carrot enrichment (15%, w/w) for 12 weeks. Type 1 diabetes was induced with streptozotocin at 3 weeks. Retinal function and anatomical integrity were assessed along with retinoid and carotenoid levels in the serum, liver, and retina. Loss of ERG oscillatory potentials, with normal histology indicated early stage retinopathy. Healthy animals fed carrot diet showed highest b-wave amplitudes; reflecting higher phototransduction. Diabetic animals fed carrot diet had the lowest b-wave amplitudes, reduced retinoids liver reserves, and highest α- and β-carotene, suggesting disturbance of conversion during diabetes. Consequently carrot powder at concentrations used by this study cannot be recommended for diabetic retinopathy.

This thesis examined the effects of different cooking methods (boiling, stewing and roasting) on chicken liver in order to measure changes in the levels of biogenic amines (BA) and polyamines (PA). Two other factors were also considered, season and method of chicken liver storage. BA and PA levels were determined using a liquid chromatography method (UPLC). The mean level of BA in the original raw material (six and three samples of refrigerated and frozen livers, respectively) was very low, with the highest being histamine (4,11 mg.kg-1). Tryptamine and fenylethylamin were not detected in any of the samples. The level of PA was significantly higher than the level of BA, with more spermine (135 mg.kg-1) than spermidine (42,3 mg.kg-1). The total content of BA and PA in the dry matter of refrigerated livers was almost twice as high in the summer than in the winter (P < 0,001). When comparing refrigerated against frozen livers, the levels of putrescine and histamine were significantly higher in the refrigerated liver (P < 0,01), while the levels of cadaverine and tyramine were higher in the frozen liver (P < 0,001), and the levels of spermine and spermidine were 20 % lower in the frozen liver (P < 0,01). Roasting had less of an effect in the decline of BA (80 % of the original content) than cooking (65 % of the original content) (P < 0,001). The lowest levels of spermine and spermidine were found in the roasted liver (70 % of the initial content) while stewing and cooking caused a decrease of approximately 80 % (P < 0,01).

A ambrisentana é um novo fármaco utilizado para o combate aos sintomas da hipertensão arterial pulmonar e comercializado na forma de comprimidos revestidos. Em 201 O, sua comercialização foi aprovada pela ANVISA, sob nome comercial de Volibris®. O controle de qualidade de medicamentos é parte fundamental para o desenvolvimento e liberação de fármacos para o consumo, no entanto, há poucos estudos relacionados à proposição de métodos analíticos e estudo da estabilidade deste fárrnaco. Assim, foi proposto o desenvolvimento e validação de método de doseamento e análise de produtos de degradação, juntamente com a identificação da molécula proveniente da degradação do insumo ativo em condição de estresse térmico. Um método crornatográfico, com utilização de equipamento de cromatografia UPLC ®, acoplado a detector de arranjo de fotodiodos (PDA), foi desenvolvido. Testes com diferentes solventes e diferentes colunas cromatográficas foram executados, alcançando-se a urna condição ideal, com excelente qualidade crornatográfica (pratos teóricos, sensibilidade e resolução entre picos) e um reduzido tempo de análise (6 minutos). Este método foi validado de acordo com os guias de validação internacionais e após a finalização dos ensaios e interpretação dos resultados, verificou-se que o método apresenta especWicidade adequada, tanto para análise de doseamento da substância ativa como para identificação e quantWicação de produtos de degradação. Também apresentou exatidão e precisão dentro do esperado para utilização em controle da qual idade de produtos farmacêuticos, tendo também limites de quantificação e detecção em magnitude adequada para se avaliar a possível degradação do fármaco. O método se apresentou linear no intervalo pretendido e com robustez satisfatória. Com o estresse da molécula estabelecido no desenvolvimento e va lidação da metodologia analítica, o principal produto de degradação foi identificado por detecção em espectrometria de massas após separação cromatográfica em sistema composto de UPLC®- EM/EM. A molécula proveniente da degradação do fármaco foi identificada, e teve o seu mecanismo de degradação proposto, concluindo-se que a presença da ambrisentana em ambientes ácidos pode desencadear a degradação da molécula, facilitada ainda por temperatura. / The ambrisentana is a new drug used to combat the symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension and marketed in the form of coated tablets. In 2010, its commercialization was approved by ANVISA, under trade name Volibris®. The quality control of medicines is a fundamental part for the development and release of drugs for consumption, however, there are few studies related to the proposition of analytical methods and study the stability of the drug. Thus, we propose the development and validation of appropriate method to assay the drug and degradation products, and the identification of degradation product obtained in stress conditions. A chromatographic method using UPLC ® chromatography equipment coupled to photodiode array detector (PDA) have been developed. Tests with different solvents and different chromatographic columns were performed, reaching up to an optimal chromatographic condition (theoretical plates, sensitivity, and resolution between peaks) and reduced chromatographic run time (6 minutes). This method was validated in accordance with international guidelines and va lidation after the completion of the tests and interpret the results, it was found that the method has adequate specificity for both analysis, assay of the active principie for identification and quantification of degradation products. Also presented accuracy and precision as expected for use in quality control of pharmaceuticals, and limits of quantification and detection at adequate leveis to assess the possible degradation of the drug. The method was linear in the target range and with satisfactory robustness. With the stress of established molecule in the development and validation of analytical methodology, was identified the main degradation product by mass spectrometry detection after chromatographic separation of compound UPLC® system. The molecule from the drug degradation was identified, and had its proposed degradation mechanism, concluding that the presence of ambrisentana in acidic can trigger the degradation of the molecule, ais o facilitated by temperature.