Submitted by Karina Andrade Mattos null (karina_amattos@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-27T16:09:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO_KARINA ANDRADE MATTOS _REPOSITÓRIO.pdf: 38116716 bytes, checksum: 108b51c05dd508c255283b851a6cfdee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T19:03:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mattos_ka_me_bauru.pdf: 38116716 bytes, checksum: 108b51c05dd508c255283b851a6cfdee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T19:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mattos_ka_me_bauru.pdf: 38116716 bytes, checksum: 108b51c05dd508c255283b851a6cfdee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa propõe a análise multimétodos dos espaços verdes urbanos das cidades de Botucatu e Bauru, a fim de valorizá-los. A criação e manutenção de espaços verdes urbanos proporcionam inúmeros benefícios, contudo, tais espaços só se tornam relevantes à vida urbana quando objeto de políticas, programas e projetos públicos bem sucedidos. Nota-se que a partir do final do século XX e início do século XXI, uma consciência em relação à importância desses espaços começou a emergir, tanto por parte da administração pública como da população. No entanto, diante da conjuntura contemporânea baseada na multifuncionalidade dos espaços verdes, na maioria das vezes as ações dos planejadores e administradores não coincidem com as necessidades dos cidadãos. Assim, entender como as diferentes instâncias da sociedade avaliam os benefícios associados a esses espaços, considerando os fatores sociais, culturais, territoriais e políticos do meio, torna-se fundamental para o desenvolvimento e aplicação de estratégias e políticas públicas urbanas participativas e eficientes. Dessa forma, nosso objetivo é verificar se os benefícios dos espaços verdes são igualmente classificados pela população em diferentes áreas urbanas, apresentando divergências ou influências das particularidades locais, e se os benefícios atribuídos pelos cidadãos têm o mesmo valor que os destacados pelas políticas públicas municipais. Para isso, a metodologia adotada inclui diferentes materiais e métodos: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, estudos de campo, cartografia, entrevistas e o método Best-Worst Scaling (BWS). Os resultados direcionam para três principais constatações: primeiro, que há uma hierarquização dos benefícios dos espaços verdes e que, apesar das diferenças, existe uma semelhança entre a classificação das duas cidades; segundo, que, em Botucatu, a percepção dos cidadãos vai de encontro com as medidas adotadas pela gestão pública municipal; e terceiro, que pesquisas desta natureza são fundamentais para a valorização dos espaços verdes urbanos. / The present research proposes the multi-method analysis of the urban green spaces in Botucatu and Bauru cities, in order to valorize them. The creation and maintenance of urban green spaces provide innumerous benefits, however, such spaces only become relevant to urban life when object of successful politics, programs and public projects. It is noticed that from the end of the twentieth century and early of twenty-first century, a conscience in relation to importance of these spaces began emerging, as much in the public management as in the population. Therefore, in face of the contemporary conjuncture based on the multifunctionality of the green spaces, mostly the action of the planners and managers do not coincide with the necessities of the citizens. Thus, to understand how the different instances of society evaluate the benefits associated to these spaces, considering the social, cultural, territorial and political facts of the place, it is fundamental to the development and application of the participative and efficient strategies and urban public policies. This way, our objective is to verify if the benefits of the urban green spaces are equally classified by the population in different urban areas, presenting divergences or influences of the local particularities, and if the benefits attributed by citizens have the same value that the detailed by the municipal public policies. For this, the methodology adopted includes different materials and methods: bibliographic and documentary research, field studies, cartography, interviews and the method Best-Worst Scaling (BWS). The results point to three main findings: first, that there is a ranking of the benefits in the green spaces and that, in spite of the difference, there is a similarity between the classifications of the two cities; second, that, in Botucatu the citizens’ perception meet the measure adopted by the municipal public management; and third, that researches of this nature are fundamental to the valuation of the urban green spaces.

With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.

Urban green spaces such as neighbourhood parks and playgrounds hold significance because they offer services and benefits related to human health and wellbeing. Despite recognition of these services by scientists, conservationists, and policy makers, these spaces in many urban areas face pressure and threat to their presence. Especially in developing countries where urban green spaces are inadequately managed, and often encroached upon, thus resulting in loss of quality. While local authorities have historically been responsible for managing urban green spaces, lately there is an increased involvement of citizens in green space management. It is therefore relevant to study how citizens contribute to managing these spaces and ensure their continuity and quality. The study here follows the Open Space Strategic Management approach, described as a complex process comprising of three different levels: strategic–formulation of policy, objectives, and targets; tactical– formulation of time bound plans; and operational–actual actions on these plans to maintain and upkeep the space. The conceptual approach has been operationalised to the area of East Delhi, citing Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) as a working example of the citizen organisation responsible for green space management. The research specifically focuses on the operational level and tries to explore their contribution towards the maintenance of these spaces. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with the presidents of these organizations (N=34), and information was collected about the actions undertaken by RWAs that constitute as green space maintenance, and their subsequent perceived influence on the green space quality. The findings suggest that for East Delhi, action such as arrangement of financial support in taking care of the local space is a major contribution by the RWAs that have higher influence on the perceived quality of space in terms of being visually appealing. Other actions such as providing guidance, raising up park related issues, and manual help have selective effect on the space being perceived as of good quality in terms of aspects such as user safety, cleanliness in the park space, and in creation of recreational opportunity in the green space for all users. The results from this study will contribute towards the body of literature on role of local citizens and citizen organizations taking part in management of smaller green spaces. The outcomes of this study can be utilized for recommending a comprehensive participatory strategy and design guidelines for green space management in the study area, especially for smaller spaces such as neighborhood parks. This should also contribute towards creation of knowledge to work towards achieving safe, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable green spaces as mentioned in UN Sustainable Goal 11, and the New Urban Agenda.:1. Introduction 3 1.1. Background 3 1.2. Problem 5 1.3. Structure of the thesis 8 1.4. Intended audience 9 2. Literature Review 11 2.1. Urban Green Spaces 12 2.1.1. Multi-functionality of Green Spaces: Ecosystem Services 24 2.2. Green Spaces and the New Urban Agenda 26 2.3. Green Spaces in Delhi- planning and design 29 2.3.1. Planning: Master Plan of Delhi 30 2.3.2. Design: CPWD landscape guidelines 40 2.3.3. The Delhi Preservation of Trees Act, 1994. 41 2.3.4. Gaps in provision 41 2.4. Urban Green Space Management 42 2.4.1. Global Management approaches 42 2.4.2. Green Space Management in Delhi 49 2.5. Theoretical framework 52 2.5.1. Maintenance of green spaces 53 2.6. Summary of the chapter 57 3. Research Hypothesis 59 3.1. Working hypotheses 61 4. Study Area 65 4.1. East Delhi District 68 4.1.1. Civic Boundaries 68 4.1.2. Colony Structure 70 4.1.3. Land Use Pattern 73 4.2. Target group 75 4.3. Summary of the chapter 78 5. Methodological Approach 79 5.1. Survey Interviews 79 5.2. Sampling 80 5.3. Questionnaire Design 82 5.4. Data collection 83 5.4.1. Field work preparation 83 5.4.2. In the Field 84 5.5. Data Analysis 85 5.6. Validity, Reliability and Objectivity of results 86 5.7. Limitations 87 5.8. Summary of the chapter 89 6. Results 91 6.1. Descriptive results 91 6.1.1. Age Category 91 6.1.2. Work Situation 92 6.1.3. Highest level of education received 93 6.1.4. RWA functioning 93 6.1.5. Preferred way of contribution to the maintenance process 97 6.1.6. Preferred reason for involvement in the maintenance process 100 6.1.7. Perceived condition of the local green space 102 6.1.8. Perceived condition of their local green space in terms of safety 106 6.1.9. Desired Improvements to the local park 109 6.2. Hypothesis Testing and Measure of Association 112 6.2.1. Functionality of the equipment for creation of recreational opportunity 112 6.2.2. Cleanliness 115 6.2.3. Upkeep of vegetation 118 6.2.4. Safety 120 6.2.5. Perceived quality 123 6.3. Summary of the results 125 7. Discussion 129 7.2. Resident Welfare Association an example of active citizenship 129 7.3. RWA as a care taker of the local green spaces 131 7.4. Influence of RWA actions on the local green space 135 8. Conclusion 137 8.1. RWA perspective to maintenance 137 8.2. Implications for Green Space Development 139 8.3. Future Research 143 8.4. Theoretical Implications 144 8.5. Contribution of this thesis 146 8.5.1. Contribution to gap in literature 146 8.5.2. Contribution to Landscape Architecture 147 8.5.3. Contribution to Policy Development 147 9. Bibliography 149 Appendix A: Questionnaire 175 Section A: Description of Resident Welfare Association 175 Section B: Involvement in maintenance of local green spaces 177 Section C: Outcomes of RWA actions and activity on the quality of local green space 180 Appendix B 185 Invite 185 Support Letter 186 Appendix C 187 Table depicting administrative structure in territory if Delhi 187 Civil Society in Delhi: Bhagidari 188 Appendix D: Maps of sub areas under East district 189 Appendix E: Examples of Citizen Participation in other cities in India. 191 Appendix F: Statistical Test Values 193 Appendix G 198

Value has received an increasing focus in business, meanwhile, under the background of industry 4.0, where the intelligent technologies are significantly reshaping the development of business model and accelerating the innovation. Understanding the correlations between value, business model, and intelligent technology can guide practitioners to create new competitiveness. There’re numerous articles concerning business and technology in recent years. However, few studies touch upon the value’s utilization and impact. The primary purpose of this paper is to explore the value concept adoption in business model under the effect of intelligent technology. A systematic literature study is developed in five steps: 1) reviewed abstracts of 392 publications; 2) extracted keywords and mapped terms; 3) analyzed mapping clusters in twofold groups: business and technology; 4) recorded major theories of each paper, analyzed in the corresponding category; 5) corpus analysis in value aspect for a deeper gap study. Furthermore, to illustrate the benefits of the findings, the urban green field is selected for the theoretical application. Urban green is studied by a similar literature study process to prepare for the application. The chosen urban green service - HUGSI is comprehensively analyzed. The primary result demonstrates the gap in value compared to business and technology, the barrier of systematically and equally handling value. The paper explores the status of existing studies related to the three areas, maps the inner correlations and points out the lack of focus on value. The result serves as a base for further literature study, contributing to a shift from business or technology-focused to value-focused in both theory and practice. / Värde har fått ett ökat fokus inom business, medan under bakgrunden av industry 4.0, där intelligent teknologi tydligt omskapar utvecklandet av affärsmodellen och påskyndar innovation. Att förstå sambanden mellan värde, affärsmodellen och intelligent teknologi kan vägleda verksamma att skapa nya konkurrensfördelar. Flera artiklar gällande business och intelligent teknologi har uppkommit på senare år. Dock, har endast ett fåtal studier diskuterat värdets användning och påverkan. Det huvudsakliga målet med denna uppsats är att utforska värdekonceptsadapteringen i affärsmodellen under effekten av intelligent teknologi. En systematisk litteraturstudie är utvecklad i fem steg: 1) recenserade abstrakt av 392 publikationer 2) extraherade nyckelord och ”mapped” terminologi 3) Analyserade mapping kluster i tvådelade grupper: business och teknologi 4) noterade stora teorier för varje papper, analyserade i korresponderande kategori 5) ’corpus analysis’ i värdeaspekten för en djupare förståelse. Ytterligare, för att illustrera fördelarna med resultatet, är ’Urban green field’ valt för den teoretiska appliceringen. Urban green är studerat av en liknande litterär studieprocess för att förbereda för appliceringen. Den valda Urban green service - HUGSI är övergripande analyserad. Dess primära resultat demonstrerar glappet i värde jämfört med business och teknologi, barriären av att systematiskt och likvärdigt hantera värde. Uppsatsen utforskar statusen av existerande studier relaterade till dem tre områdena, kartlägger de inre sambanden och utpekar bristen av fokus på värde. Resultatet representerar en bas för framtida litterära studier, bidragande till ett skift från business eller teknologi-fokuserat till värdefokuserat i både teori och praktik.

Public urban green spaces are crucial parts of cities due to the many connections existing between urban greenery and well-being. Additionally, public urban green space represents a wide range of spatial concepts, such as parks, urban forests, commons, in-between-spaces, and gardens. This study explores challenges for contemporary public urban green space in an increasingly urban world, with high demands on urban growth, and simultaneously the need for more sustainable societies and cities. The aim is to problematize the complex reality for contemporary public urban green space from an urban planning perspective in times of urban densification strategies, global competitiveness between cities and trends of ‘re-naturing’.   The scope of this thesis is based on four high profile case studies. The Green Walkable City in Stockholm and The Green Living Spaces in Birmingham constitute planning strategies with a holistic approach to urban green space, including a strong focus on well-being. The High Line in New York and Parklets in San Francisco represent urban green space concepts, influential both at the local level and in the larger urban planning debate. The results point to a need to acknowledge the complexity inherent to urban green space provision, design, and management. This study contributes with insights of direct connections between narratives of nature, materialized urban greenery projects and conceptualizations of functionality of nature in urban planning projects. From the post-industrial, pristine flirting, crafted wilderness of the High Line; a symbolic but cosmetic scrambling with planters and narratives of parks of parklets; dualistic argumentations of natural values connected to quality over quantity of nature in a densifying and growing Stockholm; to pragmatic yet emotional and ambitious conceptualizations of human nature in biohilic urbanism and green space planning in Birmingham. Gentrification, publicness and production of public space and densification strategies are central themes in urban studies – and public urban green space can play an active role in these processes. / <p>QC 20160518</p>

The Power of a Small Green Place is an ethnographic case study among the volunteers and urban wilds of Ottawa’s Fletcher Wildlife Garden (FWG). Through the conceptual lens of the geographical concept of place – with its wide range of physical, relational and deeper meaningful considerations – this urban wildlife habitat project emerged as a place of profound significance. Volunteers working to create and maintain the FWG’s diverse habitats benefit from opportunities to engage in physical outdoor activity, establish social connections, make contact with the natural world, find deep personal satisfaction and meaning, and experience healthier and mutually beneficial relations with nature. This case study fills a knowledge gap in geography regarding the significant relationships that can emerge between people and the land they work with, thereby contributing to geography’s “latest turn earthward” examining practices and relationships of cultivation with the land. The case study also contributes to a growing interdisciplinary dialogue on human-nature relations and their implications in the context of future environmental and societal uncertainties.

Urban green space has been proven by the field of environmental psychology to have high value for human well-being. Green space is also important for biodiversity. However, the management of urban green space is commonly focused on present aesthetic values and not on the level of naturalness and its consequences for humans and biodiversity. This study compares the green space situation in relation to human well-being and biodiversity in Lviv, Ukraine and Stockholm, Sweden. By sampling urban green space gradients, from unnatural to natural, as well as collecting data about visiting people and bird taxa in those areas, comparisons between these two response variables and the level of naturalness were made. The results show correlations between the level of naturalness and the social structure of human visitors as well as to the bird taxa present. The results thus indicate that both human well-being and biodiversity is positively related to the level of naturalness of green space. Since more and more people live in urban areas decision-makers should leave sufficient amounts of green space, for the inhabitants’ well-being, both people and other species, in physical planning. Given generally low levels of green space in urban settings, areas for recreation and rehabilitation should be enhanced further.

Urbanization is a key driver of habitat loss, ecosystem degradation and has a great impact on biodiversity. Exploitation of buffer zones surrounding conservation areas and green structures in urban environment can affect biodiversity through reduced total area of habitat, increased edge effects and lost connectivity on a landscape level. The previous regional development plans for the Stockholm region, had the purpose of leaving large green structures undeveloped to secure core areas of great biological value by focusing on a dense city core. However, the latest regional development strategy puts stress on the green wedges by shifting the focal areas of the development into suburban regional city centers, in many cases close to the green wedges. The purpose of this study was to map habitat loss and changes in the total area of the Järva green wedge, west of Stockholm, caused by development of housing areas in previously sparsley exploited buffer zones, during the period 2000 – 2015. The study uses theories of landscape ecology, remote sensing and GIS to map and quantify habitat loss between 2000 and 2015. Two different birds were used as surrogate species, one grassland habitat specialist – Corncrake (Crex crex) and one forest habitat generalist – Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius). The two different surrogate species were used to identify how loss of two nature types could influence biodiversity and connectivity for a group of species. Documents and development plans on regional and local scale were also used to map and predict further habitat loss and exploitation of the green wedge until 2030. The result of the study shows that grassland habitat lost nearly twice the area than forest habitat due to development of housing areas during the period 2000 to 2015. A total of 1.3 km² of grassland and 0.7 km² forest habitat were replaced by housing areas during the fifteen years covered in the study, and the Järva green wedge will have lost a total of 3.84 km² buffer zones by the year 2030. The Corncrake and other grassland specialist species is likely to get most affected when grassland suffered the greatest habitat loss in the area. Even though the Eurasian jay has a key ecological function for the Oak forest in the Järva green wedge and relies on forest habitat for successful breeding, the loss of forest habitat will probably not affect the habitat generalist species in the same way. On a regional scale, the study suggests that habitat loss and fragmentation may affect grassland specialist species more than forest generalist species. The overall connectivity in the Järva green wedge is likely to get affected by a shrinking total area caused by narrowing of the green wedge until 2030. The function of the Järva green wedge as a dispersal corridor for biodiversity in the Stockholm region will most certainly get affected by further loss of buffer zones caused by exploitation of land for housing areas.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan Stockholms parker och offentliga grönområdena i relation till den rådande förtätning staden genomför. Stockholm har en tydlig strategi på att skapa en tät stad vilket medför effekter på stadens parker och offentliga grönområden. Studien diskuterar de värden som tillkommer och går förlorade när exploateringen av staden ökar samtidigt som den totala arealen grönområden minskar. Vidare diskuteras det offentliga grönområdenas funktion i den täta staden. De metoder som använts i studien består av semistrukturerade informantintervjuer i kombination med telefon- och e-postintervjuer följt av en bred litteraturundersökning. Materialet i studien utöver vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderar planer, styrdokument och program på lokal, regional, nationell och internationell nivå. Den täta staden kan såväl generera en bättre livsmiljö och minska en negativ miljöpåverkan likväl som att den kan bli ohållbar och skapa sämre livsmiljöer. Parker och offentliga grönområden fyller viktiga funktioner för Stockholm. Parallellt minskar mängden grönområden i städerna och centrala värden förbises i den fysiska planeringen. Med bra planering går det emellertid att utveckla en tätare stad och samtidigt skydda grönområden.

The Power of a Small Green Place is an ethnographic case study among the volunteers and urban wilds of Ottawa’s Fletcher Wildlife Garden (FWG). Through the conceptual lens of the geographical concept of place – with its wide range of physical, relational and deeper meaningful considerations – this urban wildlife habitat project emerged as a place of profound significance. Volunteers working to create and maintain the FWG’s diverse habitats benefit from opportunities to engage in physical outdoor activity, establish social connections, make contact with the natural world, find deep personal satisfaction and meaning, and experience healthier and mutually beneficial relations with nature. This case study fills a knowledge gap in geography regarding the significant relationships that can emerge between people and the land they work with, thereby contributing to geography’s “latest turn earthward” examining practices and relationships of cultivation with the land. The case study also contributes to a growing interdisciplinary dialogue on human-nature relations and their implications in the context of future environmental and societal uncertainties.