Urban trees provide a wide array of benefits and values for urban dwellers as a foundational part of the biodiversity, the generation of ecosystem services and mitigation of negative impacts of climate change. However, management in cities often fail to acknowledge the diversity of ecosystem services in urban landscapes needed for improving resilience. Through interviews with actors managing tree communities within the city of Stockholm, along with a review of municipal policy documents, this study explores the qualities, values and benefits, focusing on biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate change adaptation, that are considered when making decisions about tree management. The interview results and policy documents were analyzed using an analytical framework for three different phases of management: (i) goals, (ii) strategies and measures and (iii) monitoring and evaluation. Most of the actors to some extent consider biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate change adaptation through ecosystem services in management. The strategies of including a more diverse set of values and benefits are still in its early stages, which is reflected in a low degree of strategical work, lack of clearly defined goals and limited operationalization of the concepts, and few actors work with monitoring and evaluation. However, more aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem services are gaining attention within management, and there is an ambition to incorporate such values to a greater extent.

<p dir="ltr">The distribution of people and infrastructure in North American cities is not random, nor is it equitable. Minoritized communities often have less access to trees and forests and to the benefits that they provide. This pattern has developed over centuries. North American cities were built on indigenous land, and the location of rivers, wetlands, forests, and prairies influenced where houses were built, factories erected, parks sited, and where natural areas were preserved. As people moved to cities, wealthier individuals could afford to buy homes in places that they found more desirable. These places often were near parks or lakes and often had more trees. Less wealthy people could only afford homes in places that had less green infrastructure and places that were nearer to environmental harms like polluting industries. Unfortunately, in the United States, wealth is associated with race, meaning that from an early time its cities were segregated. As cities expanded and migration from the Jim Crow South and immigration from Eastern Europe increased, these wealthier, whiter communities restricted non-white people from moving into them with racist covenants and through redlining, deepening segregation. In this dissertation, I explored how this ecological and social history affected the ecology of a metropolitan region’s forests, and how that related to who gets to experience them. I also showed how the associations between socio-demographic variables and tree canopy varied across an urban to exurban region. Finally, I identified barriers to requesting and planting trees that residents experience and strategies that may help governments and strategies that may help overcome them. I found that communities of color had less access to forests that have a higher capacity to provide ecosystem services; that while segregation existed in urban, suburban, and exurban communities, canopy inequity did not; and that managing existing trees and working with neighborhood associations is the best way to encourage planting and stewardship of trees that can reduce tree equity.</p><p><br></p>

yes / The regulation of public space is influenced greatly by debates about crime, disorder and (in)security. This paper challenges certain assumptions that inform a number of competing mentalities regarding the regulation of public spaces drawn from within the fields of criminology and urban studies, notably ‘preventive exclusion’, ‘reassurance policing’ and the ‘right to the city’. It harnesses inter-disciplinary insights from real world examples to re-frame and advance debates about the future regulation of public space, conceptualised in this paper as ‘mediated conviviality’. It argues that social order is not spontaneous but needs to be facilitated. This perspective simultaneously de-centres crime and (in)security as central organising concepts and recognises the importance of safety to the development of a convivial public realm, with implications for practical strategies of urban governance.

Building codes are socio-technical regulations that govern the manner in which the built world is designed, constructed, and maintained. Instituted in order to protect the health, safety, and welfare of humans in the built world, codes also serve as an index of always changing societal values. If codes do not co-evolve with social values, however, they often perpetuate standards that no longer reflect the priorities of mainstream society. As crises arise and as cultural practices change, regulatory institutions are charged with creating new or amend old codes to reflect these societal shifts. Emergent social values are often dismissed by the general public, misrepresented by their political representatives, or abstracted by the louder voices of the market and the state. In a few critical moments in modern history, however, society successfully adopted and institutionalized previously underrepresented values into urban form. Social movements provide a primary venue for such paradigmatic change. They do this through the production of new knowledge that aims to alter the cognitive praxis of its citizenry and to generate the momentum required to codify grassroots ideals into the built world. Exploring how this confluence of socio-technical innovation functions within the built world, this dissertation addresses the primary research question: What is the relationship between urban social movements, the values they espouse, the building codes they construct, and the liberative function of the spaces produced? In this dissertation, I investigate three established and one emerging social movement to discern the characteristics of democratic code formation that lead to civic urban form. These four case studies are analyzed in terms of their origins, the claims made, strategies employed, and outcomes achieved. Patterns are then extrapolated from this analysis to identify qualities of collective action that contribute to the codification of civic urban form. The research discussed herein was conducted in two phases to develop a historical base from which to evaluate contemporary efforts to codify civic urban form. The first phase of this exploratory investigation tells the story of three intrinsically valuable, but also comparable case studies of social change in the United States: the community development strategy pursued by the civil rights movement, the architectural accessibility platform advocated by the disability rights movement, and efforts to institutionalize new building practices through voluntary building assessment systems by the environmental movement. The second phase extrapolates patterns from the established cases to inform the investigation of proto-movements currently coalescing around issues of spatial justice. Both phases are then reflected upon in order to propose a theory of civic urban form that recognizes the dialectic between social movements, emergent social values, building codes, and the physical spaces they inform. The thesis statement underlying this dissertation is that urban social movements in the U.S. require a myriad of different activist organizations— radical and mainstream, professional and grassroots— to simultaneously employ diverse strategies through an integrated frame of collective action in order to institutionalize new types of civic urban form. Based on the theoretical framework developed to conceptualize the production of civic urban form, I go on to argue in the concluding chapters that urban social movements currently seeking various means to codify the tenets of sustainable development in the United States might benefit from couching their collective actions within an integrated action frame of spatial justice. / text

Essa dissertação aborda a questão urbana e habitacional na Venezuela. Realiza-se investigação histórica sobre os principais períodos da política habitacional na Venezuela a partir de 1928 (fundação do Banco Obrero), seguida pela caracterização do programa Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela (sob a gestão de Hugo Chávez) e dos movimentos sociais urbanos reunido em torno da plataforma do Movimiento de Pobladoras y Pobladores. Investiga-se a importância da formação das favelas e a subsequente luta pelo reconhecimento como acontecimentos fundamentais para o processo político contemporâneo na Venezuela / This dissertation studies the urban and housing issues in Venezuela. It takes a close look at historical research during the main time periods of housing policy in Venezuela from 1928 (formation of Banco Obrero), followed by the characterization of the program \"Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela\" (under the administration of Hugo Chávez), and the urban social movements surrounding the platform of \"Movimiento de Pobladoras e Pobladores.\" It researches the importance of the development of the slums and the subsequent struggle for their recognition as key events in understanding the current political process in Venezuela

Este trabalho, acerca de como a produção acadêmica problematizou a periferia paulistana, tem por objetivo fazer a revisão crítica das categorias de análise, e os autores inseridos nesse debate, através do questionamento das proposições teóricas e suas conceituações sobre os espaços entendidos enquanto periferias urbanas da metrópole. Ao analisarmos, na formação deste fenômeno, a validade da retomada de ideias segundo as quais a periferia pode ser vista enquanto uma realidade marginal, possível de ser integrada à cidade, esperamos colaborar nos questionamentos sobre o pensamento do urbano em geral e da periferia paulistana em particular. Discutiremos a questão da segregação e da marginalidade urbana, a função exercida pela autoconstrução no processo de acumulação capitalista que se verificou no Brasil, a articulação entre os diversos personagens dos movimentos sociais urbanos e o processo de inclusão das populações e dos espaços entendidos como periferias urbanas. / This research questions the academic studies about the São Paulo\'s periphery. Aims to construct a critical review of the categories of analysis and the authors included on its debate. We question the theoretical propositions and their spaces conceptions of Metropolis. We have analyzed the validity of the resumption of the ideas that consider the periphery as a marginal fact, possible to be integrated into the city. We hope to collaborate on questions about the urban thinking in general and of the periphery of São Paulo in particular. We will discuss the issue of segregation and urban marginality, the function performed by the self-construction in the process of capitalist accumulation that occurred in Brazil, the articulation between the several characters of the urban social movements and the inclusion process of people and spaces understood as urban peripheries.

A presente dissertação é um estudo sobre o movimento GLBT (Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais e Transgêneros) e as relações desenvolvidas por esse movimento com um mercado segmentado destinado a homossexuais, ou mercado GLS (Gays, Lésbicas e Simpatizantes). O trabalho procura compreender essas relações a partir da pesquisa de campo realizada com foco na Associação da Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo (APOGLBT). Além disso, há um esforço no sentido de entender as dinâmicas do mercado GLS e do movimento GLBT a partir de meados da década de 1990, especialmente em São Paulo. O enfoque da dissertação recai sobre processos de aproximação e diferenciação entre movimento e mercado, envolvendo também situações de conflito e colaboração entre ambos os atores sociais. Tal abordagem foi elaborada a partir da discussão teórica sobre processos de construção de identidades coletivas presentes na constituição de sujeitos políticos, bem como da perspectiva da antropologia a respeito de processos de consumo. / This thesis is a study of the GLBT (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender) movement and its relations with a segmented market that is focused on homosexuals or GLS (Gay, Lesbian and Supporter). This work departing from the conducted field research on the Associação da Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo (APOGLBT - São Paulo\'s Association for the GLBT Pride Parade) seeks to understand these relations. Besides this, an effort has been made to understand the dynamics of the GLS market and the GLBT movement, specially in São Paulo, since the mid 1990s. The focus of this thesis is grounded on an analysis of processes of rapprochement and differentiation between the movement and the market, involving situations of conflict and collaboration between both social actors. This approach has been elaborated from a theoretical discussion about processes of collective identity formation, present in the constitution of political subjects, as well as from an anthropological perspective on consumption processes.

O objetivo desta dissertação é examinar o instituto da regularização fundiária urbana de interesse social como alternativa apta a contribuir para que a Administração Pública cumpra com os objetivos da política urbana no sentido de garantir o pleno desenvolvimento das funções sociais da cidade e da propriedade urbana, sem deixar de destacar as problemáticas que envolvem a adoção do mecanismo. Para tanto, o trabalho parte da conceituação da expressão adotada, tendo como referência principalmente a Lei federal de Parcelamento do Solo Lei n° 6.766/1979, o Estatuto da Cidade Lei federal n° 10.257/2001; e a Lei do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida Lei federal n° 11.977/2009, bem como os fundamentos jurídicos que justificam sua aplicação. Para compreender alguns aspectos da relação entre o Estado e o surgimento e aplicação do instituto objeto do trabalho, recebe relevo a abordagem histórica acerca da proliferação do acesso irregular ao solo urbano, bem como a forma de organização interfederativa pós Constituição Federal de 1988, tanto para regular quanto para executar medidas abrangidas no objeto do estudo. A compreensão da amplitude do instituto é reforçada por meio da apresentação do extenso rol de instrumentos jurídicos encontrados no ordenamento jurídico, considerando a amplitude conceitual adotada. Com relação à escassez de recursos públicos para a implementação do instituto, o trabalho identifica arranjos contratuais que podem contribuir para a viabilização de investimentos a serem aplicados em projetos de regularização fundiária urbana de interesse social. Por fim, a pesquisa aponta problemáticas internas e externas que podem ser extraídas do instituto, analisando criticamente os aspectos que envolvem a sua necessidade, utilidade e efetividade. / This dissertation intends to analyze an urban policy instrument called the Urban Social Interest Land Regularization in Brazil as an alternative tool to be used by government to achieve urban policy goals so as to ensure the full development of the social functions of the city and urban property. For this proposal, the essay begins with the definition of the expression based on three federal legislations and the constitutional basis for its use: Law n° 6.766/1979; Law n° 10.257/2001; and Law n° 11.977/2009. To understand the relationship between the State and the instrument, the research investigates the historical approach on the proliferation of irregular access to urban land, as well as the federative organization form post-1988, both for regulatory and enforcement activity covered in the object of study. Understanding the magnitude of the institute is reinforced through the presentation of the long list of legal instruments found in the legal system. Regarding the scarcity of public resources for the implementation of the institute, the work identifies contractual arrangements that can contribute to the viability of investments to be invested in projects of Urban Social Interest Land Regularization in Brazil. Finally, the study identifies internal and external problems that can be extracted from the institute, critically analyzing the aspects involving its need, usefulness and effectiveness.

Este trabalho, acerca de como a produção acadêmica problematizou a periferia paulistana, tem por objetivo fazer a revisão crítica das categorias de análise, e os autores inseridos nesse debate, através do questionamento das proposições teóricas e suas conceituações sobre os espaços entendidos enquanto periferias urbanas da metrópole. Ao analisarmos, na formação deste fenômeno, a validade da retomada de ideias segundo as quais a periferia pode ser vista enquanto uma realidade marginal, possível de ser integrada à cidade, esperamos colaborar nos questionamentos sobre o pensamento do urbano em geral e da periferia paulistana em particular. Discutiremos a questão da segregação e da marginalidade urbana, a função exercida pela autoconstrução no processo de acumulação capitalista que se verificou no Brasil, a articulação entre os diversos personagens dos movimentos sociais urbanos e o processo de inclusão das populações e dos espaços entendidos como periferias urbanas. / This research questions the academic studies about the São Paulo\'s periphery. Aims to construct a critical review of the categories of analysis and the authors included on its debate. We question the theoretical propositions and their spaces conceptions of Metropolis. We have analyzed the validity of the resumption of the ideas that consider the periphery as a marginal fact, possible to be integrated into the city. We hope to collaborate on questions about the urban thinking in general and of the periphery of São Paulo in particular. We will discuss the issue of segregation and urban marginality, the function performed by the self-construction in the process of capitalist accumulation that occurred in Brazil, the articulation between the several characters of the urban social movements and the inclusion process of people and spaces understood as urban peripheries.

A cidadania é um dos principais temas da atualidade, sendo múltiplos os seus significados. Na perspectiva jurídica prepondera uma visão focada na centralidade do Estado e na titularidade de direitos. O tema-problema central desta pesquisa considera a insuficiência dessa concepção da cidadania. As hipóteses de base afirmam que tal conceito produziu um processo de alienações da cidadania e um fetichismo constitucional; por outro lado, um novo sentido para o conceito pode ser pensado na chave teórico-prática da dialética e da desalienação. A partir do método do materialismo histórico e dialético, de Marx e Engels, constrói-se uma crítica a partir da prática política e social da cidadania na América Latina, que oferece importantes contribuições materiais para se pensar uma nova compreensão desse conceito na atualidade. A interpretação dessa dinâmica é feita por meio do instrumental teórico-metodológico de Antonio Gramsci, identificando-se novos atores políticos e sociais, e diferentes relações entre Estado, sociedade civil e cidadãos. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro é estudada empiricamente, na conjuntura dos mega eventos internacionais, como espaço da prática dinâmica e ampliada da cidadania através dos movimentos sociais urbanos, que adotam a ocupação como estratégia de ação política direta e efetivação de direitos. / Citizenship is one of the main themes nowadays and it has multiple meanings. In Law perspective prevails a vision focused in State centrality and in rights ownership. The main theme-problem of this research considers the insufficience of these conception of citizenship. The basis hypothesis affirm that concept produced a citizenship alienations process and a constitutional fetishism; on the other hand, a new sense can be thought to the concept in the practical-theoretical key of dialectics and emancipation. Through the method of historic and dialectic materialism by Marx and Engels, its constructed a critic from the social and political practice of citizenship in Latin America, which offers important material contributions to think a new comprehension of this concept nowadays. The interpretation of this dynamics is made through Antonio Gramscis theoretical-methodological tools, identifying new political and social actors, and different relationships between State, civil society and citizens. The city of Rio de Janeiro is empirically studied, in the context of the international sportive huge events, as space of the dynamic and enlarged practice of citizenship through the urban social movements, that adopt the occupation as strategy of direct political action and rights effectuation.