Langston Hughes' novel Not Without Laughter works within the historically narrow framework of African American uplift ideology. Hughes implies Booker T. Washington's racial uplift ideology from Up From Slavery within Aunt Hager Williams. In addition, Hughes implies W.E.B. DuBois' racial uplift ideology from Souls of Black Folk within Tempy Siles. In both characters, he criticizes the ideologies. In addition, the ideologies work toward an initial construction of masculinity for Sandy, the protagonist, and ultimately undermine an argument for gender equality.

We introduce slow-roll inflation in string theory on both a conceptual level and a detailed one. In order to do this we first briefly review important concepts of inflation and string theory. We then reconstruct models of string inflation in the so-called Racetrack scenario for two different cases where the difference being the number of Kähler moduli used as inflaton. Furthermore, we briefly relate our results to the more recent discussion on whether AdS/dS solutions actually exist in string theory. In this instance our results seem to indicate that uplifting is a crucial component to obtain AdS/dS solutions.

A subpressão consiste em um dos maiores problemas no que diz respeito à segurança de obras hidráulicas. A execução de vedações com cortinas de injeção de cimento, associadas à drenagem é de suma importância para coibir as ações da água percolada através de suas fundações. Torna-se, portanto, indispensável conhecer elementos para a verificação do bom funcionamento destes sistemas. Grande parte dos critérios de subpressão utilizados hoje no dimensionamento de barragens é baseada em métodos determinísticos e empíricos, com origem em experiência acumulada sob certas condições específicas. Quando tais critérios são utilizados para lugares específicos, com feições geológicas peculiares, podem não refletir os dados utilizados anteriormente. Tanto projetos sem segurança como antieconômicos podem resultar desta prática. Neste trabalho, procura-se avaliar a eficácia dos sistemas de vedação e drenagem de maneira probabilística, utilizando métodos estatísticos e dados obtidos durante a execução de obras já prontas, de modo a considerar a heterogeneidade dos maciços de fundação. A primeira parte da pesquisa consistiu, portanto, na compilação e ajuste de curvas de distribuição estatística aos valores de absorções de água e calda de cimento das barragens da Usina Hidrelétrica de Salto Caxias e da derivação do Rio Jordão. As duas localizam-se no Estado do Paraná e são de propriedade da COPEL - Companhia Paranaense de Energia. Ambas são fundadas em rochas basálticas, mas possuem diferentes características de permeabilidade. A eficácia de uma cortina de injeção pode ser dividida em duas: na dos trabalhos de injeção, com o controle dos valores de calda de cimento absorvida, e na da cortina em si, através da verificação da diminuição das subpressões e das vazões de percolação. Assim, através da análise da tendência das curvas de distribuição encontradas, foi possível comprovar o bom resultado dos trabalhos de injeção realizados nas duas obras. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, é proposta uma metodologia de análise probabilística da eficácia das cortinas de vedação e de drenagem. Esta metodologia baseia-se nos princípios do método de Monte Carlo, gerando-se cenários aleatórios de acordo com as curvas de distribuição estatísticas obtidas da primeira parte do trabalho. Através de simulações numéricas com elementos finitos, com valores de permeabilidades das fundações obedecendo àquelas distribuições estatísticas, foi possível obter uma distribuição estatística das subpressões. Com isso, pode-se proceder a análises de confiabilidade, e probabilidades de falha podem ser obtidas utilizando leituras de instrumentação ou mesmo critérios de subpressão. / One of the biggest problems for hydraulic works safety is the uplift pressure. The execution of grouting, associated with drainage, is very important to control seepage through concrete dam foundations. Therefore, appropriate means to check the efficiency of those systems are essential for dam safety evaluation. Most of the uplift pressure criteria used nowadays for dam design is based on deterministic and empirical methods, originated from accumulated experience under certain specific conditions. When such criteria are used for a specific site, peculiar geological features may not be reflected in the data basis used as previous experience. Either unsafe or uneconomic designs may result from such practice. In this work, grouting and drainage systems effectiveness are evaluated in a probabilistic way, using statistical methods and data obtained during grouting execution, which provide good assessment for foundation properties variability. The first part of the research consisted, therefore, in the compilation and statistical distribution curves adjustment of data from Salto Caxias and Jordão river Hydroelectric Power Plants water pressure tests and grouting takes. The two dams are located in the state of Paraná, Brazil, and are owned by COPEL - Companhia Paranaense de Energia. They are founded on basaltic rocks, but have different permeability characteristics. Grout curtain effectiveness can be divided in two: in the grouting operation, with the treatment of cement grout take data, and in the curtain, which is measured by uplift and seepage reductions. Thus, by analyzing statistical distribution trends, it was possible to verify treatments effectiveness in the two dams. In the second part of the research, a probabilistic analysis methodology of drainage and grouting curtains effectiveness is proposed. This methodology is based on Monte Carlo method principles, randomly generating scenarios according to statistical distributions obtained in the first part of the work. By means of numerical simulations with finite elements, using foundation permeability coefficients following those statistical distributions, it was also possible to obtain a statistical distribution of uplift forces. Reliability analyses can be performed, and failure probabilities can be obtained using instrumentation readings, or even any uplift pressure criterion.

A subpressão consiste em um dos maiores problemas no que diz respeito à segurança de obras hidráulicas. A execução de vedações com cortinas de injeção de cimento, associadas à drenagem é de suma importância para coibir as ações da água percolada através de suas fundações. Torna-se, portanto, indispensável conhecer elementos para a verificação do bom funcionamento destes sistemas. Grande parte dos critérios de subpressão utilizados hoje no dimensionamento de barragens é baseada em métodos determinísticos e empíricos, com origem em experiência acumulada sob certas condições específicas. Quando tais critérios são utilizados para lugares específicos, com feições geológicas peculiares, podem não refletir os dados utilizados anteriormente. Tanto projetos sem segurança como antieconômicos podem resultar desta prática. Neste trabalho, procura-se avaliar a eficácia dos sistemas de vedação e drenagem de maneira probabilística, utilizando métodos estatísticos e dados obtidos durante a execução de obras já prontas, de modo a considerar a heterogeneidade dos maciços de fundação. A primeira parte da pesquisa consistiu, portanto, na compilação e ajuste de curvas de distribuição estatística aos valores de absorções de água e calda de cimento das barragens da Usina Hidrelétrica de Salto Caxias e da derivação do Rio Jordão. As duas localizam-se no Estado do Paraná e são de propriedade da COPEL - Companhia Paranaense de Energia. Ambas são fundadas em rochas basálticas, mas possuem diferentes características de permeabilidade. A eficácia de uma cortina de injeção pode ser dividida em duas: na dos trabalhos de injeção, com o controle dos valores de calda de cimento absorvida, e na da cortina em si, através da verificação da diminuição das subpressões e das vazões de percolação. Assim, através da análise da tendência das curvas de distribuição encontradas, foi possível comprovar o bom resultado dos trabalhos de injeção realizados nas duas obras. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, é proposta uma metodologia de análise probabilística da eficácia das cortinas de vedação e de drenagem. Esta metodologia baseia-se nos princípios do método de Monte Carlo, gerando-se cenários aleatórios de acordo com as curvas de distribuição estatísticas obtidas da primeira parte do trabalho. Através de simulações numéricas com elementos finitos, com valores de permeabilidades das fundações obedecendo àquelas distribuições estatísticas, foi possível obter uma distribuição estatística das subpressões. Com isso, pode-se proceder a análises de confiabilidade, e probabilidades de falha podem ser obtidas utilizando leituras de instrumentação ou mesmo critérios de subpressão. / One of the biggest problems for hydraulic works safety is the uplift pressure. The execution of grouting, associated with drainage, is very important to control seepage through concrete dam foundations. Therefore, appropriate means to check the efficiency of those systems are essential for dam safety evaluation. Most of the uplift pressure criteria used nowadays for dam design is based on deterministic and empirical methods, originated from accumulated experience under certain specific conditions. When such criteria are used for a specific site, peculiar geological features may not be reflected in the data basis used as previous experience. Either unsafe or uneconomic designs may result from such practice. In this work, grouting and drainage systems effectiveness are evaluated in a probabilistic way, using statistical methods and data obtained during grouting execution, which provide good assessment for foundation properties variability. The first part of the research consisted, therefore, in the compilation and statistical distribution curves adjustment of data from Salto Caxias and Jordão river Hydroelectric Power Plants water pressure tests and grouting takes. The two dams are located in the state of Paraná, Brazil, and are owned by COPEL - Companhia Paranaense de Energia. They are founded on basaltic rocks, but have different permeability characteristics. Grout curtain effectiveness can be divided in two: in the grouting operation, with the treatment of cement grout take data, and in the curtain, which is measured by uplift and seepage reductions. Thus, by analyzing statistical distribution trends, it was possible to verify treatments effectiveness in the two dams. In the second part of the research, a probabilistic analysis methodology of drainage and grouting curtains effectiveness is proposed. This methodology is based on Monte Carlo method principles, randomly generating scenarios according to statistical distributions obtained in the first part of the work. By means of numerical simulations with finite elements, using foundation permeability coefficients following those statistical distributions, it was also possible to obtain a statistical distribution of uplift forces. Reliability analyses can be performed, and failure probabilities can be obtained using instrumentation readings, or even any uplift pressure criterion.

The role of feedback between erosional unloading and tectonics controlling the development of the Himalaya is a matter of current debate. The distribution of precipitation is thought to control surface erosion, which in turn results in tectonic exhumation as an isostatic compensation process. Alternatively, subsurface structures can have significant influence in the evolution of this actively growing orogen. <br><br>Along the southern Himalayan front new 40Ar/39Ar white mica and apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronologic data provide the opportunity to determine the history of rock-uplift and exhumation paths along an approximately 120-km-wide NE-SW transect spanning the greater Sutlej region of the northwest Himalaya, India. 40Ar/39Ar data indicate, consistent with earlier studies that first the High Himalayan Crystalline, and subsequently the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappes were exhumed rapidly during Miocene time, while the deformation front propagated to the south. In contrast, new AFT data delineate synchronous exhumation of an elliptically shaped, NE-SW-oriented ~80 x 40 km region spanning both crystalline nappes during Pliocene-Quaternary time. The AFT ages correlate with elevation, but show within the resolution of the method no spatial relationship to preexisting major tectonic structures, such as the Main Central Thrust or the Southern Tibetan Fault System. Assuming constant exhumation rates and geothermal gradient, the rocks of two age vs. elevation transects were exhumed at ~1.4 &#177;0.2 and ~1.1 &#177;0.4 mm/a with an average cooling rate of ~50-60 &#176;C/Ma during Pliocene-Quaternary time. The locus of pronounced exhumation defined by the AFT data coincides with a region of enhanced precipitation, high discharge, and sediment flux rates under present conditions. We therefore hypothesize that the distribution of AFT cooling ages might reflect the efficiency of surface processes and fluvial erosion, and thus demonstrate the influence of erosion in localizing rock-uplift and exhumation along southern Himalayan front, rather than encompassing the entire orogen.<br><br>Despite a possible feedback between erosion and exhumation along the southern Himalayan front, we observe tectonically driven, crustal exhumation within the arid region behind the orographic barrier of the High Himalaya, which might be related to and driven by internal plateau forces. Several metamorphic-igneous gneiss dome complexes have been exhumed between the High Himalaya to the south and Indus-Tsangpo suture zone to the north since the onset of Indian-Eurasian collision ~50 Ma ago. Although the overall tectonic setting is characterized by convergence the exhumation of these domes is accommodated by extensional fault systems.<br><br>Along the Indian-Tibetan border the poorly described Leo Pargil metamorphic-igneous gneiss dome (31-34&#176;N/77-78&#176;E) is located within the Tethyan Himalaya. New field mapping, structural, and geochronologic data document that the western flank of the Leo Pargil dome was formed by extension along temporally linked normal fault systems. Motion on a major detachment system, referred to as the Leo Pargil detachment zone (LPDZ) has led to the juxtaposition of low-grade metamorphic, sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall and high-grade metamorphic gneisses in the footwall. However, the distribution of new 40Ar/39Ar white mica data indicate a regional cooling event during middle Miocene time. New apatite fission track (AFT) data demonstrate that subsequently more of the footwall was extruded along the LPDZ in a brittle stage between 10 and 2 Ma with a minimum displacement of ~9 km. Additionally, AFT-data indicate a regional accelerated cooling and exhumation episode starting at ~4 Ma. <br><br>Thus, tectonic processes can affect the entire orogenic system, while potential feedbacks between erosion and tectonics appear to be limited to the windward sides of an orogenic systems. / Welche Rolle Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Verteilung des Niederschlags, Erosion und Tektonik während der Entwicklung des Himalayas über geologische Zeiträume gespielt haben bzw. heute spielen, ist umstritten. Dabei ist von besonderem Interesse, ob Erosion ausschliesslich in Folge tiefkrustaler Hebungsprozesse entsteht und gesteuert wird, oder ob Regionen besonders effektiver Erosion, bedingt durch isostatische Kompensation, die Lokation tektonischer Deformation innerhalb aktiver Orogene beeinflussen können. <br><br>Entlang der südlichen Himalayafront ermöglichen neue thermochronologische 40Ar/39Ar-Hellglimmer- und Apatite-Spaltspur-Alter die Bestimmung der Exhumationspfade entlang eines 120-km-langen NE-SW-gerichteten Profils, dass quer durch die gesamte Sutlej-Region des nordwestlichen, indischen Himalayas verläuft. Dabei deuten die 40Ar/39Ar-Daten in übereinstimmung mit früheren Studien darauf hin, dass zuerst das Kristallin des Hohen Himalayas und anschliessend, südwärts propagierend, das Kristallin des Niederen Himalayas während des Miozäns exhumiert worden ist. Im Gegensatz dazu weisen die neuen Apatit-Spaltspur-Alter auf eine gleichmässige und zeitgleiche Exhumation beider kristallinen Decken entlang des Sutlejflusses. Dieser 80x40 km weite Bereich formt einen elliptischen, nordost-südwest orientierten Sektor erhöhter Exhumationsraten während des Pliozäns und Quartärs. Innerhalb des Fehlerbereichs der Spaltspurmethode zeigen die Alter eine gute Korrelation mit der Höhe, zeigen aber gleichzeitig keine Abhängigkeit zu bedeutenden tektonischen Störungen, wie die "Main Central Thrust" oder dem "Southern Tibetan Fault System". Unter der vereinfachten Annahme konstanter Exhumationsraten deuten zwei verschiedene Höhenprofile auf Exhumationraten in der Grössenordnung von ~1,4 &#177;0,2 und ~1,1 &#177;0,4 mm/a bei einer durchschnittlichen Abkühlrate von ~50-60 &#176;C/m.y. während des Pliozäns bzw. Quartärs hin. Der anhand von Spaltspuraltern bestimmte Sektor verstärkter Exhumation korreliert mit dem Gebiet, das während des Holozäns hohen Niederschlags-, Erosion- bzw. Sedimenttransportraten ausgesetzt ist. Daher vermuten wir, dass die Verteilung von jungen Spaltspuraltern den regionalen Grad der Effiziens von Oberflächenprozessen und fluviatiler Erosion wiederspiegelt. Dies deutet auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen Erosion und der Lokalisierung von Hebung und Exhumation entlang der südlichen Front des Himalayas hin, und zeigt gleichzeitig, dass die Exhumation nicht einfach über die gesamte Front gleichmässig verteilt ist.<br><br>Trotz der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Exhumation und Erosion, die möglicherweise die Entwicklung der südlichen Himalayafront beeinflussen, beobachten wir auch tiefkrustale tektonische Exhumation in ariden Gebieten nördlich des Hohen Himalayas, die vermutlich im Zusammenhang mit plateauinternenen Deformationsprozessen steht. So haben sich zum Beispiel mehrere metaplutonische Gneissdomkomplexe zwischen dem Hohen Himalaya im Süden und der Indus-Tsangpo Suturzone im Norden seit der Indien-Asien Kollision vor ca. 50 Millionen Jahren entwickelt. Obwohl die Dome sich grossräumig in einem kommpressiven Spannungsfeld befinden, werden sie lokal entlang von Extensionsstrukturen exhumiert. Bis heute sind die Ursachen für die Entstehung dieser Prozesse umstritten.<br><br>Entlang der Indisch-Tibetischen Grenze erstreckt sich der fast vollkommen unbeschriebene Leo-Pargil-Gneissdomkomplex (31-34&#176;N/77-78&#176;E) innerhalb des Tethyschen Himalayas. Neue Geländekartierungen, strukturelle und geochronologische Daten der westliche Flanke des Leo Pargil Domes dokumentieren, dass dieser sich entlang zeitlich verbundener Abschiebungssysteme in einem extensionalen Regime entwickelt hat. Im Gelände wird der Dome von einem mächtigen Störungssystem begrenzt, die "Leo Pargil Detachment Zone" (LPDZ). Durch den tektonischen Versatz entlang der LPDZ liegen heute niedriggradig metamorphe Sedimentgesteine im Hangenden neben hochgradigen Gneisen in Liegenden. Unabhängig von der Probenlokation entlang des aufgeschlossenen Störungssystemes ergeben alle neuen 40Ar/39Ar-Hellglimmeralter um die 15 Ma und deuten auf ein regional wichtiges Abkühlungsereignis hin. Im Gegensatz dazu deuten die neuen Apatit-Spaltspuralter (AFT) auf eine kontinuierliche Exhumation der hochmetamorphen Einheiten im Liegenden der LPDZ unter sprödtektonischen Bedingungen zwischen 10 und 2 Ma hin, bei einem minimalen Versatz von ungefähr 9 km. Desweiteren deuten die Apatit-Spaltspur-Daten auf überregionale beschleunigte Abkülhlungs- bzw Exhumationsphase seit 4 Ma.<br><br>Daraus kann gefolgert werden, dass die tektonischen Prozesse die Entwicklung des gesamten Gebirges beflussen können, während potenzielle Wechselwirkungen zwischen Erosion und Tektonik auf die luvwärtigen Gebirgsflanken beschränkt zu bleiben scheinen.

The aim of this thesis is to present and examine the names of the islands in the archipelago of Luleå innorthern Sweden. The basis for the studies is a collection of names, which contains written forms excerpted fromsources from the 14th to the 20th century and local pronunciations of old as well as modern names. The names ofthe islands in the collection have been studied from three aspects.The first study (chapter 2) deals with the structure of the names and especially that of names of islands in doublecompound. The lack of s in names like Storhäll-gründet, where dialects in the south of S weden and StandardSwedish would have Storhälls gründet, is the starting point of the investigation. (Some double compounds have sin the compounding link like Bullerskärs-grundet. They are also discussed.)The hypothesis advanced is that the dialectal distribution of the accent in the names in northern Sweden makes itpossible to show where the link in the double compound is, so the 5, which in Standard Swedish and in thedialects in the south of Sweden is needed to mark the semantic limit between the parts of the compound, is notneeded in the dialects of northern Sweden.The stress in double compounds of th e type AB-C (see above) is on the last element of the name or word: -——. Names in double compound of the type A-BC like Lill-Kvarnören have a different type of accent: — — 1with the stress on the first element of the name or word. The two different main accents in double compounds ofthe type AB-C and A-BC: J— — and — —1 have the status of markers showing where the compounding link inthe compound is, so the s is not needed in the compounds of the type AB-C in the dialects of northern Sweden.The study includes names of isl ands containing double compounds in the whole of Norrbotten and appellativedouble compounds from a collection of words from a village in Nederluleå.The second study (chapter 3) deals with the relationship between the names and the land uplift. The BothnianBay is an area of rapid land uplift. The land uplift has its highest estimated values, 0,9 meters in 100 years, on thecoast north of Skellefteå up to Luleå. Many names of islands have disappeared because the islands have beenuplifted, especially in what used to be large bays, now large shallow lakes like Persöfjärden. New water-surroundedareas have on the other hand been named like Sandgrönnorna, described from old maps from 1790 and fromphotographs from 1946.Chapter 3 consists of three sections, in which separate studies of names in relation to the land uplift are presented.The first section deals with the names ending in -gründet, -grunden. Originally names of under-water localities,they are now names of small islands and gründet has changed its denotation to 'small island' in the area.The second section in chapter 3 presents a method for the dating of names of island in uplifted areas. Many largeislands, now uplifted, still have the names they had as water-surrounded islands. By following the equidistancecurves around the locality it is possible to find out at what equidistance it was surrounded by water. Before thattime it must have been named as an island. That is terminus ante quem, TAO, for the name. The third sectiondeals with the names of vattung, which can be dated from the time of th eir rise above the sea level. A vattung, 5meters high, can thus be about 500 years old, terminus post quem, TPQ, about 1450. The studies presentedabove show that some names can be dated to the Viking Age.The third study (chapter 4) deals with the names of large islands and the colonization. The colonization period ofthe northern part of Sweden is reflected in many names of large islands containing personal names like Hertsönand Germandön. No archipelago in Scandinavia shows such an amount of names of islands containing personalnames. Most personal names are Nordic and can be compared to those in the names ending in -mark in Västerbottenand the south of Norrbotten. - Some of t he names of islands containing personal names have also beendated in chapter 3. They are among the oldest names in Nederluleå.In chapter 5 the names in the studies are put in relation to the historical and archaeological records in Norrbottenand can thus contribute to throwing light upon the colonization period of northern Sweden. / digitalisering@umu

The date for the formation of the Benton Uplift, Ouachita orogeny, is bracketed by Carboniferous synorogenic sediments deposited to the north and Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian isotopic dates from the weakly metamorphosed rocks within the uplift. We address the largely unknown structural history between these two constraints by presenting an improved 3-dimensional kinematic model using better constrained retrodeformable sections. These new sections are based on all surface and subsurface data, new zircon fission track dates and thermal maturation data including new ‘crystallinity’ data to constrain the maximum burial depth. Concordant zircon fission track ages range from 307 ± 18.8 Ma to 333.4 ± 38.9 Ma or from the Late Devonian to Early Permian. Maximum ‘crystallinity’ of both illite and chlorite indicate these exposed rocks experienced a temperature of ~300°C across the eastern Benton Uplift. This temperature is consistent with reconstructed burial depths using cumulative stratigraphic thickness without having to call on structural thickening. Comparing coarse and fine clay fractions, computed temperature for the fine clay fraction is less by ~100°C than that of the coarse clay fraction. This difference is the same for all formations studied. This uniform difference in temperature may indicate cooling of the orogen as it deformed or more than one thermal event.

The seismic behavior of port container cranes has been largely ignored-by owners, operators, engineers, and code officials alike. This is despite their importance to daily port operations, where historical evidence suggests that port operational downtime following a seismic event can have a crippling effect on the affected local, regional, and national economies. Because the replacement time in the event of crane collapse can be a year or more, crane collapse has the potential to be the "critical path" for post-disaster port recovery. Since the 1960's, crane designers allowed and encouraged an uplift response from container cranes, assuming that this uplift would provide a "safety valve" for seismic loading; i.e. the structural response at the onset of uplift was assumed to be the maximum structural response. However, cranes have grown much larger and more stable such that the port industry is now beginning to question the seismic performance of their modern jumbo container cranes. This research takes a step back, and reconsiders the effect that uplift response has on the seismic demand of portal-frame structures such as container cranes. A theoretical estimation is derived which accounts for the uplift behavior, and finds that the "safety valve" design assumption can be unconservative. The resulting portal uplift theory is verified with complex finite element models and experimental shake-table testing of a scaled example container crane. Using the verified models, fragility curves and downtime estimates are developed which characterize the risk of crane damage and operational downtime for three representative container cranes subjected to a range of earthquakes. This research demonstrates that container cranes designed using previous and current standards can significantly contribute to port seismic vulnerability. Lastly, performance-based design recommendations are provided which encourage the comparison of demand and capacity in terms of the critical portal deformation, using the derived portal uplift theory to estimate seismic deformation demand.

The Pennsylvanian Marble Falls Formation in the Llano Uplift region of the southern Fort Worth Basin (Central Texas) is a Morrowan-Atokan mixed carbonate-siliciclastic unit whose deposition was influenced by icehouse glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations and foreland basin tectonics. Previous interpretations of the Marble Falls Formation focused on outcrop data at the fringes of the Llano Uplift. This study uses a series of 21 cores to create a facies architectural model, depositional environmental interpretation, and regional sequence stratigraphic framework. On the basis of core data, the study area is interpreted to have been deposited in a ramp setting with a shallower water upper ramp area to the south and a deeper water basin setting to the north. Analysis of cores and thin sections identified 14 inner ramp to basin facies. Dominant facies are: (1) burrowed sponge spicule packstone, (2) algal grain-dominated packstone to grainstone, (3) skeletal foraminiferal wackestone, and (4) argillaceous mudstone to clay shale. Facies stacking patterns were correlated and combined with chemostratigraphic data to improve interpretations of the unit’s depositional history and form an integrated regional model. The Marble Falls section was deposited during Pennsylvanian icehouse times in a part of the Fort Worth Basin with active horst and graben structures developing in response to the Ouachita Orogeny. The resulting depositional cycles reflect high-frequency sea-level fluctuations and are divided into 3 sequences. Sequence 1 represents aggradational ramp deposition truncated by a major glacioeustatic sea-level fall near the Morrowan-Atokan boundary (SB1). This fall shifted accommodation basinward and previously distal areas were sites of carbonate HST in Sequence 2 deposition following a short TST phase. Sequence 3 represents the final phase of carbonate accumulation that was diachronously drowned by Smithwick siliciclastics enhanced by horst and graben faulting. These findings contribute to our understanding of the depositional response to glacioeustatic sea-level changes during the Pennsylvanian and can also form the basis for constructing a sedimentological and facies analog for Morrowan to Atokan shallow- to deepwater carbonates in the Permian Basin and the northern Fort Worth Basin. / text

Deformation and partial melting have long been recognized to occur together, but differentiating which actually occurred first has remained enigmatic. Prevailing theories suggest that partial melting typically occurs first, and deformation is localized into melt-rich areas because they are rheologically weak. However, evidence from three different areas, suggests the role of strain has been underestimated in localizing partial melting. The Wet Mountains of central Colorado provide evidence for synchronous partial melting and deformation, with each process enhancing the other. Throughout the Wet Mountains, deformation is concentrated in areas where melt producing reactions occurred, and melt appears to be localized along deformation-related features. Melt microstructures present within the Wet Mountains correlate well with crustal-scale plutons and magmatic bodies and provide a proxy for crustal-scale melt flow. Granitic gneisses from the Llano Uplift, central Texas, provide evidence for partial melting occurring within small-scale shear zones and surrounding country rocks, synchronously. In the field, shear zones appear to contain former melt, whereas the country rock does not provide macroscopic evidence for partial melting. However, detailed microstructural investigation of shear zones and country rocks indicates the same density of melt microstructures, in both rock types. Melt microstructures are important for understanding the full melting history of a rock and without detailed structural and petrographic analysis, erroneous conclusions may be reached. Granulite-facies migmatites of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, southwestern Australia, have undergone partial melting, synchronous with three phases of bidirectional extension. Four major groups of leucosomes, including: foliation-parallel, cross-cutting, boudin neck and jumbled channelway leucosomes and late pegmatites were analyzed via whole-rock geochemistry, and there is evidence for fluid-saturated and -undersaturated biotite- and amphibole-dehydration melting. Migmatites from these three locations contain pseudomorphs of melt along subgrain and grain boundaries, areas of high dislocation density, in quartz and plagioclase. For these rocks that involve multicomponent systems, the primary cause for preferential melting in high strain locations is enhanced diffusion rates along the subgrain boundary because of pipe diffusion or water associated with dislocations. / text