Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O desenvolvimento do projeto consistiu na modelagem da informação para gestão em arqueologia numa base de dados convergente de informação, caracterizada por um ambiente cartográfico digital, integrando mapas temáticos e base de dados alfanumérica num modelo protótipo e interativo para ajudar a integrar as informações na gestão em arqueologia, permitindo o registro, armazenamento e visualização da informação arqueológica correlacionada a mapas temáticos. / The project development consisted of modeling of information for management in archeology in a information convergent database, characterized by a digital cartographic environment, integrating thematic maps and alphanumeric database in a prototype and interactive model to help integrate information for management in archeology, allowing the record, storage and display of archaeological information correlated to thematic maps. Keywords: management, archaeological site, urban risk, database.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O desenvolvimento do projeto consistiu na modelagem da informação para gestão em arqueologia numa base de dados convergente de informação, caracterizada por um ambiente cartográfico digital, integrando mapas temáticos e base de dados alfanumérica num modelo protótipo e interativo para ajudar a integrar as informações na gestão em arqueologia, permitindo o registro, armazenamento e visualização da informação arqueológica correlacionada a mapas temáticos. / The project development consisted of modeling of information for management in archeology in a information convergent database, characterized by a digital cartographic environment, integrating thematic maps and alphanumeric database in a prototype and interactive model to help integrate information for management in archeology, allowing the record, storage and display of archaeological information correlated to thematic maps. Keywords: management, archaeological site, urban risk, database.

Cities in Turkey are great risk pools. Underqualified building stocks are the major components of such risk pools. For the mitigation of risks, &#039 / engineering approach offers retrofitting of individual buildings as an ultimate method. However, this proposition has economic and legal difficulties. Instead, it is essential to develop new policies to focus on areas of high earthquake risk as comprehensive urban regeneration activities. This new policy requires new tools to monitor urban regeneration processes. It is obligatory to make comprehensive plans for high risk areas and to take low income groups into consideration in mitigation action plans. Comprehensive regeneration in existing districts could provide means and standards of safety not necessarily maintained by the retrofitting of individual buildings. Potentials of regeneration processes are readily observed and practiced in Turkey as means of regulating urban regeneration processes, even if for purposes other than safety. Analysis of a set of regeneration projects selected from world experience indicates that current regeneration practice in Turkey is far from a comprehensive approach. Municipalities are fully empowered to designate regeneration areas and carry out redevelopment activities often providing increased dentsities on compensate for the costs. This has been reinstated in the new draft law. Rather than a separate law, general regulation of regeneration could be accommodated in the Development Law 3194. A special Law concerning regeneration could instead focus only on risk reduction issues in cities throughout Turkey. The identification of priorities for such regeneration processes could be made by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement as the central authority, clarifying the scale and timing of each project. The implementation tools of urban regeneration and issues like authorization, responsibility, funding, and auditing could be determined in this special law. A new approach for urban regeneration is needed to describe organizational, participatory, financial framework.

Diante do crescimento de ameaças extremas, a gestão do risco de desastres é um campo em transformação. Marcos internacionais, que promovem a preparação da resiliência física e financeira nos países, e a lei que institui a Política Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil, orientam a mudança de foco da resposta à prevenção, exigindo desdobrar o tema em agendas urbanas variadas. Compreender fatores que amplificam riscos é um dos pontos dessa agenda: em contextos adensados, há vulnerabilidade criada pela própria complexidade e interdependência de grandes sistemas de infraestrutura urbana. Sobre ela, a precariedade urbana acumula vulnerabilidades que podem não resultar em simples soma, mas na escalada dos riscos. Situações classificadas como baixo risco por um setor, quando associadas, podem desencadear efeitos de grande escala. Contribuindo como método para análise de riscos desse contexto, esta tese aborda dimensão desafiadora: a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo como segunda natureza. Compreende desastres como falhas de sistemas urbanos, e busca analisar interfaces em risco que podem amplificar impactos. Identifica, nos conflitos entre escalas local e regional, riscos residuais, falhas sistêmicas, de interface e de desenvolvimento intersetorial. Como base empírica, levanta instrumentos de planejamento e de identificação de risco já existentes e potenciais, e desenvolve análise quantitativa de ocorrências na abrangência Metropolitana para os últimos 10 anos. A análise qualitativa, baseada em notícias de jornal dos períodos com eventos mais críticos, foi desdobrada por meio de entrevistas e levantamento de processos, planos, propostas e programas existentes para 3 casos emblemáticos na RMSP: inundações persistentes no Jardim Pantanal; conflitos entre ocupação, controle de inundação e o Sistema Cantareira na região Norte; e conflitos nos aproveitamentos hídricos a oeste, com impactos extrametropolitanos. As conclusões conduzem a uma agenda específica de pesquisa urbana, como campo que pode conferir visão integradora e de coordenação ao tema da gestão de riscos. / As extreme weather threats rise, disaster risk management field constantly change. Both the International policy frameworks, which promote physical and financial resilience to the countries, and the Brazilian National Policy on Civil Protection and Defense, are driving the focus from response to prevention. This requires a deeper and broader understanding of risk management in urban agenda. Understanding conditions that amplify risks is one of the points of this agenda: there are vulnerabilities created by the very complexity and interdependence of large urban infrastructure systems in large cities and metropolises. On them, urban precariousness overlaps vulnerabilities that may not result in simple sum, but in the escalating of risks. Situations classified as low risk by one sector, when associated, can trigger large-scale effects. Proposing a method for risk analysis of these situations, this thesis addresses a challenging dimension: the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and its second nature. It understands disasters as failures of urban systems, and analyzes interfaces at risk that can increase impacts. It identifies residual risks, interface and systemic failures, and intersectoral development gaps in local and regional cross-scale conflicts. The research was based on surveying existing and potential urban planning instruments and risk identification instruments, and on quantitative analysis of occurrences within the metropolitan area for the last decade. The qualitative analysis was based on newspaper reports from the periods with the most critical events. It was detailed through interviews and survey of existing processes, plans, proposals and programs for 3 emblematic cases in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area: floods in Jardim Pantanal, in the east region; conflicts between urban settlements, flood control and the Cantareira Water Supply System in the north region; and water resources conflicts in the west region, with extra-metropolitan impacts. The conclusions lead to a specific research urban agenda, as a field that might integrate and coordinate actions towards a more effective urban risk management.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-27T17:09:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 papel_direito.pdf: 1134860 bytes, checksum: 14d0e7bcf5140894b8b98d3eb197f52f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T17:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 papel_direito.pdf: 1134860 bytes, checksum: 14d0e7bcf5140894b8b98d3eb197f52f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-20 / Nenhuma / Os desastres contabilizados recentemente no Brasil foram causados por alagamentos e desmoronamentos. No entanto, a ocupação de áreas de risco é fator determinante para o agravamento de um evento climatológico à condição de desastre. Especialmente a magnitude dos danos causados pelos desastres está diretamente conectada à ocupação irregular de Áreas de Preservação Permanente inapropriadas para habitação exatamente porque atuam como "infraestruturas verdes" de proteção contra catástrofes. Dessa forma, a sociedade de risco atua como potencializadora criando os cenários para desastres futuros. O presente estudo tem por tema a descrição dos desastres e suas ressonâncias no Direito, a partir da observação da complexidade da sociedade contemporânea e dos impactos dos eventos climáticos extremos que se refletem em todos os sistemas sociais, atingindo a política, a economia, a sociedade, o direito. Essa realidade demanda transformações no Estado e no Direito para a gestão do risco de desastres, destacando-se a relevância das políticas públicas municipais e do cumprimento das normas urbanísticas para concretização do ciclo de gestão da Política Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil que abarca ações de prevenção, mitigação, preparação, resposta e recuperação. / Disasters recorded recently in Brazil were caused by floods and landslides. Nevertheless the occupation of risk areas is a determinant factor for turning a climatologic event into the condition of a disaster. Especially the magnitude of the damage caused by disasters is directly connected to the illegal occupation of Permanent Preservation Areas unsuitable for housing precisely because they act as a "green infrastructure", providing protection against disasters. Thus, the risk society acts as a potentiator, creating scenarios for future disasters. The present study deals with the description of disasters and their resonances in law based on the observation of the complexity of contemporary society and the impacts of extreme weather events that reflect on all social systems, affecting politics, economy, society, law. This reality demands transformations to the State and the Law in orther to manage disaster risk, with highlight to the relevance of local public policies and to compliance with urban codes for implementing the management cycle of the National Protection and Civil Defense Policy, which encompasses prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery actions.

Turkish Compulsory Earthquake Insurance (ZDS) introduced after the 1999 Earthquakes aimed to lower financial burdens of the State and to promote safer building construction. High earthquake risk in Turkey necessitates risk mitigation, in line with the priority of the new international policy. Yet, the ZDS system operates without regard to risk mitigation, and it is far from being a compulsory condition. The ZDS system has low penetration ratios due to expectations of State-aid in the event of a disaster, which arise from perceived attributes of ZDS, according to the findings of the Zeytinburnu household survey. The ZDS system generates social inequalities because purchase of the ZDS contracts is voluntary. This is related to higher social statuses and general insurance purchase behavior, whereas insured homeowners in middle-lower income levels are observed to differ significantly from un-insured homeowners in their perception of the ZDS purchase as &lsquo / compulsory&rsquo / and as a form of &lsquo / social solidarity&rsquo / . Operation of the ZDS disregarding risk mitigation seems to promote fatalistic attitudes andTurkish Compulsory Earthquake Insurance (ZDS) introduced after the 1999 Earthquakes aimed to lower financial burdens of the State and to promote safer building construction. High earthquake risk in Turkey necessitates risk mitigation, in line with the priority of the new international policy. Yet, the ZDS system operates without regard to risk mitigation, and it is far from being a compulsory condition. The ZDS system has low penetration ratios due to expectations of State-aid in the event of a disaster, which arise from perceived attributes of ZDS, according to the findings of the Zeytinburnu household survey. The ZDS system generates social inequalities because purchase of the ZDS contracts is voluntary. This is related to higher social statuses and general insurance purchase behavior, whereas insured homeowners in middle-lower income levels are observed to differ significantly from un-insured homeowners in their perception of the ZDS purchase as &lsquo / compulsory&rsquo / and as a form of &lsquo / social solidarity&rsquo / . Operation of the ZDS disregarding risk mitigation seems to promote fatalistic attitudes and reluctance to conform with requirements of risk mitigation. Low penetration ratio and high earthquake risk threaten efficiency of the ZDS system and does not reduce burdens of the State. Based on survey findings, a more appropriate strategy for the achievement of resilience against earthquakes could be possible through the collaboration of the ZDS system with local administrations. It is observed that by means of a &lsquo / Grant Program&rsquo / , there may be abundant reason and evidence to achieve convertion of the ZDS system from a post-disaster loss compensation mechanism to a predisaster risk reduction benefactor. Supporting municipalities to produce urban risk maps could reduce risks by more accurate estimation of potential losses, and an extended coverage of the ZDS system to urban risks. Relationship analyses between homeowners&rsquo / attributes, perceptions and tendencies toward alternative policies indicate the necessity of introducing policies based risk-rated premiums. Homeowners are observed as requiring technical and financial assistance to take mitigation measures, decisions under individualized conditions, on the other hand, seem to reinforce fatalistic attitudes and reluctance due to the disregard of risk mitigation benefits and ZDS purchase. Waste of public resources and creation of social inequalities could be prevented by enhancing the capacities of local authorities to implement urban risk mitigation plans and community-based projects via a Grant Program. &lsquo / Relationship analyses&rsquo / of the attitudes of homeowners for alternative policies with respect to their attributes and perceptions revealed that a Grant Program could result in the perception of the ZDS system as a form of social solidarity in risk mitigation. This is to reduce fatalistic attitudes, and curb reluctance compared to individualized conditions of insurance purchase. As a result, willingness to mitigate risks through active participation and purchase of ZDS contracts, particularly among homeowners in the middle-lower socio-economic statuses are likely to expand leading to a resilience society.

Diese Arbeit zeigt die Reproduktion ungleicher Risikolandschaften von Überschwemmungen auf. Die fortschreitende Urbanisierung in den Küstenregionen der Welt ist mit zahlreichen unterschiedlichen Risiken verbunden, denen sozio-ökonomisch benachteiligte Gruppen in besonderem Grad ausgesetzt sind. Dennoch ist Wissen über soziale Dynamiken, die solch ungleichen Risikolandschaften zugrunde liegen, gegenwärtig begrenzt. Das Densu Delta, ein dynamisch urbanisierendes Feuchtgebiet westlich von Accra, dient hier als Fallstudie, die anhand von qualitativen Daten mit Methoden der Humangeographie untersucht wird. Die übergeordnete Forschungsfrage lautet: Was sind die Beziehungen und Dynamiken, die die Verteilung von Überschwemmungsrisiken gestalten, und wie verfestigen sich diese in den gegenwärtig stark ungleichen Mustern von Überschwemmungsrisiken rund um das Densu Delta? Das Konzept ‚Risikolandschaften‘ (‚riskscape‘) wird hier mit Sichtweisen des kritischen Institutionalismus und der Argumentation verbunden, um Prozesse zu analysieren, die eine ungleiche Verteilung von Vulnerabilität und Anpassungskapazität bedingen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erstens, dass institutionelle und bio-physische Dynamiken eine vielfältige Landschaft von Vulnerabilität erzeugen. Zweitens wird Anpassungskapazität von dynamischen Autoritätsverhältnissen geprägt. Drittens erweitern Unterschiede in Policy-Argumenten auf verschiedenen Ebenen und in unterschiedlichen Sektoren die Implementierungslücke in der Anpassung an Überschwemmungen. Die Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur bestehenden Forschung, indem die Rollen von Schlüsselakteuren und von unsichtbaren Praktiken und Institutionen in der (Re-) Produktion von ungleichen Risikolandschaften betont werden. Diese werden hier am Beispiel von Überschwemmungen im Densu Delta in Accra aufgezeigt. Skalenübergreifende Interaktionen in Risikolandschaften und deren praktische Implikationen für die Minimierung von Überschwemmungsrisiken bedürfen der weiteren Forschung. / The thesis shows how uneven landscapes of urban flood risk are (re)produced. Coastal urbanisation comes with multiple risks, to which the poor are particularly exposed. Social dynamics underlying uneven riskscapes are however poorly understood. The Densu delta in Accra, a dynamically urbanising wetland, is analysed as a case based on qualitative data with methods from human geography. The overall research question is: What are the relations and dynamics that shape the distribution of flood risks, and how are they materialised in the currently highly uneven patterns of flood risk around the Densu delta? The concept of ‘riskscape’ is applied through lenses of critical institutionalism and argumentation to analyse the processes behind uneven distribution of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Findings are that firstly, institutional and bio-physical dynamics produce a diverse landscape of vulnerability. Secondly, dynamics of authority shape adaptive capacity. Thirdly, disparities in policy arguments widen implementation gaps in adaptation to flooding. The research contributes to the existing literature in highlighting the role of actors and underlying practices and institutions in shaping multiple uneven riskscapes. In the present research the reproduction of uneven riskscapes of flooding is shown for the Densu delta case. Further research ought to look at cross-scale interactions between riskscapes and their practical implications for flood risk reduction.

Kinshasa connaît de nombreuses manifestations de l’érosion ravinante depuis quelques décennies. L’office de drainage et de voirie en estime environ 400 en 2009 et 500 en 2010. L’érosion ravinante est un processus géodynamique qui agit en faveur de la gravité. Or, elle ne se manifeste pas partout en milieu urbain, même au sein des quartiers construits sur de fortes pentes ;ce qui suggère qu’il y aurait des dimensions humaines inscrites dans l’espace qui l’accélèrent ou la freinent.<p>En s’appuyant sur l’approche cartographique des données issues de la télédétection, des documents cartographiques anciens et ceux de la cartographie participative, des interviews, des enquêtes socio-économiques et des relevés (D)GPS (écoles, centres de santé et tracé des collecteurs, ravins, etc.), l’étude a montré que l’érosion ravinante est apparue avec la croissance urbaine sur des zones de fortes pentes. Ces dernières sont habitées par des populations nombreuses et de statut socio-économique modeste. Elles ont modifié les conditions du milieu en mettant le sol à nu, en concentrant les eaux de ruissellement, en construisant sans tenir compte de la morphologie du terrain. De cette manière, elles ont influencé les facteurs déclencheurs de l’érosion ravinante. Celle-ci provoque des conséquences importantes sur les infrastructures, des hommes et leurs activités et très variées selon les quartiers.<p>L’absence de politiques de prévention de l’érosion ravinante dans les différents plans d’aménagement de la ville serait à la base de ce phénomène (dévastateur). Les politiques des interventions publiques pour la stopper privilégient les fonctions importantes de la ville et les quartiers concentrant les populations de haut standing. Les quartiers spontanés pauvres récupérés par les ONG et/ou institutions internationales sont ceux par où passent certaines infrastructures importantes (ligne haute tension de la SNEL) ou ceux qui ont été choisis pour des raisons propres aux ONG et/ou institutions internationales. Les quartiers spontanés abandonnés par les pouvoirs publics et les ONG internationales sont les champs d’action des hommes politiques, des « riches » dont l’habitation est menacée et des missions religieuses et aussi des populations locales.<p>Les chefs des quartiers ont joué un grand rôle dans la sensibilisation et la communautarisation de la pratique du puits d’infiltration sur tout le versant afin que chaque ménage retienne dans sa parcelle une grande quantité des eaux des pluies. Ceci a contribué à la compréhension des causes humaines de l’érosion et à ne pas la considérer comme une fatalité.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished