This diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the conditions of lighter-skin black women of mixed ancestry, both free and enslaved, before and after emancipation, as related in four novels written by the 19th century African-American novelists: Hannah Crafts, Harriet E. Wilson, Julia C. Collins and Frances E. W. Harper. The work especially deals with the main motifs appearing in their novels, such as the interracial relationships, variations of racism toward mulattos, the problematics of ``passing{\crqq} for white and the issue of ``racial uplift{\crqq}. The analyses of the novels themselves are preceded by a survey of the authors´ lives since they drew inspiration from their own personal experience. This is followed by a brief conclusive comparison of their novels.

Os arenitos fluviais e eólicos da Formação Sergi (Jurássico – Cretáceo) são os reservatórios mais importantes da Bacia do Recôncavo, nordeste do Brasil. Um estudo detalhado utilizando Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Microscopia Ótica, Difração de Raios-X e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho revelou a ocorrência de dickita, um argilomineral indicativo de soterramento profundo (T >100oC), nos campos de óleo de Buracica (630 a 870 m) e Água Grande (1300 a 1530 m). A dickita ocorre distribuída irregularmente em arenitos com grande permeabilidade e porosidade intergranular da seqüência estratigráfica média da Formação Sergi, como agregados vermiculares e booklets substituindo grãos de feldspato e preenchendo poros gerados por dissolução de feldspatos e poros intergranulares adjacentes. O hábito vermicular da dickita é um produto da transformação pseudomórfica da caolinita durante o soterramento, provavelmente sob influência de condições ácidas relacionadas a ácidos orgânicos gerados da evolução térmica do querogênio nas rochas geradoras rift. A presença de dickita concorda com a intensidade de compactação, com a relativamente abundante cimentação pós-compactacional de quartzo, e com os valores de isótopos estáveis de oxigênio dos cimentos de calcita pós-compactacional, que correspondem a temperaturas de até 116oC. Essas evidências sugerem que os arenitos foram submetidos a temperaturas substancialmente mais altas que aquelas correspondentes a sua atual profundidade. Entretanto, um fluxo de calor ou de fluidos mais acentuado não pode ser invocado para a área para explicar as altas temperaturas. A ocorrência de dickita, associada a outras evidências petrológicas para condições de soterramento profundo, bem como análises de traços de fissão em apatitas de outras áreas na bacia, indicam que a área central da Bacia do Recôncavo sofreu soerguimento e erosão de pelo menos 1 km (provavelmente mais que 1500 m). Este evento não foi anteriormente detectado por modelos estruturais e estratigráficos convencionais. / Fluvial and aeolian sandstones of the Sergi Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous) are the most important reservoirs of the Recôncavo Basin, northeastern Brazil. A detailed study through optical and electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of dickite, a clay mineral indicative of deep burial conditions (T > 100oC), in the shallow Buracica (630 to 870 m) and Água Grande (1300 to 1530 m) oilfields. Dickite occurs irregularly distributed in sandstones with larger intergranular porosity and permeability of the middle, coarser stratigraphic sequence of Sergi Formation, as vermicular and booklet aggregates replacing feldspar grains, and filling pores generated by feldspars dissolution and adjacent intergranular pores. The vermicular habit of dickite is a product of pseudomorphic kaolinite transformation during burial, presumably under influence of acidic conditions related to organic acids generated from the thermal evolution of kerogen in the rift source rocks. The presence of dickite agrees with the intensity of compaction, relatively abundant post-compactional quartz cementation, and stable oxygen isotope values of the post-compactional calcite cements, corresponding to temperatures as high as 116ºC. This set of evidence suggests that the sandstones were subjected to temperatures substantially higher than those corresponding to their present burial depths. However, no enhanced thermal or hydrothermal fluid flow can be invoked in the area to be accounted for the interpreted high temperatures. The occurrence of dickite and other petrologic evidence for deep burial conditions, as well as apatite fission tracks analyses from other areas in the basin, indicate that an uplift and erosion of at least 1 km and probably more than 1500 m has affected the central part of Recôncavo Basin, and very likely the whole region, what was not previously detected by conventional structural and stratigraphic models.

Engenheiros geotécnicos, defrontam-se frequentemente com solos de baixa capacidade de suporte. Para viabilizar projetos nestes materiais, pode-se utilizar fundações com grandes dimensões e/ou melhorar a propriedades mecânicas destes solos. Fundações de grandes dimensões podem ser extremamente onerosas e gerar impactos ambientais indesejáveis provocados por grandes movimentações de solo. Em contrapartida, o melhoramento das propriedades mecânicas do solo pode ser obtido por meio de tratamento com agentes cimentantes. Esta técnica tem-se mostrado bastante promissora nas diversas subáreas da geotecnia, como por exemplo, leito e subleito de pavimentação, estabilidade de taludes e terrenos para assentamento de fundações à compressão. A utilização desta técnica em fundações escavadas submetidas à tração ainda é incipiente. Até meados dos anos 1950, os métodos de previsão de desempenho consideravam somente o peso do solo contido em uma superfície ruptura somado ao peso da fundação, como contribuindo na capacidade de carga ao arrancamento. Estudos recentes passaram a incluir uma terceira parcela de resistência devido à resistência ao cisalhamento do solo. A partir de então diversos autores passaram a estudar técnicas de melhoramento e reforços dos reaterros. Num primeiro momento, foi estudada a influência das técnicas de compactação do reaterro e a substituição do material por outro com melhores propriedades. Atualmente, os estudos concentram-se no reforço dos reaterros com geossintéticos e adição de agentes cimentícios. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo avaliando os benefícios gerados pelo aumento da capacidade de carga, de fundações escavadas e reaterradas com areia fina e homogênea (proveniente da cidade de Osório/RS), cimentada, avaliando sua influência em termos das propriedades geométricas (diâmetro das fundações, profundidade de assentamento e diâmetro de tratamento) e geotécnicas (coesão, ângulo de atrito e módulo de elasticidade, influenciados pelo teor de cimento). Para tanto foram realizadas provas de carga à tração, variando-se o diâmetro (30 e 45 cm), profundidades de embutimentos (entre 0,5 e 2,0), e teores de cimento (0%, 3% e 7%). Através das provas de carga, verificou-se que o aumento do teor de cimento e da profundidade de assentamento aumentam a capacidade de carga à tração. Os resultados experimentais foram reproduzidos pelo método de elementos finitos por meio de retroanálise. A partir do modelo numérico gerado pela retroanálise, foram executadas duas análises paramétricas. Na primeira foram definidos os parâmetros significativos – coesão e embutimento – e determinada uma equação adimensional para determinação da carga máxima para tratamento de uma camada infinita. Na segunda análise foram definidos ábacos para determinação da perda de carga em função da redução do diâmetro de tratamento, para três níveis de cimentação – baixa, média e alta. / Geotechnical engineers frequently have to deal with soils that have reduced strength. In order to carry out the design of footings in such materials, their base has to be quite large and/or mechanical properties of the soils have to be improved. Shallow foundations of large dimensions can be extremely expensive and generate undesirable environmental impacts due to large soil movements. As an alternative, the improvement of mechanical properties of the local soil can be obtained by treating it with cementitious agents. Such technique has been used with success in several earthworks such as the improvement of base and sub-base of pavements, slope stability and particularly as a soil-cement mixture of a compacted layer over a low bearing capacity soil. The use of such technique in footings subjected to pullout forces is still insipient. Until middle 1950’s, pullout design methodologies of shallow foundations embedded in soil backfills considered only the weight of the soil contained inside a specific failure surface plus the foundation self-weight as the pullout failure load. Further studies included the shear strength of the soil at the failure surface. Since then several authors considered several techniques to improve and/or reinforce the backfills. At first the influence of backfill compaction and material substitution to improve soil properties were considered. Nowadays, studies concentrate in the reinforcement of backfills with geosynthetics and in the addition of cementitious agents. In such context, the main aim of present work is to carry out a research evaluating the benefits towards the improvement of uplift performance of footings embedded in cemented stabilized backfill, analyzing the influence of the geometrical characteristics of the problem (diameter of the footings, depth of embedment and size of the improved area) and geotechnical properties of the backfill (cohesion intercept, friction angle and Young’s modulus), the latter influenced by the amount of cementitious agents inserted on the soil. For doing so, several pullout tests were carried out varying foundation diameter (0.30 and 0.45 m), embedment depth according foundation diameter (ranging from 0.5 e 2.0) and cement contents (0%, 3% and 7%) in the stabilized backfill. Results of pullout tests have shown that the increase of cement content and embedment depth of the backfill increased uplift capacity. Field results were reproduced through a back-analysis using the finite element technique. In the sequence, two distinct parametrical analyses were also carried out. In the first analysis the parameters that show significance were cohesion intercept and embedment depth – a non-dimensional equation determining the failure pullout load (considering infinite horizontal improvement) was determined. In the second analysis distinct abacus were produced to allow considering reduction of horizontal treatment area for three cementation levels – low, medium e high.

Os arenitos fluviais e eólicos da Formação Sergi (Jurássico – Cretáceo) são os reservatórios mais importantes da Bacia do Recôncavo, nordeste do Brasil. Um estudo detalhado utilizando Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Microscopia Ótica, Difração de Raios-X e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho revelou a ocorrência de dickita, um argilomineral indicativo de soterramento profundo (T >100oC), nos campos de óleo de Buracica (630 a 870 m) e Água Grande (1300 a 1530 m). A dickita ocorre distribuída irregularmente em arenitos com grande permeabilidade e porosidade intergranular da seqüência estratigráfica média da Formação Sergi, como agregados vermiculares e booklets substituindo grãos de feldspato e preenchendo poros gerados por dissolução de feldspatos e poros intergranulares adjacentes. O hábito vermicular da dickita é um produto da transformação pseudomórfica da caolinita durante o soterramento, provavelmente sob influência de condições ácidas relacionadas a ácidos orgânicos gerados da evolução térmica do querogênio nas rochas geradoras rift. A presença de dickita concorda com a intensidade de compactação, com a relativamente abundante cimentação pós-compactacional de quartzo, e com os valores de isótopos estáveis de oxigênio dos cimentos de calcita pós-compactacional, que correspondem a temperaturas de até 116oC. Essas evidências sugerem que os arenitos foram submetidos a temperaturas substancialmente mais altas que aquelas correspondentes a sua atual profundidade. Entretanto, um fluxo de calor ou de fluidos mais acentuado não pode ser invocado para a área para explicar as altas temperaturas. A ocorrência de dickita, associada a outras evidências petrológicas para condições de soterramento profundo, bem como análises de traços de fissão em apatitas de outras áreas na bacia, indicam que a área central da Bacia do Recôncavo sofreu soerguimento e erosão de pelo menos 1 km (provavelmente mais que 1500 m). Este evento não foi anteriormente detectado por modelos estruturais e estratigráficos convencionais. / Fluvial and aeolian sandstones of the Sergi Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous) are the most important reservoirs of the Recôncavo Basin, northeastern Brazil. A detailed study through optical and electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of dickite, a clay mineral indicative of deep burial conditions (T > 100oC), in the shallow Buracica (630 to 870 m) and Água Grande (1300 to 1530 m) oilfields. Dickite occurs irregularly distributed in sandstones with larger intergranular porosity and permeability of the middle, coarser stratigraphic sequence of Sergi Formation, as vermicular and booklet aggregates replacing feldspar grains, and filling pores generated by feldspars dissolution and adjacent intergranular pores. The vermicular habit of dickite is a product of pseudomorphic kaolinite transformation during burial, presumably under influence of acidic conditions related to organic acids generated from the thermal evolution of kerogen in the rift source rocks. The presence of dickite agrees with the intensity of compaction, relatively abundant post-compactional quartz cementation, and stable oxygen isotope values of the post-compactional calcite cements, corresponding to temperatures as high as 116ºC. This set of evidence suggests that the sandstones were subjected to temperatures substantially higher than those corresponding to their present burial depths. However, no enhanced thermal or hydrothermal fluid flow can be invoked in the area to be accounted for the interpreted high temperatures. The occurrence of dickite and other petrologic evidence for deep burial conditions, as well as apatite fission tracks analyses from other areas in the basin, indicate that an uplift and erosion of at least 1 km and probably more than 1500 m has affected the central part of Recôncavo Basin, and very likely the whole region, what was not previously detected by conventional structural and stratigraphic models.

Neste trabalho e avaliado o comportamento de estacas helicoidais instaladas em solo residual tropical, submetidas a esforços de tração. Para este fim, foram ensaiadas estacas helicoidais em dois campos experimentais distintos, um em Itirapina (SP), e outro em Betim (MG). No primeiro terreno, as hélices das estacas ficaram instaladas em solo residual não saturado, e no segundo terreno em solo residual saturado. Neste tipo de fundação, o efeito da instalação da estaca no solo acima das hélices e um dos fatores que afetam significantemente a capacidade de carga a tração da estaca. Portanto, considerando-se a modificação que ocorre na estrutura de solos residuais tropicais após serem penetrados pelas hélices da estaca durante a sua instalação no terreno, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de compreender o efeito desta desestruturação do solo no comportamento da estaca a tração. Para esta avaliação, foi realizado um programa experimental com provas de carga em estacas helicoidais (instrumentadas e não-instrumentadas) e ensaios de laboratório em amostras indeformadas do solo coletado ao redor de uma estaca instalada no terreno de Itirapina. Os resultados mostram o efeito significante da instalação na capacidade de carga a tração deste tipo de estaca, principalmente no caso de solo poroso e não saturado. Alem disso, por meio dos ensaios em estacas instrumentadas, foi verificado que este efeito e mais acentuado no solo acima das hélices superiores, que foi penetrado mais vezes durante a instalação. / In this work, it was evaluated the behavior of helical piles installed in tropical residual soil under tensile loads. For this purpose, helical piles of different configuration were tested in two different experimental sites, one in Itirapina (SP), and another in Betim (MG). In Itirapina, the pile helices were installed in unsaturated residual soil, and in Betim in saturated residual soil. For this type of foundation, the effect of pile installation on the soil above the helices is one of the factors that significantly affect the pile uplift capacity. Therefore, considering the changes that occur in the structure of tropical residual soils after being penetrated by the helices during pile installation, this research was conducted in order to understand the effect of this soil alteration on the uplift behavior of helical piles installed in this type of soil. For this evaluation, pile load tests were carried out on instrumented and non-instrumented helical piles. Also, laboratory tests were performed on undisturbed soil samples collected around a pile installed in the site of Itirapina. The results show the significant effect of pile installation on the uplift capacity of the tested helical piles, especially in the case of porous and unsaturated soil. In addition, through the tests on the instrumented piles, it has been found that this effect is more pronounced in the soil above the upper helices, which were penetrated more times during pile installation.

A recently identified 30 km by 7.2 km subsurface stratigraphic uplift, called the Charleston uplift, exhibits 36 m offset of Paleogene-Quaternary unconformity based on shallow borehole data. Two seismic soundings demonstrated relief in Paleozoic and Cretaceous reflectors across the northern boundary of the uplift, suggesting a structural origin rather than an erosional origin. This study collected and analyzed 18 additional shallow seismic soundings to confirm Paleozoic and Cretaceous offset across the boundaries of the uplift, to better constrain the surface trace of the uplift, and to examine potential extension into western Kentucky. One ground penetrating radar profile was taken in western Kentucky to image recent deformation. Results confirm Paleozoic and Cretaceous offset along the boundaries of the uplift and indicate extension of the uplift into western Kentucky, although recent deformation was unconfirmed by the radar profile. These data support a structural origin. The N46°E trend of the uplift as well as its coincidence with contemporary microseismicity suggest that this feature may be related to the New Madrid seismic zone, specifically the New Madrid North fault, which may have implications for hazard assessment, as well as possible a reevaluation of the epicenters for the 23 January 1812 Mw ≥ 7.0 event.

Analysis of foraminifera for synorogenic pelagic units of Rote and Savu Islands, Indonesia, reveals high rates of surface uplift in the past 1.5 Ma of the incipient Banda arc-continent collision. Paleodepth estimates are derived from benthonic forams and ages from planktonic forams. But estimates are complicated, however, by abundant reworking; yet several distinctive species have been found. Synorogenic deposits in western Rote yield forams of biozone Neogene (N) 18 and depths from 5000-5700 meters at the base of the section, and 3600 meters at the top of the section. Eastern Rote yields forams of N 19/20 - N 22 and depths from 5400-5700 meters. Central Rote yields N 21 and depths from 5000-5700 meters. Because all of the sections are presently about the same elevation (~200 m), long-term surface uplift rates are slightly higher (1.84-3.29 m/yr) in eastern and central Rote than those in western Rote. Forams from Savu yield ages of N19/20 - N 22. Across Savu depth estimates range from 3200-5700 meters, which yields a range of uplift rates from 1.86 mm/yr in SE Savu to 3.25 mm/yr in Central Savu. These results indicate the Banda arc-continent collision caused uplift of Rote and Savu at rates of 1-2 mm/yr over the past 3 Ma.

Land value capture (LVC) has been used to capitalize on the symbiotic relationship between rapid transit and its potential land value uplift (LVU) benefits for more than a century. For the public sector in particular, the rationale to engage in LVC to recapture the ‘unearned increment’ is strong. While interest in LVC has wavered over this time, planners and policymakers in Ontario and around the world are increasingly looking to value capture as a potential solution for raising more revenue to fund the construction and operation of rapid transit projects. However, significant theoretical, conceptual, and practical gaps remain in our knowledge of LVU and LVC that prevent the wider adoption of value capture as a strategy. First, a fundamental flaw in applications of LVC is that the value increment caused by rapid transit must to some degree be known a priori to set benchmark levels and ensure LVC tools capture the actual changes in land values caused by the project. Yet despite a rich history of research into the LVU benefits of rapid transit in cities around the world, a method for arriving at more empirical predictions of future LVU beyond simple approximation remains elusive. This leads to a second issue. Previous research into the LVU effects of rapid transit has produced a body of work that exhibits significant heterogeneity in results. Such diversity in research outcomes is due to a singular focus on expectations of LVU from rapid transit accessibility, which has led previous research to ignore the potential for additional land value impacts from sorting into different bundles of transit-oriented development (TOD) based on individual preferences. As such, the results of previous studies consider the value placed on a bundle of transit and TOD characteristics. This context-dependency makes them unsuitable for extensions to estimate the potential for LVC in future transit corridors. To overcome these issues, the present dissertation develops a value planning framework for rapid transit. This is accomplished through five objectives. First, Chapter 2 establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the LVU effects of rapid transit accessibility and TOD. Second, Chapter 3 develops a typology of station area TOD to reduce the complexity of station area heterogeneity and control for such contextual factors in further research. Third, Chapter 4 applies the TOD typology to unbundle the LVU effects of existing rapid transit in the City of Toronto. Fourth, Chapter 5 develops the value planning framework to better conceptualize the drivers of LVU benefits and capturable revenues, the policy interventions to maximize them, and the beginnings of a model to utilize unbundled estimates of LVU in other study areas to derive context-sensitive predictions of LVU in future transit station areas. Finally, Chapter 6 conducts a theoretical application of the value planning framework to the case of a light rail transit line in Hamilton, Ontario, to demonstrate a rationale for engaging in value planning to promote value capture. In accomplishing these objectives, the present dissertation makes a number of contributions to research and practice. However, it also raises a number of questions for future research. Nevertheless, this work presents a significant first step towards realizing research on rapid transit’s LVU effects that is more theoretically comprehensive and practical for better informing LVC planning and policy around the world. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

This study provides independent analysis of Residual Oil Zones (ROZs) in the Permian Basin from a regional perspective, focusing on the formation mechanism and present ROZ locations. Results demonstrate widespread potential for ROZs, defined here as thick volumes of reservoir rock containing near-residual saturations of predominantly immobile oil formed by natural imbibition and displacement of oil by dynamic buoyant or hydrodynamic forces. Previous work suggests hydrodynamic forces generated by regional tectonic uplift drove widespread oil remobilization and ROZ creation. To test the hypothesis, uplift and tilting are quantified and the resulting peak regional potentiometric gradient used as a physical constraint to compute and compare predicted ROZ thicknesses from hydrodynamics for several ROZ-bearing San Andres fields with known ROZ thicknesses. Late-Albian Edwards Group geologic contacts, which are interpreted to have been deposited near sea level prior to uplift, are used as a regional datum. Approximate elevations determined for the present datum show ~1800 m of differential uplift since Edwards deposition, with an average regional slope of ~0.128˚. This post-Edwards tilting increased the pre-existing regional structural gradient of the San Andres Formation to ~0.289˚. Using the calculated post-Edwards gradient results in to prediction of ROZ thicknesses from hydrodynamics that is consistent with measured ROZ thicknesses at several fields. When compared with countervailing buoyancy forces, hydrodynamics is calculated to be the more dominant driving force of oil movement for reservoirs with structural dips less than 1.5˚, which is the common dip for San Andres Formation platform deposits where ROZs have been identified. To predict the location of ROZs, ROZ-related oil field properties were identified and analyzed for over 2,800 Permian Basin reservoirs. A strong basin-wide correlation between API and crude sulfur content is consistent with the expected outcome of oil degradation driven by oil-water interaction, and supports the use of API and sulfur content as proxies for ROZ potential in the Permian Basin. Spatial analysis of sulfur data shows that the highest probability for ROZ existence exists in Leonardian through Guadalupian-age reservoirs, distributed primarily in shelf and platform areas of Permian structures. Combined, these results support the widespread potential for ROZs across the Permian Basin generated primarily by regional scale tilting and resultant hydrodynamic forces. / text