Pollution of aquatic resources in Uganda is on the increase and the trends are expected to increase with increase in population size and urbanisation. Assessment and mitigation of the environmental impacts on water quality and biodiversity have now become necessary. The aim of the study was to integrate invertebrate and fish as bioindicators and fish histopathology as a biomarker in the assessment of water quality deterioration in urban wetlands in Uganda. The integration harnesses the advantages and counteracts the shortcomings of each method and thus builds a more robust diagnostic tool that gives a better view of the impacts to the entire ecosystem. Four endpoints which included, physicochemical variables, benthic macroinvertebrate bioindicators, fish bioindicators and fish histopathology biomarkers were compared between varied effluent-impacted wetlands (Murchison Bay in Kampala, and Kirinya, Masese and Winday Bay in Jinja) and a non-impacted reference wetland (Lwanika in Mayuge). Results from the effluent-impacted sites differed from the less impacted reference site. The two sampling locations at Murchison Bay (inshore and offshore) and one sampling location at Kirinya (inshore), that were highly impacted with urban effluent, showed elevated nutrient levels, low pH, dissolved oxygen and secchi depth readings. This corresponded with low invertebrate taxa and fish species diversity and richness; and severe histopathological responses in liver, gonads and gills of O. niloticus. Sensitive taxa such as ephemeroptera and trichoptera were completely absent while pollution tolerant taxa Chironomus sp, Corbicula and Oligochaeta were present. Also notable was the absence of many native haplochromines and presence of mainly Brycinus sadleri, Oreochromis niloticus and leucostictus. The organs manifested high prevalence of severe inflammatory and regressive changes and higher organ indices that fell within the pathological category. These sites were consistently classified as highly polluted under the four endpoints. The reference site was classified as least polluted while Masese and Winday Bay were moderately polluted. Results suggested that the approach of using invertebrate and fish as bioindicators and the fish histopathology as a biomarker, in relation to water quality physicochemical variables was a useful tool in highlighting the spatial differences in environmental quality.

Trees in natural forests are widely known for their essential contribution to rural livelihoods in developing countries, providing both consumptive and non-consumptive products to rural inhabitants. These benefits are also obtained from trees in urban forests and used by urban households. In the past decades, the role of urban trees to urban livelihoods, municipalities, local and global environment has often been overlooked by researchers and development agencies, and hence are poorly documented, especially in Africa. In South Africa, the increase in urbanisation and urban poverty means many urban residents are expected to be dependent on trees and tree products from homesteads, neighbourhoods and edges of towns. There is however a paucity of literature on the potential of trees in sustaining livelihoods and poverty alleviation in urban areas. This study determined the magnitude and nature of the direct contribution of trees and tree products to local livelihoods in different urban residential areas (informal, Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), and township) in three South African towns (Tzaneen, Bela Bela and Zeerust) which cover a rainfall gradient from relatively higher (775 mm p.a.) to low (575 mm p.a.). The results showed that most (90%) households had an interest in planting and managing trees on homesteads, given the high proportion (71%) of residents who had planted trees on their homesteads. The abundance of trees followed the moisture gradient, with Tzaneen having a larger share (46.4%) of trees, followed by Bela Bela (27.5%) and Zeerust (26.1%). Larger plots in the informal residential area accounted for the larger proportion (42.8%) of trees on homesteads, followed by the township (32.9%) and RDP households being the least because they were recently established. Tree density was also higher in the high rainfall town but the pattern did not follow the moisture gradient between Bela Bela and Zeerust due to little rainfall difference. However, tree density across residential areas was similar to the proportion of trees on homesteads in residential areas. The most common tree species were alien, and mainly exotic fruit trees made up two-thirds of the trees encountered. Most households collected various products from urban trees, particularly fuelwood, from edges of towns. This was especially by households with lower cash income. However, fruits were collected from homesteads regardless of the wealth status. Tree products had a significant contribution to the total annual household income, with fuelwood alone contributing up to R5 663 per household per annum, equivalent to two-three month household cash income. Tree products added 20% to total household income, which represents the amount of money households save by collecting tree products for free. Therefore, trees within and around urban areas contribute significantly to livelihoods and reduce poverty in urban areas. There is need therefore to encourage urban residents to plant trees on homesteads and policy makers to come up with policies that promote sustainable harvesting of tree products from areas surrounding urban areas.

Water hyacinth is recognised as one of the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species in Africa. For this reason considerable funds are spent each year on itscontrol. As a consequence of the amount of money being spent on problems such as the invasion of water hyacinth, and because of the recognition of the ongoing and accelerated efforts that are required in the future, recent research has focused on accurately quantifying the costs and benefits of control of invasive species to aid policy decisions.A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would be able to identify if the funds are justified and are being spent effectively. This thesis provides an example of a cost-benefit analysis of funds spent on the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment in South Africa. In order to develop a comprehensive assessment of the total economic value of the control of water hyacinth to an urban population, the Nahoon River in East London was selected as the study site to calculate the benefits of control. In addition to valuing the direct services provided by the resources that are traded in the market (in this case water provision), a contingent valuation study was undertaken in Abbottsford and Dorchester Heights (two suburbs in East London banking the Nahoon River). These were done in order to assess any non-use value a sample of 132 households of the population has for the control of water hyacinth, and any use values that are not traded in the market, for example recreational value. When the benefits of control of water hyacinth were compared to the costs of one of the least cost effective methods of control (herbicidal control), the benefits outweighed the costs by a ratio of more than 4:1, and for the most cost effective method of control the ratio was almost 6:1. These results provide a justification for the funds that are devoted to the control of water hyacinth, providing an argument for the continued expenditure for its control, and for further research into more cost effective methods of control, such as biological control.

Le développement urbain durable est aujourd’hui une notion centrale des discours sur la ville et des politiques publiques en la matière. Sans être une simple déclinaison du développement durable appliqué à l’urbain, il en reprend quelques grands principes, qui pour certains s’inscrivent dans la longue histoire de l’urbanisme. En tout état de cause, ces principes irriguent aujourd’hui le droit de l’urbanisme. Mais de la norme juridique à l’action concrète, il y a parfois loin, afin, par exemple, de limiter effectivement l’étalement urbain ou encore de réduire les pollutions urbaines. En quelques années,le droit français de l’urbanisme a pourtant été transformé en profondeur pour aider à résoudre ces problèmes et d’autres, et favoriser en ce sens le développement urbain durable. Grâce à quels outils ? Et malgré quels obstacles ? Ces derniers ne sont pas négligeables, et interrogent la capacité réelle du droit français, en l’état, à promouvoir le développement urbain durable à l’échelle des espaces urbains pertinents, voire à ne pas l’entraver. / The urban sustainable development is nowadays a main notion in the discourses about the city and in the concerning public policies. If it isn’t a simple variation of the sustainable development applied to the urban matter, it resumes many of its main principles, which are for some of them keeping with the long story of town planning. In any case, those principles are irrigating the urban law today. But from the legal rule to the concrete action is the way sometimes long, in order to limitefficaciously the urban sprawl or to reduce the urban pollutions for example. For a few year the frenchurban law is however being deeply transformed in order to contribute to resolve these problems and others, and to encourage the urban sustainable development. Thanks to which tools ? And despite of which obstacles ? These obstacles are not insignificant, and the even sound the real capacity of the French law, as it stands, to promote the urban sustainable development on the scale of the pertinent urban spaces, and not to block it.

Urbanization involves the conversion of natural areas to impervious surfaces, which can lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of flood events in cities. To mitigate flood risk, stormwater ponds are constructed to manage urban runoff. Stormwater ponds can also be colonized by wildlife, but their suitability as habitat is disputed due to potential toxicological risks. This study assessed the suitability of stormwater ponds as habitat for the bioindicators Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and determined environmental factors that impact their community structure. Odonata (adults, nymphs and exuviae) were sampled at 41 stormwater ponds and 10 natural reference ponds across the National Capital Region of Canada, with a subset of ponds sampled over four years (2015-2018). Plant communities, water quality and surrounding land cover were analyzed at each pond to determine their impacts on Odonata community structure. Overall, stormwater ponds had lower Odonata abundance and a greater variation in species richness and community structure compared to natural ponds but had comparable dragonfly reproduction rates. Plants were the most significant driver of Odonata communities, as stormwater ponds with a high richness of native wetland plants had higher Odonata abundance and community structures similar to natural ponds. Water quality was the second most important driver of Odonata communities with dragonflies showing greater sensitivity to urban contaminants than damselflies. While stormwater ponds had higher concentrations of trace elements than natural ponds (e.g. Ni, V, As), concentrations were generally below toxic levels for all elements except copper and chloride, the latter likely an input from winter road salting. Surrounding land cover was the least important factor affecting Odonata communities. In conclusion, this research demonstrated the importance of local-scale factors related to plants and water quality in sustaining Odonata communities and specifies recommendations for stormwater pond design and maintenance that enhance urban biodiversity.

Die stadtökologische Qualität ist Teil der Umweltqualität. Sie gilt als Maß der Abweichung des städtischen Umweltzustandes von gesellschaftlichen Zielvorgaben für den Umwelt- und Naturschutz. Der Umweltzustand wird mithilfe der Indikatoren Bodenversiegelung und Grünvolumen gemessen. In Fortsetzung der Forschungslinie 'Flächenleistungen und ökologische Qualität' sind methodische Ansätze zur Sicherung und Entwicklung der stadtökologischen Qualität untersucht worden. Die empirischen Untersuchungen erfolgten in den 116 kreisfreien Städten auf der Grundlage eines Objektmodells 'Stadt', das sowohl zweidimensionale (versiegelte, offene Fläche, Grün- und Wasserfläche) als auch dreidimensionale Elemente (Vegetation und Gebäude) einbezieht. Den Schwerpunkt bilden Wirkungsbeziehungen zwischen Flächennutzungsstrukturen, Grünflächenanteilen und flächenspezifischen Grünvolumen. Des Weiteren interessieren das stadttypische ökologische Leistungsvermögen, die nutzungsstrukturellen Lagewerte der Städte und daraus abgeleitete strategische Orientierungswerte im Handlungsfeld der Flächennutzung. Die Ergebnisse sind stochastische Modelle des flächenspezifischen Grünvolumens für die Raumebenen Kernstadt und Stadtregion sowie 5 qualitätsspezifische Städte-Cluster.:Tabellenverzeichnis..............................................................................VIII Abbildungsverzeichnis.............................................................................X Übersichtenverzeichnis.........................................................................XIV Anlage CD-ROM Kurzfassung.............................................................................................1 1 Freiflächenentwicklung – Bestandteil einer Doppelstrategie der urbanen Innenentwicklung..............................................................13 2 Flächennutzungsstruktur – Schlüsselfaktor der stadtökologischen Qualität....................................................................17 3 Grünflächen und Grünvolumen – Elemente des Objektraumes Stadt..............................................................................20 3.1 Stadtbiotoptypen und städtebauliche Strukturtypen – methodische Grundlagen der Kenngrößenbestimmung..............................................21 3.1.1 Stadtbiotoptypenansatz...............................................................22 3.1.2 Städtebaulicher Strukturtypenansatz...........................................25 3.1.3 Stadtstrukturtypen statistischer Blöcke........................................26 3.1.4 Kartengrundlagen.........................................................................27 3.1.5 Vegetationsstrukturelle Analyse teilstädtischer Gebiete..............27 3.1.6 Korrektur des Grünvolumens unter Beachtung der Baumkronenform...................................................................................29 3.2 Typspezifische Grünflächenanteile und spezifische Grünvolumen differenziert nach Vegetationsschichtung..............................................30 4 Rasteransatz zur Ableitung des Grünmusters einer Stadt..................43 5 Wirkungszusammenhänge zwischen Stadtvegetation und stadtökologischer Qualität.....................................................................46 6 Indikatorfunktion städtischer Grünflächen für ausgewählte ökologische Flächenleistungen..............................................................55 7 Empirische Untersuchungen...............................................................59 8 Grünflächenanteile und spezifisches Grünvolumen der 116 kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands und deren Regionen – Lagewerte und Histogramme................................................................64 8.1 Lagewerte einer Städtekategorie....................................................65 8.1.1 Grünflächenanteile in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.................65 8.1.2 Spezifische Grünvolumen in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.......67 8.2 Histogramme einer Städtekategorie................................................70 8.2.1 Grünflächenanteile (alle Vegetationsschichten)............................70 8.2.2 Spezifisches Grünvolumen (alle Vegetationsschichten)................74 9 Grünmuster der 116 kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands – Kenngrößen und Skalen.........................................................................78 9.1 Histogramme räumlicher Kenngrößen..............................................78 9.1.1 Isolationsmaß...............................................................................78 9.1.2 Lakunaritätsmaß...........................................................................79 9.1.3 Verbundmaß.................................................................................81 9.2 Typisierung der 116 kreisfreien Städte Deutschlands nach Grünmustern..........................................................................................81 10 Wirkungsbeziehungen zwischen Stadtstruktur, Grünflächenanteilen und Grünvolumen – Regionalstatistisches Untersuchungsprogramm....................................90 10.1 Faktoren und nutzungsstrukturelle Determinanten der Grünflächen und Grünvolumensituation in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen........................................................................................93 10.1.1 Bodenversiegelung – Schlüsselfaktor der Grünflächen- und Grünvolumensituation in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.....................94 10.1.2 Strukturelle Determinanten der Grünflächen- und Grünvolumensituation in Kernstädten und Stadtregionen.....................97 10.2 Kenngrößenanalytische Modelle des Grünflächenanteils und spezifischen Grünvolumens...................................................................99 10.2.1 Modelle „Grünflächenanteil“......................................................100 10.2.2 Modelle „Spezifisches Grünvolumen“........................................101 10.2.3 Modelle „Spezifisches Grünvolumen“ differenziert nach Vegetationsschichten..........................................................................102 10.2.4 Analyse der Modellfehler...........................................................104 10.3 Städte-Cluster.............................................................................105 10.3.1 Diskriminanz- und Clusteranalyse.............................................106 10.3.2 Häufigkeitsverteilung kreisfreier Städte nach Clustern.............111 11 Deutschlands kreisfreie Städte – stadttypologische Gliederung...........................................................................................116 12 Ansätze einer stadttypendifferenzierten entwicklungsstrategischen Orientierung........................................................................................124 Literaturverzeichnis.............................................................................131

Urban areas cover 2% of the Earth’s land surface, host more than 50% of global population and are estimated to account for around 75% of CO2 emissions from global energy use. In order to mitigate existing and future direct and indirect environmental pressures resulting from urban resource use, it is necessary to investigate and better understand resource and pollution flows associated with urban systems.Current urban environmental assessment methodologies enable the quantification of resource use and pollution emissions flows entering, becoming stocked and exiting urban areas. While these methodologies enable to estimate the environmental effect of cities, they often consider urban areas as being static and homogeneous systems. This partial and simplistic representation shadows the complex spatio-temporal interrelationships between the local context and its associated local and global environmental pressures. This characterisation of urban systems is a significant limitation, not only for the urban environmental assessments, but also for the identification of their drivers as it may lead to inadequate urban environmental policies. To overcome this limitation and effectively reduce glocal urban environmental pressures, it is necessary to better understand the complex functioning of cities and identify their drivers.This research developed a comprehensive urban environmental assessment framework that helps to better explicit and understand the complex relationship between an urban system and its environmental profile in a systemic and systematic way. This framework was applied to the case study of Brussels Capital Region (BCR).Results from the application of this framework show that urban systems are neither static nor homogeneous. In fact, different relationships between the urban and metabolic profiles appear when considering different spatial scales and temporal intervals as well as different urban and metabolic metrics. The establishment of BCR’s urban profile showed that components that shape the urban system evolve in an organic way over time. Moreover, the spatial expression of an urban system portrays its heterogeneous aspect and how different metrics of the same urban indicator can reveal distinct facets and challenges for an urban area or a neighbourhood. Finally, it was demonstrated that the relationship between urban indicators is different for each spatial scale and therefore knowledge from one spatial scale is not necessarily transferable from one scale to another. The establishment and analysis of BCR’s metabolic profile also underlined the complex functioning of cities as each flow has a different temporal evolution and spatial expression. Due to the multifaceted and intertwined aspect of metabolic flows it becomes clear that no single parameter enables to explain or predict their behaviour. This leads to the conclusion that a great number of questions still need to be considered, understood and answered before effectively and coherently reducing environmental pressures from cities. The developed framework proposes a number of concrete steps that enable existing and new cities to better understand their metabolic functioning and ultimately transition towards less environmentally harmful futures. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Polytechnique) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Die Jahrestagung 2013 der deutschen Sektion der International Assiciation for Landscape Ecology (IALE) fand vom 10.-12.Oktober 2013 in Dresden statt. Motto der Tagung mit circa 70 Teilnehmern war "Vielfältige Landschaften: Biodiversität, Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Lebensqualität". Der Tagungsband entält die Kurzfassung der ca. 30 Tagungsbeiträge und 20 Poster.:FACHBEITRÄGE ANGELA LAUSCH, STEFFEN ZACHARIAS, ULRIKE WERBAN: Eignung der Fernerkundung zur Ableitung von räumlichen Vegetationsmustern als Funktion von Bodencharakteristik und Bodenfeuchte .................................................................. 7 JÜRGEN BREUSTE, AISA HENSEKE: Potenziale und Probleme der Anpassung an den Klimawandel durch Ökosystemdienstleistungen der Stadtvegetation – Das Beispiel Linz, Österreich ............................................................. 9 JULIANE MATHEY, STEFANIE RÖßLER: Ökosystemdienstleistungen von grünen Brachflächen in Städten – methodische Ansätze und planerische Umsetzung ............................................................................................................................... 11 PETER WERNER: Neue Herausforderungen für Biodiversitätsstrategien in Städten ......................................................... 12 DAGMAR HAASE: Urbane Ökosystemdienstleistungen in europäischen Städten – wo stehen wir? .................................. 13 GEORG SCHILLER, MICHAEL HOLFELD: Flächenbezogene Bewertung des potenziellen Bedarfs oberflächennaher Rohstoffe ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14 NEELE LARONDELLE, DAGMAR HAASE: Generische Landbedeckungs- und -nutzungsklassifikation zur Reduktion der Unsicherheit bei der Ableitung von Ökosystemfunktionen und -dienstleistungen: der Vergleich Berlin und New York City (NYC) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15 NADJA KABISCH, DAGMAR HAASE: Gerecht verteilt? Urbane Grünflächen in Berlin. .......................................................... 16 LINDA HEUCHELE, GERD LUPP, CHRISTINA RENNER, WERNER KONOLD, DOMINIK SIEGRIST: Tourismusregionen als Modellregionen zur Entwicklung von Anpassungsstrategien im Kontext Biologische Vielfalt, Tourismus und Klimawandel – Das Beispiel Südschwarzwald ......................................................................................................................................... 17 ULRICH WALZ, ELISA MICHEL, RALF-UWE SYRBE: Biodiversität und Landschaftsstruktur – Arten und Landschaftsvielfalt ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 MICHAEL GLEMITZ, R. PLATEN, R. KRECHEL, J. KONRAD, F.WAGENER: Welche Beiträge können streifenförmige Energiegehölze zur biotischen Aufwertung von Arglandschaften liefern? – Ergebnisse aus dem Beispielsvorhaben Scheyern ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20 CHRISTIAN ALBERT, CHRISTOPH GÖRG: Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten für ein Nationales Ökosystem Assessment in Deutschland – Zwischenergebnisse einer Sondierungsstudie ................................................................................... 21 FRANZISKA NYCH, ECKEHARD-GUNTER WILHELM, SUSANNE WINTER: Vegetationsökologische Untersuchung von Waldrändern in Ostsachsen .......................................................................................................................................... 22 ECKEHARD-GUNTER WILHELM, FRANZISKA NYCH, SUSANNE WINTER: Zur Phytodiversität in Kurzumtriebsplantagen ... 24 SUSANNE FRANK, CHRISTINE FÜRST, KATRIN PIETZSCH: Bewertung forstlicher und landwirtschaftlicher Managementstrategien mit Fokus auf holzartige Biomasse .......................................................................................... 26 VIKTORIA MADER, DANIELA FIEDLER, KLAUS BIRKHOFER, VOLKMAR WOLTERS, EVA DIEHL: Einfluss von lokaler Bewirtschaftung und Landschaftskontext auf netzbauende Spinnen und deren Potenzial zur biologischen Schädlingskontrolle ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 PAUL SCHULZE, CLAUDIA SCHRÖDER, VERA LUTHARDT, JUTTA ZEITZ: Ein Entscheidungs-unterstützungssystem zur torferhaltenden Bewirtschaftung organischer Böden ................................................................................................... 28 SIMONE BEICHLER, SONJA DEPPISCH: Was leistet ihre Stadt heute, und morgen? – Partizipative Erhebung von kulturellen Ökosystemdienstleistungen in Rostock ...................................................................................................... 29 JÖRG PRIES: Die ÖDL-App – neue Smartphoneanwendung zur Erfassung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen ............... 31 KAROLINE BRANDT, MICHAEL GLEMNITZ, STEPHANIE KRÄMER: Der Einfluss der Umgebungsstruktur und des landwirtschaftlichen Managements auf das Vorkommen von Blütenbesuchern in der Agrarlandschaft? ...................... 32 FRANK ROSER: Modellierung einer landesweiten Planungsgrundlage für das Schutzgut Landschaftsbild in Baden-Württemberg ............................................................................................................................................................... 33 TILL HERMANNS, KATHARINA HELMING: Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung zukünftiger Land- und Wassermanagementstrategien ……................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 OLAF BASTIAN, RALF-UWE SYRBE: Mehrwert Natur Osterzgebirge - Werte und Leistungen ausgewählter Ökosysteme .. 37 RALF-UWE SYRBE, OLAF BASTIAN, KARSTEN GRUNEWALD: Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Energiewende – Leistungen von AgrarÖkosystemen im Landkreis Görlitz …............................................................................................................. 38 KARSTEN GRUNEWALD, OLAF BASTIAN, A. KOROSHEV: Bedeutung des Geosystem- und Landschafts-konzepts für die Erfassung und Bewertung von Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Review und Anwendungsperspektiven in Deutschland und Russland ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39 MARKUS LEIBENATH, PETER WIRTH: Widerspiegelung der Energiewende und ihrer Wirkungen auf die Landschaft anhand von Landesentwicklungsplänen in Sachsen ................................................................................................................ 40 JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER, CHRISTIAN SCHWICK, FELIX KIENAST: Ist die Zersiedelung Europas unvermeidbar? Von der Messung zur Vermeidung….......................................................................................................................................... 41 JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER, MEGAN DESLAURIERS,ADRIENNE ASGARY: Messung der Konnektivität städtischer Grünflächen als Indikator im City Biodiversity Index (CBI) …................................................................................................................. 43 MARTINA ARTMANN: Straßenverkehrslärm im Siedlungsbereich – Gemeinden entlang von Autobahnen im Spannungsfeld ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Interessen ….............................................................................................. 45 FELIX MÜLLER, BENJAMIN BURKHARD: Ökosystemleistungen als integratives Konzept für das Landschaftsmanagement............................................................................................................................................ 46 POSTERBEITRÄGE KENNETH ANDERS, LARS FISCHER: Werbung für Ecosystem Services ........................................................................ 49 JANA GEVERS, MICHAEL GLEMNITZ, TOKE T. HǾYE, CHRIS J. TOPPING, BORIS SCHRÖDER: Biotische Effekte eines zunehmenden Maisanbaus in unterschiedlichen Landschaftstypen …........................................................................ 50 ANDREA FRÜH-MÜLLER, FRED JOPP, VOLKMAR WOLTERS: Analyzing soil- and water related ecosystem services in cultural landscapes ................................................................................................................................................................ 52 JAN THIELE, SASCHA BUCHHOLZ, JENS SCHIRMEL: Diversity of carabids, spiders and vascular plants in agricultural landscapes: at local and landscape scales in relation to connectivity of semi-natural habitat networks .................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER, LUIS F. MADRIÑÁN, CHRISTIAN SCHWICK, TOMAS SOUKUP,FELIX KIENAST: Socio-economic drivers of landscape fragmentation in Europe ........................................................................................................................ 54 NAGHMEH NAZARNIA, CHRISTIAN SCHWICK, JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER: Comparison of the increase in urban sprawl in the metropolitan areas of Montréal, Québec, and Zurich: How do they differ, and why? ................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 UNDINÉ-CELESTE THOMPSON, JEAN-FRANÇOIS MARSAN, BASTIEN FOURNIERPEYRESBLANQUES,CHANTAL FORGUES, ANITA OGAA, JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER: Using Compliance Analysis for PPP to bridge the gap between SEA and EIA: Lessons from the Turcot Interchange reconstruction in Montréal ..................................................................................................... 58 ROGER KELLER: Bedeutung und Wahrnehmung kultureller Ökosystemleistungen in der Schweiz – Überprüfung der Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts der Ökosystemleistungen für die Biodiversitäts- und Landschaftspolitik........................................................................................................................................................ 59 RALF SAUERBREI, KLEMENS EKSCHMITT, VOLKMAR WOLTERS, THOMAS K. GOTTSCHALK Increased energy maize production reduces farmland bird diversity .................................................................................................................. 61 CHRISTIAN STEIN, ULRICH WALZ: Indicators of hemeroby for land use monitoring in Germany .................................. 62 ANNA BUGEY, UTA STEINHARDT, HEIDE STEPHANI-PESSEL: Abwasser auf neuen Wegen Zukunftsfähige Schmutzwasserentsorgung im ländlichen Raum am Beispiel einer Gemeinde in der Uckermark (Brandenburg) .......... 64 MILENA MARTINSEN, PATHRICK THUR, SVEN KNOTHE, RALF ULLRICH, CLAUDIA HENZE, UTA STEINHARDT: Klimaadaptierte Regionalplanung – Aber wie? ...................................................................................................................................... 66 JENNIFER NAGEL, UTA STEINHARDT: Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft planerisch steuern? ............................................... 68 UTA STEINHARDT, INKA SCHWAND: Entwicklung von Szenarien – ein Prozess mit Unsicherheiten, Expertenwissen und Zukunftsideen auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Landnutzung…............................................................................ 70 ANJA MÜLLER, BENJAMIN BURKHARD, FELIX MÜLLER: Anwendung eines Bewertungskonzeptes für Ökosystemleistungen am Beispiel der Darss-Zingster Boddenkette …............................................................................................................ 72 M. KANDZIORA, U. SCHLEUß, F. MÜLLER: Verwendung von Bodendaten zur Ableitung von Regulierungsleistungen im Bereich der Bornhöveder Seenkette ……...................................................................................................................... 73 ANNEGRET HAASE, DAGMAR HAASE, DIETER RINK: Der Einfluss städtischer Schrumpfung auf urbane Ökosystemdienstleitungen – Synergien und Konflikte ................................................................................................ 74 PEER VON DÖHREN, DAGMAR HAASE: Urban Ecosystem Disservices ........................................................................... 75 OLAF BASTIAN, RALF-UWE SYRBE, BIRGIT KOCHAN, SYLKE STUTZRIEMER: Mehrwert Natur Osterzgebirge: Ökosystemdienstleistungen erkennen, bewerten und kommunizieren ...................................................................... 76 ANDREAS TRÄNKNER: Positive Effekte eines unwirtlichen Lebensraumes – die Heideart Lycophotia porphyrea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in der Wanderdünenlandschaft auf Sylt...............................................................................77 MIKE HÖLZEL, MELANIE FORKER, CLAUDIA WALCZAK, MARITA ZIEVERINK: Erprobungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben Grünlandverbund Oelsen (Osterzgebirge), Phase II ....................................................................................................78

There is a spatial mismatch between the size of the area where people are living and the extent of land needed to ecologically support developed areas. More people are living in urban areas than any time in history, and the resources need to support cities have had to expand to try and meet the demands of increasing urban populations. However, areas of opportunity exist for urban areas to begin to positively contribute towards the available resources in a region. Because a large portion of urban areas is within private control, gaining a baseline understanding of how residents interact with ecosystem services served as basis of this study. Using a survey of residents in the Portland, OR area, correlations between demographic groups and questions regarding their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors as they relate to vegetation proved that the knowledge of environmental relationships is an important first step in creating pro-environmental behavior. Those reporting a high level of knowledge for ecological system and processes were more likely to value the benefits of vegetation for other associated reasons, such as for recreational activities, aesthetic purposes, and air or water quality. Additionally, survey responses were mapped to spatial data to gain an understanding of the spatial characteristics of neighborhoods in the survey area and how they have changed over time. Overall, the results in the study display trends that can help outreach organizations and municipalities to determine plans to strategically engage the public in a way that could create a net gain in urban ecosystem services.

Les toits verts sont des écosystèmes d’une grande importance pour les milieux urbains. Cependant, le microbiome du sol est peu considéré dans l’aménagement de ces habitats, alors qu’il est pourtant à la base de nombreux services écosystémique, dont le cyclage des nutriments et la productivité primaire. Il est donc nécessaire de s’intéresser davantage à l’assemblage de ce microbiome, de manière à éventuellement mieux manipuler ces communautés pour favoriser le maintien des services écosystémiques. Nous avons donc échantillonné le sol 19 toits verts en plus de cinq grands parcs urbains afin d’étudier les communautés bactériennes, fongiques et mycorhiziennes de ces habitats. Contrairement à ce que prédisent les théories classiques en écologie, les communautés microbiennes des sols des toits verts sont abondantes et diversifiées même dans les toits les plus jeunes. De plus ces communautés ne sont pas dominées par des microorganismes reconnus comme étant tolérants au stress. Ainsi, les limites à la dispersion ne semblent pas affecter ces communautés microbiennes isolées. Une grande variation dans les structures des communautés est restée non expliquée, montrant peu d’évidences d’assemblages déterministes. Ce phénomène pourrait être dû à une plus grande importance de déterminants ou processus stochastiques. Nous avons aussi observé ce phénomène chez les champignons mycorhiziens avec une plus grande abondance des espèces fréquentes régionalement et globalement. Cela montre l’importance du pool régional d’espèces pour l’assemblage des communautés des toits verts. Les toits échantillonnés ont des microbiomes uniques aux parcs environnants, avec une faible abondance de certains groupes taxonomiques, comme les Thaumarchaeota (procaryotes nitrificateurs), les actinobactéries (saprotrophes), ou les Gigasporaceae (champignons mycorhiziens produisant un important réseau d’hyphes extraracinaires). Ces profils microbiens uniques pourraient induire des conséquences biogéochimiques importantes sur les processus écosystémiques du sol des toits verts. Les recherches futures devraient évaluer les liens entre la structure du microbiome et les fonctions écosystémiques rendus par les toits verts. / Green roofs are novel ecosystems of great importance for urban environments. However, green roof soil microbiome has received little attention, even though it supports numerous ecosystem services. It is therefore necessary to pay more attention to the green roof soil microbiome assembly and eventually better manipulate it to promote the maintenance of ecosystem services, as nutrient cycling and primary productivity. We sampled 19 green roofs in addition to five large urban parks to study the bacterial, fungal and mycorrhizal communities in these habitats. Contrary to what was expected under classic ecological theories, microbial communities were abundant and diverse, even on the youngest roofs. Moreover, green roofs soils were not dominated by microorganisms known to be particularly stress tolerant. Dispersal limitation did not appear to affect the green roof soil communities. High level of variation in community structure remained unexplained, showing little evidence of deterministic assembly. This phenomenom may be a sign of stochastic assembly in these habitats. It was partly observed for mycorrhizal fungi with greater abundance of regionally and globally frequent species. This suggests the importance of regional species pool for community assembly in green roofs. The sampled roofs showed unique microbiomes, with low abundance of some taxonomic groups, such as the Thaumarchaeota (nytrifying prokaryotes), Actinobacteria (sapotrophs), or Gigasporaceae (mycorrhizal fungi producing an important external hyphae network). This could have important biogeochemical consequences on green roofs. Much insight will be gained from future research looking at the links between microbiome composition and the ecosystem services provided by green roofs.