Esse estudo tem como objetivo central compreender a atuação do Estado em relação à moradia e o processo de luta e resistência frente às remoções e ameaças de remoção da população pobre de Fortaleza, em dois diferentes períodos: décadas de 1970 e 1980, momento da industrialização e da consolidação dos movimentos sociais urbanos e sua atuação para conquistar moradia e bens de consumo coletivo; e na segunda década dos anos 2000, com o anúncio da Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014. O megaevento expôs as ações do Estado, a realidade das comunidades ameaçadas de remoção e o surgimento de um novo movimento social que questiona as violações do direito à cidade em decorrência da Copa. Compreende-se que é em períodos de crescimento que se acirram as contradições, como será visto no decorrer do trabalho, ao analisar o período de desenvolvimento industrial, que atrelou política industrial à política habitacional, bem como o momento em que a cidade se prepara para sediar um megaevento com forte repercussão no mundo inteiro, o que gera grande visibilidade e, para isso, é necessário passar uma imagem de cidade em pleno desenvolvimento. A dissertação aborda ainda os processo de espoliação urbana e espoliação via acumulação que atinge a população pobre de Fortaleza e, a partir disso, questiona-se, frente à constante atuação do Estado em beneficiar certos setores da sociedade e repetidamente remover para áreas periféricas da cidade a população pobre, a quem de fato serve esse modelo de cidade. / From the conquest to resistance: World Cup, dwelling, removals and social movements in Fortaleza-CE. 206 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) - Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2015. This study aimed understand the role of the State in relation to housing and the process of struggle and resistance against the removal and threats of removal of the poor population in Fortaleza, in two different periods: the 1970s and 1980s, moment of the industrialization and of the consolidation of urban social movements and its operations to achieve housing and goods of collective consumption; and in the second decade of the 2000s, with the announcement of the FIFA World Cup 2014. The mega event exposed the State\'s actions, the reality of threatened removal communities and the emergence of a new social movement that questions the violations of the right to the city due to the Cup. It must be understood that is in periods of growth that the contradictions are intensified, as will be seen in the course of work, by analyzing the industrial development period, which binded industrial policy to the housing policy, and the time when the city prepares itself to host a mega event with strong repercussions worldwide, which creates great visibility and, therefore, it is necessary to present a city image in full development. The dissertation also discusses the process of urban despoliation and despoliation by the buildup that reaches the poor people in Fortaleza and, from this, inquire, facing the constant action of the State to benefit certain sectors of the society and repeatedly evict the poor people to outlying areas of the city, who actually serves this city model.

Esta Dissertação teve como tema de estudo a luta dos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix, de Porto Alegre/RS, pela regularização fundiária. Lembrados como refúgios formados por escravos fugidos durante o regime escravista brasileiro, os quilombos ganharam visibilidade na atualidade a partir das mobilizações do Movimento Negro na década de 1980, que agregou as reivindicações dessas comunidades às suas pautas de luta, em especial a reivindicação por regularização fundiária. A exposição desse estudo de caso se inicia com um breve histórico da integração do negro na sociedade de classes e da trajetória do Movimento Negro organizado. Em seguida, são apresentadas as características dos movimentos sociais urbanos. Após a apresentação dos objetivos traçados para a pesquisa e dos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados, caracteriza-se a situação da população negra de Porto Alegre no passado e no presente. Em seguida, faz-se o resgate da história da Ilhota, região na qual hoje se localiza o quilombo em estudo. A formação da comunidade é então narrada, seguida da exposição sobre as estratégias criadas por seus moradores na luta por regularização fundiária e sobre a divisão da comunidade após a emergência da identidade quilombola. Analisa-se a situação de classe e de raça dos moradores e, por fim, são apresentadas as conclusões da pesquisa. Aponta-se que, desde a sua consolidação, o sistema capitalista articula a classe e a raça como uma forma de potencializar a exploração do trabalhador. A dificuldade de acesso à terra por parte da comunidade em estudo se relaciona, portanto, à situação de classe e à questão racial. A análise das estratégias criadas pelos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix em sua luta por regularização fundiária se restringem ao pleito junto aos órgãos públicos, não havendo, portanto, a busca por alternativas para além do Estado. / This work is about the struggle of the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo by land regularization in Porto Alegre/RS. Being known as hiding-places for black fugitive during the slavery in Brazil, the quilombos got visilbilty more recently due to the mobilization of the Black Movement during the 1980s, as they brought together the pleas of those communities to the roll of their struggles, particularly demand for regularization. The exposure of this case study begins with a brief history of black integration into society of classes and the trajectory of the Black Movement organized. Then we present the characteristics of urban social movements. After the presentation of the objectives set for the research and methodological procedures used, the situation of the black population of Porto Alegre in the past and present is characterized. Then, it is the story of the rescue of Ilhota region where today is located the quilombo study. The formation of the community is then narrated, followed by exposure of the strategies created by its residents in the struggle for land regularization and on the division of the community after the emergence of quilombola identity. We analyze the situation of class and race of the residents, and finally presents the conclusions of the research. It is points out that, since its consolidation, the capitalist system articulates class and race as a way to enhance the exploitation of the worker. The difficulty of access to land by the community under study relates, therefore, the situation of class and race. The analysis of strategies created by the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo in their struggle for land regularization restricted to elections with public agencies, and there is therefore, the search for alternatives to the state.

This dissertation explores the impact of HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere), a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) program, on Tampa's Greenwood neighborhood. The program represents a policy shift away from traditional public housing toward a "mixed income" model that has effectively privatized public housing. Through a HOPE VI program implemented in Tampa in 2000, two public housing complexes were demolished and redeveloped in this way. While some former residents of public housing relocated to other public housing complexes, many moved to apartments and houses in the private rental market with Section 8 subsidized housing vouchers-many to Tampa's Greenwood neighborhood. In the dissertation, I examine how these policy changes affect both those relocated to the neighborhood and those already living in the neighborhood. The dissertation also examines the social dynamics of Greenwood in order to understand an actual mixed income neighborhood. In addition, the dissertation is concerned with the intersection of HOPE VI with other neoliberal trends in Greenwood-such as models for social order and particular discourses.

This thesis proposes turning a Toronto subway station into a gallery that will display temporary exhibitions of contemporary art. Islington subway station, on the corner of Bloor Street West and Islington Avenue, will anchor a future civic and cultural centre and will become the social and public focal point of Etobicoke Centre. The building will turn this neighbourhood into a vibrant community, creating a self-sustaining node around which people will live, work, and play. This proposal has been inspired by urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg’s concept of the ‘third place’. In contrast to the first and second places of home and work, the third place encompasses the social realm, being a neutral space where people can gather and interact. The proposal for the Islington Gallery of Art also adapts new urbanist Peter Calthorpe’s theory of the ‘Transit Oriented Development’ where the subway station is the central node in the neighbourhood. Both of these concepts will be discussed further in the thesis. The Islington Gallery of Art will bring commuters a direct connection with culture. This gallery will transform the public space of infrastructure into a setting for informal public life. A third place will be created where one currently does not exist. The thesis combines the three narratives of public space, public transportation, and civic culture in the design of a mixed-use building. It explores how transportation infrastructure and architecture can combine with contemporary art to instigate the development for a new kind of place, one that isn’t a traditional street or square, near the periphery of the City of Toronto.

This thesis proposes turning a Toronto subway station into a gallery that will display temporary exhibitions of contemporary art. Islington subway station, on the corner of Bloor Street West and Islington Avenue, will anchor a future civic and cultural centre and will become the social and public focal point of Etobicoke Centre. The building will turn this neighbourhood into a vibrant community, creating a self-sustaining node around which people will live, work, and play. This proposal has been inspired by urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg’s concept of the ‘third place’. In contrast to the first and second places of home and work, the third place encompasses the social realm, being a neutral space where people can gather and interact. The proposal for the Islington Gallery of Art also adapts new urbanist Peter Calthorpe’s theory of the ‘Transit Oriented Development’ where the subway station is the central node in the neighbourhood. Both of these concepts will be discussed further in the thesis. The Islington Gallery of Art will bring commuters a direct connection with culture. This gallery will transform the public space of infrastructure into a setting for informal public life. A third place will be created where one currently does not exist. The thesis combines the three narratives of public space, public transportation, and civic culture in the design of a mixed-use building. It explores how transportation infrastructure and architecture can combine with contemporary art to instigate the development for a new kind of place, one that isn’t a traditional street or square, near the periphery of the City of Toronto.

A multi-layered analysis on the morphological development of Ephesus in relation to the Temple of Artemis and an investigative wandering through the streets of this city in the era of Roman Empire highlights this thesis characterized by a consistent search for the significance of the notion of urban armature. From the standpoint of those who lived at that time, special attention is directed toward the colonnaded avenues as well as to their formal and social impacts within the city fabric. The thesis re-reads Ephesus within two main parts / first the urban form in relation to the topographical provision and sacred landscape provided by the site itself / and then from the ground level through a walking trip of the city as it appeared in the second century A.D. Crucial to this visual experience is the semantic quality of the environment at a collective level since the meaning of the experience would be useless without considering the meaning of signs and symbols within the environment. Thus, bounding ancient society and urban space at the phenomenological level, the small trip starts at the harbor and concludes at the Temple of Artemis, the irrefutable symbol of Ephesus and the most revered shrine in Asia Minor.

Urban space is an arena of conficting interests. Seldomly dominated has the opportunity to express its identity on and through urban space as the exploited and oppressed groups lose their voice within the insitititonalised channels of representation. On the other hand, the localised voices do not have the chance to change the urban meaning and the power structure. In the 1970s, urban social movements were seen as an alternative form of interest representation which could challenge the dominant power relations and create a new urban meaning. Yet, such movements were largely failed to mount such a challenge to the dominant urban system partly due to their localised forms. In Turkey, 1970s witnessed to a radicalisation of political life including the urban areas. The mobilisations such as the New Municipalism and Squatter Movements supported by radical youth movements were the examples of emerging radicalism of that period. In the late 1970s, a relatively small Black Sea town, namely, Fatsa underwent a radical transformation when one of the radical left wing movement took control of the municipality in the byelections. After a long period of domination of mainstream parties upon the municipality, a self decleared revolutionary movement won the local elections with their independent candidate and came to power in Fatsa Municipality. If this was possible it was largely due to active involvement of the prestigous local actors in this process. In other words, a sucessful articulation of a national revolutionary group with influencial local actors created a unique situation by bringing them to power in this particular municipality. This change was followed by the rise of new and novel forms of municipal policies and of participatory mechanisms. In the identification of problems and their solutions the participation of local population is seen as the key element by the new administration. This thesis examines the rise and decline of Fatsa experience as one of the example of radicalisation of urban politics by linking the experience to the contextual features of local politics. It is claimed that to explain the Fatsa experience it is not enough to look at either to the (national) contextual features or the local specificities such as the status of those local actors etc. A satisfactory approach has to take both local specificities and national contextual features into account within a syntetic framework.

The main aim of the thesis is to analyse the recent socio-spatial patterns of Istanbul, in which squatter areas on publicly-owned land (gecekondu) and old historical centre of the city are subjected to regeneration projects, under the impact of making Istanbul a purified place for the significant social classes via exclusion of the others. The formulations of Henri Lefebvre for analysing the production of (social) space are used as the conceptual framework of the thesis. To reveal the case study, the recent urban regeneration projects in Istanbul, a wide range of qualitative data collection techniques and methodology, documentary analysis, in-depth interviews, participant observations, which will pave a way to understand the complex relations among social and spatial formations, are used. According to the analysis on the acceleration of urban regeneration projects in the city of Istanbul, the thesis argues two main points: Firstly, the specificity of urbanisation period in Istanbul after 2000 is characterised with the strong role of the central state, mainly MHA. Secondly, the people, who are living in the gecekondu areas and old historical centres in the inner city are not only evicted from their living spaces, they are also socially and spatially excluded from the city centres.

The aim of this study is to compare the cognitive maps of different socio-economic status groups living in Ankara. In-group and inter-group relations of divergent socio-economic status groups are the main focus of the study. In this perspective, perceptions of urban social space are examined in order to comprehend the in-group and inter-relations. Discussions are held both at city level and neighborhood level. These discussions are based on the research that was conducted between September 2003- February 2004 in the neighborhoods of Ankara / namely, Mamak, as a lower class neighborhood, Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren, Batikent, Yeni Mahalle, as lower-middle class neighborhoods, Gazi Osman PaSa, Bah&ccedil / eli, &Uuml / mitk&ouml / y, Bilkent, Oran as middle class and upper-middle class neighborhoods. I studied with an accidental sample of 39 urbanites living in these neighborhoods of Ankara. In order to determine the socio-economic status of the respondents, Murat G&uuml / ven&ccedil / &rsquo / s (2001a) spatial differentiation and socio-economic status map was used as a guide. While examining the perceptions of urban social space, spatial behavior patterns and urban daily activities, this study aims to clarify definitions of &lsquo / us&rsquo / and &lsquo / other&rsquo / , which inevitably create divisions in social geography of Ankara. Tensions between different socio-economic status groups reinforce these divisions in the city space of Ankara. Especially, limited social interaction between different socio-economic status groups in urban social space has crucial role in the construction of the boundaries between various divisions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: Ian R. Manners. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available from UMI.