Objetivos. Avaliar as condições do acesso aos serviços de saúde da população residente no Estado de São Paulo, e da eficiência na utilização dos recursos para a produção ambulatorial e hospitalar do SUS, segundo os Departamentos Regionais de Saúde - DRS. Métodos. O estudo baseou-se em dois parâmetros. O primeiro foi a utilização de dados já existentes, ou seja, as informações disponíveis sobre o tema em bancos de dados públicos: tanto registros administrativos como pesquisas domiciliares. O segundo parâmetro foi o emprego de métodos quantitativos que permitissem a inferência sobre as condições do acesso e eficiência para os Departamentos Regionais de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo. Para a análise do acesso aos serviços de saúde utilizaram-se modelos de regressão logística com efeitos mistos e a análise de eficiência foi realizada a partir da aplicação da técnica de Análise Envoltória de Dados DEA. Resultados. No Estado de São Paulo, a heterogeneidade das condições econômicas, sociais e demográficas existentes nas diferentes regiões do Estado não se reflete na condição de procura e utilização dos serviços de saúde, mas no grau de dependência de suas populações ao Sistema Único de Saúde. O PSF é um fator que aumenta a probabilidade de utilização dos serviços de saúde, particularmente do SUS, pela população e, a condição de posse do plano de saúde não é garantia para o atendimento. Entre os departamentos eficientes encontram-se tanto aqueles que agregam municípios produtores de serviços de saúde de média e alta complexidade, quanto os DRSs caracterizados pela produção ambulatorial em atenção básica, em especial programas específicos na área da atenção básica. Conclusões. Os resultados obtidos mostram um Estado de São Paulo menos desigual quanto ao acesso aos serviços de saúde, quando se consideram os resultados de estudos sobre utilização de serviços de saúde realizados a partir das bases de dados da PNAD para os anos 1998 e 2003. A ação do SUS mostra-se de acordo como a diretriz de equidade prevista na Lei Orgânica da Saúde. A eficiência na produção de saúde é observada em diferentes contextos relacionados aos SUS, dado que ocorre tanto nos departamentos em que o setor privado é um simples coadjuvante quanto naqueles em que o setor privado é responsável por importante segmento do setor saúde. / Objectives. To evaluate the conditions of access to the health services of population living in São Paulo State, and evaluate the efficiency in the use of resources to the production of Sistema Único de Saúde SUS, according to the Health Regional Departments HRD. Method. The study was based on two parameters. The first one was the use of pre existing data, that is, accessible information about this issue in public data warehouse: administrative registers and also housing surveys. The second parameter was the use of quantitative methods which would permit the inference about conditions of access and efficiency to the Health Regional Departments of São Paulo State. To the analysis of access to the health services was used logistic regression models with mixed effects and the efficiency analysis was done applying the Data Envelopment Analysis DEA. Results. In São Paulo State, the heterogeneity of economical, social and demographic conditions that exist in the different regions does not reflect in the condition of search and use of health services but does reflect in the dependency level of São Paulo population of SUS. The PSF is a factor that increases the probability of population use of health services, specially SUS, and having a health plan is not a guarantee of attendance. Among the efficient departments are that ones which gather cities that are producers of medium and high complexity health services and the HRD that produce basic attention, in special, specific programs in the basic attention field. Conclusion. Results show a less uneven São Paulo State in respect to access to the health services when considering results of studies about the use of health services done with 1998 and 2003 PNAD data warehouse. SUS action is accordingly with the equality guideline expected in the Organic Health Law. The efficiency in the health production is observed in a variety of context related to SUS, what occurs not only in the departments where the private sector is a simple auxiliary but also in the ones where the private sector is the responsible for an important segment of health sector.

No description available.

Objetivos. Avaliar as condições do acesso aos serviços de saúde da população residente no Estado de São Paulo, e da eficiência na utilização dos recursos para a produção ambulatorial e hospitalar do SUS, segundo os Departamentos Regionais de Saúde - DRS. Métodos. O estudo baseou-se em dois parâmetros. O primeiro foi a utilização de dados já existentes, ou seja, as informações disponíveis sobre o tema em bancos de dados públicos: tanto registros administrativos como pesquisas domiciliares. O segundo parâmetro foi o emprego de métodos quantitativos que permitissem a inferência sobre as condições do acesso e eficiência para os Departamentos Regionais de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo. Para a análise do acesso aos serviços de saúde utilizaram-se modelos de regressão logística com efeitos mistos e a análise de eficiência foi realizada a partir da aplicação da técnica de Análise Envoltória de Dados DEA. Resultados. No Estado de São Paulo, a heterogeneidade das condições econômicas, sociais e demográficas existentes nas diferentes regiões do Estado não se reflete na condição de procura e utilização dos serviços de saúde, mas no grau de dependência de suas populações ao Sistema Único de Saúde. O PSF é um fator que aumenta a probabilidade de utilização dos serviços de saúde, particularmente do SUS, pela população e, a condição de posse do plano de saúde não é garantia para o atendimento. Entre os departamentos eficientes encontram-se tanto aqueles que agregam municípios produtores de serviços de saúde de média e alta complexidade, quanto os DRSs caracterizados pela produção ambulatorial em atenção básica, em especial programas específicos na área da atenção básica. Conclusões. Os resultados obtidos mostram um Estado de São Paulo menos desigual quanto ao acesso aos serviços de saúde, quando se consideram os resultados de estudos sobre utilização de serviços de saúde realizados a partir das bases de dados da PNAD para os anos 1998 e 2003. A ação do SUS mostra-se de acordo como a diretriz de equidade prevista na Lei Orgânica da Saúde. A eficiência na produção de saúde é observada em diferentes contextos relacionados aos SUS, dado que ocorre tanto nos departamentos em que o setor privado é um simples coadjuvante quanto naqueles em que o setor privado é responsável por importante segmento do setor saúde. / Objectives. To evaluate the conditions of access to the health services of population living in São Paulo State, and evaluate the efficiency in the use of resources to the production of Sistema Único de Saúde SUS, according to the Health Regional Departments HRD. Method. The study was based on two parameters. The first one was the use of pre existing data, that is, accessible information about this issue in public data warehouse: administrative registers and also housing surveys. The second parameter was the use of quantitative methods which would permit the inference about conditions of access and efficiency to the Health Regional Departments of São Paulo State. To the analysis of access to the health services was used logistic regression models with mixed effects and the efficiency analysis was done applying the Data Envelopment Analysis DEA. Results. In São Paulo State, the heterogeneity of economical, social and demographic conditions that exist in the different regions does not reflect in the condition of search and use of health services but does reflect in the dependency level of São Paulo population of SUS. The PSF is a factor that increases the probability of population use of health services, specially SUS, and having a health plan is not a guarantee of attendance. Among the efficient departments are that ones which gather cities that are producers of medium and high complexity health services and the HRD that produce basic attention, in special, specific programs in the basic attention field. Conclusion. Results show a less uneven São Paulo State in respect to access to the health services when considering results of studies about the use of health services done with 1998 and 2003 PNAD data warehouse. SUS action is accordingly with the equality guideline expected in the Organic Health Law. The efficiency in the health production is observed in a variety of context related to SUS, what occurs not only in the departments where the private sector is a simple auxiliary but also in the ones where the private sector is the responsible for an important segment of health sector.

No description available.

Objectif : L’objectif général de cette étude est de comprendre en quoi l’utilisation des services de santé et de disponibilité des ressources en santé au Québec sont équitables. Méthodes : De type transversal et corrélationnel, cette étude intéresse les 95 territoires CSSS du Québec, et couvre les années 2006-2007 et 2008-2009. L’indice de défavorisation matérielle et sociale de Pampalon est mis en lien avec deux séries de variables, soit celles d’utilisation des services par CSSS (services hospitaliers; services médicaux; services CLSC) et celles de disponibilité des ressources (capacité financière; capacité matérielle, capacité humaine; viabilité). Pour ce faire, des analyses de variance ont été effectuées. Le modèle intégrateur de la performance des services de santé EGIPSS et celui de l’utilisation des services de santé de Donabedian servent de cadre d’analyse. Résultats : L’utilisation des services de santé est équitable en ce qui concerne la défavorisation matérielle, mais pas en ce qui a trait à la défavorisation sociale. L’utilisation des services médicaux dispensés par les omnipraticiens est plus élevée chez les populations les plus favorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus défavorisées. Toutefois, l’utilisation des médecins spécialistes est plus équitable que celle des omnipraticiens, cela, chez les populations défavorisées autant matériellement que socialement. Les hospitalisations évitables sont plus élevées chez les populations les défavorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus favorisées. En termes de disponibilité des ressources, les populations défavorisées disposent de plus de ressources que les plus favorisées, sauf en ce qui concerne la répartition du personnel. Conclusion : En général, il existe très peu d’iniquités dans l’utilisation des services de santé au Québec. Par ailleurs, la disponibilité des ressources en santé est relativement équitable au Québec, exception faite de la disponibilité du personnel. / Objectives: The general objective of this study is to understand in what the use of health services and the availability of health resources in Quebec are fair. Methods: This cross-sectional and corelational study interests the 95 territories CSSS of Quebec, and covers the years 2006-2007 and 2008-2009. The material and social deprivation index of Pampalon is put in connection with two series of variables, such those of the use of the services by CSSS (hospital services; medical services; CLSC services) and those of availability of the resources (financial capacity; material capacity, human capacity; viability). To do it, analyses of variance were made. The integrative model of the health service performance (EGIPSS) and that of the use of the health services of Donabedian serve as frame of analysis. Results: The use of health services is fair as regards the material deprivation, but not in what concerned the social deprivation. The use of medical services dispensed by the general practitioners is more raised at the population the most favored socially compared with the most disadvantaged population. However, the use of the specialists is fairer than that of the general practitioners, it, for the populations disadvantaged so materially as socially. The avoidable hospitalizations are more raised at the population the most disadvantaged socially compared with the most favored. In terms of the availability of resources, the disadvantaged populations have more resources than the most favored populations. Conclusion: Generally, there are very few inequities in the use of health services in Quebec. Besides, the availability of the resources regarding health is relatively fair in Quebec, exception made by the distribution of the staff.

Objectif : L’objectif général de cette étude est de comprendre en quoi l’utilisation des services de santé et de disponibilité des ressources en santé au Québec sont équitables. Méthodes : De type transversal et corrélationnel, cette étude intéresse les 95 territoires CSSS du Québec, et couvre les années 2006-2007 et 2008-2009. L’indice de défavorisation matérielle et sociale de Pampalon est mis en lien avec deux séries de variables, soit celles d’utilisation des services par CSSS (services hospitaliers; services médicaux; services CLSC) et celles de disponibilité des ressources (capacité financière; capacité matérielle, capacité humaine; viabilité). Pour ce faire, des analyses de variance ont été effectuées. Le modèle intégrateur de la performance des services de santé EGIPSS et celui de l’utilisation des services de santé de Donabedian servent de cadre d’analyse. Résultats : L’utilisation des services de santé est équitable en ce qui concerne la défavorisation matérielle, mais pas en ce qui a trait à la défavorisation sociale. L’utilisation des services médicaux dispensés par les omnipraticiens est plus élevée chez les populations les plus favorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus défavorisées. Toutefois, l’utilisation des médecins spécialistes est plus équitable que celle des omnipraticiens, cela, chez les populations défavorisées autant matériellement que socialement. Les hospitalisations évitables sont plus élevées chez les populations les défavorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus favorisées. En termes de disponibilité des ressources, les populations défavorisées disposent de plus de ressources que les plus favorisées, sauf en ce qui concerne la répartition du personnel. Conclusion : En général, il existe très peu d’iniquités dans l’utilisation des services de santé au Québec. Par ailleurs, la disponibilité des ressources en santé est relativement équitable au Québec, exception faite de la disponibilité du personnel. / Objectives: The general objective of this study is to understand in what the use of health services and the availability of health resources in Quebec are fair. Methods: This cross-sectional and corelational study interests the 95 territories CSSS of Quebec, and covers the years 2006-2007 and 2008-2009. The material and social deprivation index of Pampalon is put in connection with two series of variables, such those of the use of the services by CSSS (hospital services; medical services; CLSC services) and those of availability of the resources (financial capacity; material capacity, human capacity; viability). To do it, analyses of variance were made. The integrative model of the health service performance (EGIPSS) and that of the use of the health services of Donabedian serve as frame of analysis. Results: The use of health services is fair as regards the material deprivation, but not in what concerned the social deprivation. The use of medical services dispensed by the general practitioners is more raised at the population the most favored socially compared with the most disadvantaged population. However, the use of the specialists is fairer than that of the general practitioners, it, for the populations disadvantaged so materially as socially. The avoidable hospitalizations are more raised at the population the most disadvantaged socially compared with the most favored. In terms of the availability of resources, the disadvantaged populations have more resources than the most favored populations. Conclusion: Generally, there are very few inequities in the use of health services in Quebec. Besides, the availability of the resources regarding health is relatively fair in Quebec, exception made by the distribution of the staff.

L’utilisation des services de santé est au centre de l’organisation des soins. La compréhension des processus qui déterminent cette utilisation est essentielle pour agir sur le système de santé et faire en sorte qu’il réponde mieux aux besoins de la population. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le phénomène complexe qu’est l’utilisation des services de santé en s’intéressant à la pratique des médecins omnipraticiens. En nous appuyant sur le cadre théorique de Donabedian, nous décomposons les déterminants de l’utilisation des services de santé en trois niveaux : le niveau individuel, le niveau organisationnel, et le niveau environnemental. Pour tenir compte de la complexité des phénomènes de cette étude nous proposons de nous appuyer sur l’approche configurationnelle. Notre question de recherche est la suivante : dans quelle mesure le mode d’exercice des omnipraticiens influence-t-il la prestation des services et comment l’environnement géographique et la patientèle modulent-ils cette relation ? Nous avons utilisé des bases de données jumelées du Collège des médecins du Québec, de la Régie d’assurance maladie du Québec et de la banque de données iCLSC. Notre échantillon est constitué des médecins omnipraticiens de l’année 2002, ayant satisfait aux critères d’inclusion, ce qui représente près de 70% de la population totale. Des analyses de correspondances multiples et des classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques ont été utilisées pour réaliser la taxonomie des modes d’exercice et des contextes géographiques. Nous avons construit des indicateurs d’utilisation des services de santé pour apprécier la continuité, la globalité, l’accessibilité et la productivité. Ces indicateurs ont été validés en les comparant à ceux d’une enquête populationnelle. Nous présentons tout d’abord les modes d’exercice des médecins qui sont au nombre de sept. Deux modes d’exercice à lieu unique ont émergé : le mode d’exercice en cabinet privé d'une part, caractérisé par des niveaux de continuité et productivité élevés, le mode d’exercice en CLSC d'autre part présentant un niveau de productivité faible et des niveaux de globalité et d'accessibilité légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne. Dans les cinq autres modes d’exercice, les médecins exercent leur pratique dans une configuration de lieux. Deux modes d’exercice multi-institutionnel réunissent des médecins qui partagent leur temps entre les urgences, les centres hospitaliers et le cabinet privé ou le CLSC. Les médecins de ces deux groupes présentent des niveaux d’accessibilité et de productivité très élevés. Le mode d’exercice le moins actif réunit des médecins travaillant en cabinet privé et en CHLSD. Leur niveau d’activité est inférieur à la moyenne. Ils sont caractérisés par un niveau de continuité très élevé. Le mode d’exercice ambulatoire regroupe des médecins qui partagent leur pratique entre le CLSC, le cabinet privé et le CHLSD. Ces médecins présentent des résultats faibles sur tous les indicateurs. Finalement le mode d’exercice hospitaliste réunit des médecins dont la majorité de la pratique s’exerce en milieu hospitalier avec une petite composante en cabinet privé. Dans ce mode d’exercice tous les indicateurs sont faibles. Les analyses ont mis en évidence quatre groupes de territoires de CSSS : les ruraux, les semi-urbains, les urbains et les métropolitains. La prévalence des modes d’exercice varie selon les contextes. En milieu rural, le multi-institutionnel attire près d’un tiers des médecins. En milieu semi-urbain, les médecins se retrouvent de façon plus prédominante dans les modes d’exercice ayant une composante CLSC. En milieu urbain, les modes d’exercice ayant une composante cabinet privé attirent plus de médecins. En milieu métropolitain, les modes d’exercice moins actif et hospitaliste attirent près de 40% des médecins. Les omnipraticiens se répartissent presque également dans les autres modes d’exercice. Les niveaux des indicateurs varient en fonction de l’environnement géographique. Ainsi l’accessibilité augmente avec le niveau de ruralité. De façon inverse, la productivité augmente avec le niveau d’urbanité. La continuité des soins est plus élevée en régions métropolitaines et rurales. La globalité varie peu d’un contexte à l’autre. Pour pallier à la carence de l’analyse partielle de l’organisation de la pratique des médecins dans la littérature, nous avons créé le concept de mode d’exercice comme la configuration de lieux professionnels de pratique propre à chaque médecin. A notre connaissance, il n’existe pas dans la littérature, d’étude qui ait analysé simultanément quatre indicateurs de l’utilisation des services pour évaluer la prestation des services médicaux, comme nous l’avons fait. Les résultats de nos analyses montrent qu’il existe une différence dans la prestation des services selon le mode d’exercice. Certains des résultats trouvés sont documentés dans la littérature et plus particulièrement quand il s’agit de mode d’exercice à lieu unique. La continuité et la globalité des soins semblent évoluer dans le même sens. De même, la productivité et l’accessibilité sont corrélées positivement. Cependant il existe une tension, entre les premiers indicateurs et les seconds. Seuls les modes d’exercice à lieu unique déjouent l’arbitrage entre les indicateurs, énoncé dans l’état des connaissances. Aucun mode d’exercice ne présente de niveaux élevés pour les quatre indicateurs. Il est donc nécessaire de travailler sur des combinaisons de modes d’exercice, sur des territoires, afin d’offrir à la population les services nécessaires pour l’atteinte concomitante des quatre objectifs de prestation des services. Les modes d’exercice émergents (qui attirent les jeunes médecins) et les modes d’exercice en voie de disparition (où la prévalence des médecins les plus âgés est la plus grande) sont préoccupants. A noter que les modes d’exercice amenés à disparaître répondent mieux aux besoins de santé de la population que les modes d’exercice émergents, au regard de tous nos indicateurs. En conclusion, cette thèse présente trois contributions théoriques et trois contributions méthodologiques. Les implications pour les recherches futures et la décision indiquent que, si aucune mesure n’est mise en place pour renverser la tendance, le Québec risque de vivre des pénuries dans la prestation des services en termes de continuité, globalité et accessibilité. / Health services utilization is central to healthcare organization. Understanding the processes that determine utilization is essential to influence the health system and to ensure that it better meets the needs of the population. The objective of this thesis is to understand the complex phenomenon of health services utilization by looking at general practitioners' practices. Using Donabedian's theoretical framework, we decomposed determinants of utilization at three levels: individual, organizational and environmental. We chose a configurational approach to account for the complex nature of the phenomenon under study. Our question is the following: To what extent does the type of practice influence delivery of health services, and how do geographical environment and patient populations mediate this relationship? We used combined data sources from the Collège des médecins du Québec, the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec and the iCLSC databases. Almost 70% of family physicians practicing in 2002 met the selection criteria. Multiple correspondence analyses and ascending hierarchical classifications were used to create a taxonomy of practices and a taxonomy of geographical contexts. We constructed services utilization indicators to assess continuity, comprehensiveness, accessibility and productivity. These indicators were validated using a population survey. The results first present physicians' profiles of practice. Two single-site profiles emerged. Private clinic practice is characterized by high levels of continuity and productivity. CLSC practice is typified by low productivity level and slightly above average levels of comprehensiveness and accessibility. Five other practice profiles include physicians who practice in different combinations of sites (multi-sites profiles). Two multi-institutional profiles of practice include physicians who divide their time in two different patterns, among emergency departments, hospital centres and private clinics or CLSCs. The levels of accessibility and productivity for physicians in these two groups are very high. The profile combining private clinics and long-term care facilities (the less active profile) includes physicians with below average productivity, and very high level of continuity. An ambulatory practice profile includes physicians who work in CLSCs, private clinics and long-term care facilities. Physicians in this profile, show low levels for all indicators. Finally, the hospital-based practice includes physicians who practice mainly in hospitals but also occasionally in private clinics. Our analyses highlighted four groups of CSSS territories: rural, semi-urban, urban, and metropolitan. The prevalence of practice profiles vary based on context. In rural settings, about a third of physicians opt for multi-institutional practices. In semi-urban settings, physicians predominantly work in practices that include a CLSC component. In urban settings, more physicians choose a profile of practice with a private clinic component. Finally, in metropolitan areas, the less active and more hospital-based type of practice attracts close to 40% of physicians. General practitioners are almost equally split among the other profiles of practices. Indicator levels vary according to geographical environment. As a result, accessibility increases with level of rurality. Conversely, productivity increases with level of urbanity. Continuity of care is higher in metropolitan and rural areas. Comprehensiveness changes little among contexts. We will refer back to the initial research question to look at the results and compare them with the literature. To offset the shortcomings of the limited analysis of physicians' practice organization found in the literature, we defined type of practice concept as the configuration of each physician's professional practice site To our knowledge, no other study reported in the literature has analyzed four service utilization indicators simultaneously to assess delivery of medical services. Results of our analyses show that there is a difference in service delivery based on type of practice. Some results are documented in the literature, especially as regards single-site type of practice. We will then present the relationships among indicators. Care continuity and comprehensiveness seem to be evolving in the same direction. Productivity and accessibility are also positively correlated. However, there is a certain tension between the former and the latter indicators. Only single-site types do not fit the indicators, as articulated in the state of current knowledge. No type of practice showed high levels for the four indicators. It is therefore necessary to work on combinations of practice types in the territories to offer the population the services required to reach all four care delivery objectives. Emerging types of practice (which attract young doctors) and those that are dying out (where the prevalence of older physicians is highest) are discussed in the next section. It should be noted that the types of practice that are vanishing address the population's health needs better than emerging types, in terms of indicators. In conclusion, this thesis presents three theoretical and three methodological contributions. The implications for future research and decision making point out that if no measures are implemented to reverse the trend, Quebec risks to see deficiencies in delivery of services in terms of continuity, comprehensiveness and accessibility.

L’utilisation des services de santé est au centre de l’organisation des soins. La compréhension des processus qui déterminent cette utilisation est essentielle pour agir sur le système de santé et faire en sorte qu’il réponde mieux aux besoins de la population. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le phénomène complexe qu’est l’utilisation des services de santé en s’intéressant à la pratique des médecins omnipraticiens. En nous appuyant sur le cadre théorique de Donabedian, nous décomposons les déterminants de l’utilisation des services de santé en trois niveaux : le niveau individuel, le niveau organisationnel, et le niveau environnemental. Pour tenir compte de la complexité des phénomènes de cette étude nous proposons de nous appuyer sur l’approche configurationnelle. Notre question de recherche est la suivante : dans quelle mesure le mode d’exercice des omnipraticiens influence-t-il la prestation des services et comment l’environnement géographique et la patientèle modulent-ils cette relation ? Nous avons utilisé des bases de données jumelées du Collège des médecins du Québec, de la Régie d’assurance maladie du Québec et de la banque de données iCLSC. Notre échantillon est constitué des médecins omnipraticiens de l’année 2002, ayant satisfait aux critères d’inclusion, ce qui représente près de 70% de la population totale. Des analyses de correspondances multiples et des classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques ont été utilisées pour réaliser la taxonomie des modes d’exercice et des contextes géographiques. Nous avons construit des indicateurs d’utilisation des services de santé pour apprécier la continuité, la globalité, l’accessibilité et la productivité. Ces indicateurs ont été validés en les comparant à ceux d’une enquête populationnelle. Nous présentons tout d’abord les modes d’exercice des médecins qui sont au nombre de sept. Deux modes d’exercice à lieu unique ont émergé : le mode d’exercice en cabinet privé d'une part, caractérisé par des niveaux de continuité et productivité élevés, le mode d’exercice en CLSC d'autre part présentant un niveau de productivité faible et des niveaux de globalité et d'accessibilité légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne. Dans les cinq autres modes d’exercice, les médecins exercent leur pratique dans une configuration de lieux. Deux modes d’exercice multi-institutionnel réunissent des médecins qui partagent leur temps entre les urgences, les centres hospitaliers et le cabinet privé ou le CLSC. Les médecins de ces deux groupes présentent des niveaux d’accessibilité et de productivité très élevés. Le mode d’exercice le moins actif réunit des médecins travaillant en cabinet privé et en CHLSD. Leur niveau d’activité est inférieur à la moyenne. Ils sont caractérisés par un niveau de continuité très élevé. Le mode d’exercice ambulatoire regroupe des médecins qui partagent leur pratique entre le CLSC, le cabinet privé et le CHLSD. Ces médecins présentent des résultats faibles sur tous les indicateurs. Finalement le mode d’exercice hospitaliste réunit des médecins dont la majorité de la pratique s’exerce en milieu hospitalier avec une petite composante en cabinet privé. Dans ce mode d’exercice tous les indicateurs sont faibles. Les analyses ont mis en évidence quatre groupes de territoires de CSSS : les ruraux, les semi-urbains, les urbains et les métropolitains. La prévalence des modes d’exercice varie selon les contextes. En milieu rural, le multi-institutionnel attire près d’un tiers des médecins. En milieu semi-urbain, les médecins se retrouvent de façon plus prédominante dans les modes d’exercice ayant une composante CLSC. En milieu urbain, les modes d’exercice ayant une composante cabinet privé attirent plus de médecins. En milieu métropolitain, les modes d’exercice moins actif et hospitaliste attirent près de 40% des médecins. Les omnipraticiens se répartissent presque également dans les autres modes d’exercice. Les niveaux des indicateurs varient en fonction de l’environnement géographique. Ainsi l’accessibilité augmente avec le niveau de ruralité. De façon inverse, la productivité augmente avec le niveau d’urbanité. La continuité des soins est plus élevée en régions métropolitaines et rurales. La globalité varie peu d’un contexte à l’autre. Pour pallier à la carence de l’analyse partielle de l’organisation de la pratique des médecins dans la littérature, nous avons créé le concept de mode d’exercice comme la configuration de lieux professionnels de pratique propre à chaque médecin. A notre connaissance, il n’existe pas dans la littérature, d’étude qui ait analysé simultanément quatre indicateurs de l’utilisation des services pour évaluer la prestation des services médicaux, comme nous l’avons fait. Les résultats de nos analyses montrent qu’il existe une différence dans la prestation des services selon le mode d’exercice. Certains des résultats trouvés sont documentés dans la littérature et plus particulièrement quand il s’agit de mode d’exercice à lieu unique. La continuité et la globalité des soins semblent évoluer dans le même sens. De même, la productivité et l’accessibilité sont corrélées positivement. Cependant il existe une tension, entre les premiers indicateurs et les seconds. Seuls les modes d’exercice à lieu unique déjouent l’arbitrage entre les indicateurs, énoncé dans l’état des connaissances. Aucun mode d’exercice ne présente de niveaux élevés pour les quatre indicateurs. Il est donc nécessaire de travailler sur des combinaisons de modes d’exercice, sur des territoires, afin d’offrir à la population les services nécessaires pour l’atteinte concomitante des quatre objectifs de prestation des services. Les modes d’exercice émergents (qui attirent les jeunes médecins) et les modes d’exercice en voie de disparition (où la prévalence des médecins les plus âgés est la plus grande) sont préoccupants. A noter que les modes d’exercice amenés à disparaître répondent mieux aux besoins de santé de la population que les modes d’exercice émergents, au regard de tous nos indicateurs. En conclusion, cette thèse présente trois contributions théoriques et trois contributions méthodologiques. Les implications pour les recherches futures et la décision indiquent que, si aucune mesure n’est mise en place pour renverser la tendance, le Québec risque de vivre des pénuries dans la prestation des services en termes de continuité, globalité et accessibilité. / Health services utilization is central to healthcare organization. Understanding the processes that determine utilization is essential to influence the health system and to ensure that it better meets the needs of the population. The objective of this thesis is to understand the complex phenomenon of health services utilization by looking at general practitioners' practices. Using Donabedian's theoretical framework, we decomposed determinants of utilization at three levels: individual, organizational and environmental. We chose a configurational approach to account for the complex nature of the phenomenon under study. Our question is the following: To what extent does the type of practice influence delivery of health services, and how do geographical environment and patient populations mediate this relationship? We used combined data sources from the Collège des médecins du Québec, the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec and the iCLSC databases. Almost 70% of family physicians practicing in 2002 met the selection criteria. Multiple correspondence analyses and ascending hierarchical classifications were used to create a taxonomy of practices and a taxonomy of geographical contexts. We constructed services utilization indicators to assess continuity, comprehensiveness, accessibility and productivity. These indicators were validated using a population survey. The results first present physicians' profiles of practice. Two single-site profiles emerged. Private clinic practice is characterized by high levels of continuity and productivity. CLSC practice is typified by low productivity level and slightly above average levels of comprehensiveness and accessibility. Five other practice profiles include physicians who practice in different combinations of sites (multi-sites profiles). Two multi-institutional profiles of practice include physicians who divide their time in two different patterns, among emergency departments, hospital centres and private clinics or CLSCs. The levels of accessibility and productivity for physicians in these two groups are very high. The profile combining private clinics and long-term care facilities (the less active profile) includes physicians with below average productivity, and very high level of continuity. An ambulatory practice profile includes physicians who work in CLSCs, private clinics and long-term care facilities. Physicians in this profile, show low levels for all indicators. Finally, the hospital-based practice includes physicians who practice mainly in hospitals but also occasionally in private clinics. Our analyses highlighted four groups of CSSS territories: rural, semi-urban, urban, and metropolitan. The prevalence of practice profiles vary based on context. In rural settings, about a third of physicians opt for multi-institutional practices. In semi-urban settings, physicians predominantly work in practices that include a CLSC component. In urban settings, more physicians choose a profile of practice with a private clinic component. Finally, in metropolitan areas, the less active and more hospital-based type of practice attracts close to 40% of physicians. General practitioners are almost equally split among the other profiles of practices. Indicator levels vary according to geographical environment. As a result, accessibility increases with level of rurality. Conversely, productivity increases with level of urbanity. Continuity of care is higher in metropolitan and rural areas. Comprehensiveness changes little among contexts. We will refer back to the initial research question to look at the results and compare them with the literature. To offset the shortcomings of the limited analysis of physicians' practice organization found in the literature, we defined type of practice concept as the configuration of each physician's professional practice site To our knowledge, no other study reported in the literature has analyzed four service utilization indicators simultaneously to assess delivery of medical services. Results of our analyses show that there is a difference in service delivery based on type of practice. Some results are documented in the literature, especially as regards single-site type of practice. We will then present the relationships among indicators. Care continuity and comprehensiveness seem to be evolving in the same direction. Productivity and accessibility are also positively correlated. However, there is a certain tension between the former and the latter indicators. Only single-site types do not fit the indicators, as articulated in the state of current knowledge. No type of practice showed high levels for the four indicators. It is therefore necessary to work on combinations of practice types in the territories to offer the population the services required to reach all four care delivery objectives. Emerging types of practice (which attract young doctors) and those that are dying out (where the prevalence of older physicians is highest) are discussed in the next section. It should be noted that the types of practice that are vanishing address the population's health needs better than emerging types, in terms of indicators. In conclusion, this thesis presents three theoretical and three methodological contributions. The implications for future research and decision making point out that if no measures are implemented to reverse the trend, Quebec risks to see deficiencies in delivery of services in terms of continuity, comprehensiveness and accessibility.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Os objetivos dessa tese foram: Descrever os determinantes de acesso aserviços de saúde por idosos em uma perspectiva de gênero; Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados à não utilização de mamografia pela população feminina; Identificar os motivos para nunca ter realizado exame mamográfico e os fatores predisponentes, habilitadores e reforçadores associados com cada categoria de motivo, identificando o papel das características contextuais nesse processo. Foram elegíveis para estudo indivíduos com 60 ou mais anos de idade, residentes no município de Juiz de Fora que compareceram a um posto de vacinação do município no período da Campanha Nacional de Vacinação Contra Gripe de 2006. Os principais resultados mostraram perfil social e de saúde similar ao descrito para a população brasileira, Pior auto-avaliação da saúde, maior proporção de morbidade, mais uso de medicação e maior proporção e freqüência deconsultas médicas entre as mulheres. Foi observada prevalência de não utilização de mamografia de 27,9 por cento nessa população, associada à idade avançada, à baixa escolaridade, à ausência de relação conjugal e à não realização de consultas com ginecologista e de exame de Papanicolaou. As principais razões apontadas pelas mulheres para nunca terem se submetido ao exame mamográfico foram Não acha necessário fazer mamografia; Não ter recebido recomendação médica para fazer mamografia e Afetos negativos. / The objectives of this study were: To describe the determinants of access to health services for older people in a gender perspective; to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with non-use of mammography by women; to identify the reasons for never having been submitted to mammography and the predisposing, enablers and reinforcing factors associated to each category of reasons, and to identify the role of contextual characteristics in this process. Subjects with 60 or more years old, living in Juiz de For a and who attended a vaccination station in the city during the National Immunization Campaign Against Influenza of 2006 were eligible for study. The main results showed social and health profiles similar to that described for the Brazilian population. Women had poorer self-rated health, higher proportion of morbidity and use of medication and a higher proportion and frequency of medical visits compared to men. The prevalence of non-use of mammography in this population was 27,9%, and advanced age, poor education, lack of marital relationship, lack of Pap smear and no consultations with gynecologists were associated to a higher risk of non-use. The main reasons why women have never undergone mammography were "Having no need of a mammogram", "Not having received medical advice to have a mammogram" and “Having negative affects in relation to mammograms”.