Počátky vinařství v České republice. Vývoj vinařské legislativy. Rozšířené odrůdy révy vinné. Vinařské oblasti České republiky. Klasifikace o označování vín. Základní informace o stavu trhu vína v České republice. Současný český konzument vína. Potenciál pro rozvoj enoturistiky v České republice. Propagace vína a enoturistiky - podpůrné projekty. Výsledky výzkumného šetření zaměřeného na odhalení základních charakteristik spotřebního chování v oblasti konzumace vína a produktů spojených s nabídkou vína.

Since F. Riesz showed in 1909 that the dual of C[0, 1] is BV[0, 1] (the functions of bounded variation on [0, 1] with II g IIBV = V(g)) via the Stieltjes integral, obtaining representations for linear operators in various settings has been a problem of interest. This paper shows the historical manner of representations, the road map type theorems and representations obtained via the v-integral. (44 pages)

Im Rahmen der hier vorliegenden Arbeit konnten neue Erkenntnisse zur oxidativen, pH- und ATP-abhängigen Regulation der V-ATPase-Funktion in Mesophyllvakuolen von A. thaliana erarbeitet werden. Dazu wurden Patch-Clamp-Experimente an der vakuolären Protonen-ATPase durchgeführt, die eine elektrophysiologische Untersuchung der Protonentransporteigenschaften und deren Regulation ermöglichten. Zusätzlich gestattete die Anwendung von intrazellulären Mikroelektroden zusammen mit einem Fluoreszenz-Bildgebungsverfahren an intakten Wurzelrhizodermiszellen von A. thaliana Keimlingen die in vivo Untersuchung von vakuolären Membranleitfähigkeiten und deren Regulation durch cytosolisches Calcium. Durch die Patch-Clamp-Technik konnte die Spannungsabhängigkeit der V-ATPase bei verschiedenen luminalen pH-Werten erfasst werden. Mit Hilfe thermodynamischer Berechnungen konnte daraus eine Abnahme der Protonentransportrate pro hydrolysiertem ATP-Molekül bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der vakuolären Protonenkonzentration berechnet werden. Durch die Kombination verschiedener pH-Werte in Cytosol bzw. Vakuole und zusätzlich ansteigenden ATP-Konzentrationen konnten tiefere Einblicke in die pH-abhängige Regulation der V-ATPase-Aktivität erlangt werden. Es konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass eine Abweichung des vakuolären pH-Wertes wesentlich stärker auf die ATP-Bindungsaffinität und Transportkapazität des Enzyms wirkt, als Änderungen der Protonenkonzentration auf cytosolischer Seite. Daraus konnte abgeleitet werden, dass cytosolische bzw. luminale pH-Änderungen auf das gesamte Membran-durchquerende Enzym wirken und jeweils auf die andere Membranseite der V-ATPase weitergegeben werden. Zusätzlich wurden die in dieser Arbeit erhobenen Daten zur V-ATPase im Rahmen einer Zusammenarbeit von Prof. Dr. Ingo Dreyer (Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spanien) für die Erstellung eines mathematischen Modells genutzt. Es untermauert einen Rückkopplungsmechanismus der Protonenkonzentration auf die maximale Protonentransportrate (vmax) und die ATP-Affinität (Km) und schlägt eine pH-abhängige Dissoziation der Protonen von der V-ATPase, auch unter ungünstigen intrazellulären Bedingungen, vor. Die Ausweitung der Regulationsstudien unter Einbeziehung verschiedener Mutanten konnte in Zusammenarbeit mit Jun. Prof. Dr. Thorsten Seidel und Mitarbeitern (Universität Bielefeld, Deutschland) eine oxidative Inhibierung der V-ATPase-Aktivität durch den Wegfall von Disulfidbrücken innerhalb des Pumpproteins erfassen und mögliche Auswirkungen von Disulfidbindungen auf die Protonenkopplungsrate aufzeigen. Mit Hilfe von intrazellulären Mikroelektroden konnte im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass vakuoläre Leitfähigkeiten von Atrichoblasten in A. thaliana durch Stressfaktoren – verursacht durch den Einstich von intrazellulären Mikroelektroden – deutliche Veränderungen zeigen. Durch die Kombination der Zwei-Elektroden-Spannungsklemme mit einem Fluoreszenz-Bildgebungsverfahren konnte eine Methode zur simultanen Aufzeichnung von Calciumänderungen und elektrischen Membranleitfähigkeiten an Trichoblastenvakuolen entwickelt werden. Dadurch konnte in weiterführenden Untersuchungen in vivo nachgewiesen werden, dass ein transienter Anstieg der cytosolischen Calciumkonzentration zu einer reversiblen Zunahme der Ströme von vakuolären Membranleitfähigkeiten führt, deren unbekannter Ursprung allerdings bereits bekannten Transportproteinen noch zugeordnet werden muss. / This dissertation provides new insights into the oxidative, pH- and ATP-dependent regulation of the V-ATPase function in A. thaliana. For this purpose the proton transport and its regulation was examined electrophysiologically by patch-clamp experiments on mesophyll cells. Additionally intracellular microelectrodes combined with the application of fluorescence imaging on intact root epidermal cells of A. thaliana seedlings allowed investigation of vacuolar membrane conductance and their regulation via cytosolic calcium in vivo. The voltage dependency of the V-ATPase was recorded at various luminal pH values by the patch-clamp technique. Furthermore thermodynamic calculations showed a decrease of the proton transport rate per hydrolyzed ATP molecule due to an increase of the vacuolar proton concentration. Different cytosolic and vacuolar pH-values combined with increasing ATP-concentrations also provided deeper insights into the principles of the pH dependent regulation of the V-ATPase activity. Changes in the cytosolic and luminal pH values on either side of the membrane were found to affect the entire function of the enzyme and thus seem to be transferred to the other side within the V-ATPase. Additionally the data of this dissertation was used by Prof. Dr. Ingo Dreyer (University Politecnica, Madrid, Spain) in the context of cooperation to create a mathematic model. It confirms a feedback system of the proton concentration on the maximum proton transport rate (vmax) and the ATP binding affinity (Km). This model proposes a pH-dependent dissociation of the protons from the V-ATPase also under unfavorable intracellular conditions. Further examinations of the V-ATPase regulation with different mutants in collaboration with Jun. Prof. Dr. Thorsten Seidel and co-workers (University of Bielefeld, Germany) revealed oxidative inhibition of V-ATPase activity due to the removal of disulfide-bond formation within the pump protein. Additionally a possible effect of disulfide-bridge formation on proton coupling rate was shown. The intracellular microelectrode measurements on intact root cells in the second part demonstrate that changes in the vacuolar membrane conductance of A. thaliana atrichoblasts are related to stress factors caused by the impalement of the electrodes. Further studies by a new method combining the application of fluorescence imaging with the two-electrode voltage-clamp allowed recording of calcium changes and electric membrane conductance within trichoblasts simultaneously. As a result it could be shown that a transient rise of cytosolic calcium is linked to increasing currents of vacuolar membrane conductances in vivo. The unknown origin of these conductances however has to be dedicated to known transport proteins.

Background: The molecular and cellular mechanisms corresponding to the compensatory and maladaptive hypertrophy and remodeling of the left ventricle with chronic doxorubicin (DOX) treatment are currently unclear. Non-invasive methods of determining these changes are still deficient. To investigate these changes, 8 groups of rats in 4 different studies including a control saline group of the same age, gender and strain were evaluated for cardiac morphology and function including: (1) DOX dose response using a cumulative dose of 7.5mg/kg, and 15mg/kg in 8-10 week old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, (2) strain differences were investigated in response to a cumulative dose of 15mg/kg in 8-10 week old female Fisher (F344) rats compared to the SD rats treated with same dose, (3) the role of gender and aging were studied in response to DOX at a cumulative dose of 3mg/kg in male and female neonates, and (4) combined losartan and a cumulative dose of 15mg/kg of DOX in 8-10 week old female SD rats compared to controls of saline and 15mg/kg treated SD rats. Method: Onset of cardiac toxicity was assessed by echocardiography and the rat model of heart failure was developed when the fractional shortening declined ≤ 40%. The mean arterial pressure and single-photon-emission computer tomography scanning and Tc-99m-HYNIC-Annexin V were performed at week 10 to analyze blood pressure and quantify apoptosis, respectively. All rats were euthanized at week 10 except for the neonates and two of the 7.5mg/kg-treated SD rats that were left alive for study of long -term cardiac side effects. The heart and kidney tissues were harvested for protein isolation and histopathological studies. Blood samples were collected for hematological and lipid profile analysis in all the rats. Results: A dose- and time-dependent increase in LVmass coincided with a parallel increase in MAP, kidney damage, expression of myocardial erbB2, heat shock protein 90 Akt, mTOR, GSK-3β, TGF-β, pSMAD2, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in SD rats treated with 7.5mg/kg and 15mg/kg of DOX at week 10. The 7.5 kg/kg treatment showed adaptive hypertrophy whereas the 15mg/kg treatment group showed maladaptive hypertrophy. However decompensation was apparent by week 14 in other rats treated with 7.5mg/kg. LVmass, FS, MAP, kidney damage, red blood cells and blood lipid levels were not significantly altered in the F344 rats compared to the 15 mg/kg-treated SD rats. Losartan supplementation reduced the left ventricular hypertrophy, improved myocardial contractility, and reduced TGF-β expression compared to the DOX-treated SD rats. The 3mg/kg of DOX in neonates induced cardiac toxicity and deaths in about 60% of males 50 weeks after treatment; the females instead developed mammary tumors. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that age, gender, and strain differences are risks factors for doxorubicin-induced harmful reno-cardiovascular toxicity. The inhibition of TGF-β expression by losartan can be used in prevention of chronic doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity without interfering with its anti-tumor activities.

Le codage espace-temps est une technique qui permet d'exploiter de façon très efficace la diversité spatiale et temporelle présente dans certains systèmes de communication, dont le canal sans fil. Le principal avantage de cette technique est une très grande efficacité spectrale. Dans nos jours, où le canal radio-mobile est de plus en plus utilisé pour transmettre tout type d'information, les méthodes permettant une utilisation plus efficace du spectre électromagnétique ont une importance fondamentale. Les algorithmes de réception connus aujourd'hui sont très complexes, même en ce qui concerne les codes espace-temps les plus simples. Cette complexité reste l'un des obstacles principaux à l'exploitation commerciale de ces codes. Cette thèse présente une étude très détaillée de la complexité, la performance, et les aspects les plus intéressants du comportement des algorithmes de réception pour des codes espace-temps, étude qui présente un moyen rapide pour une éventuelle conception des architectures adaptées à ce problème. Parmi les sujets présentés dans cette thèse, une étude approfondie de la performance de ces algorithmes a été réalisée, ayant pour objectif d'avoir une connaisance suffisante pour pouvoir choisir, parmi le grand nombre d'algorithmes connus, le mieux adapté à chaque système particulier. Des améliorations aux algorithmes connus ont aussi été proposées et analysées.

We investigate conditions for the ergodicity of threshold autoregressive time series by embedding the time series in a general state Markov chain and apply a FosterLyapunov drift condition to demonstrate ergodicity of the Markov chain. We are particularly interested in demonstrating V uniform ergodicity where the test function V () is a function of a norm on the statespace. In this dissertation we provide conditions under which the general state space chain may be approximated by a simpler system, whether deterministic or stochastic, and provide conditions on the simpler system which imply V uniform ergodicity of the general state space Markov chain and thus the threshold autoregressive time series embedded in it. We also examine conditions under which the general state space chain may be classified as transient. Finally, in some cases we provide conditions under which central limit theorems will exist for the V uniformly ergodic general state space chain.

Ce travail a pour objectif de circonscrire, dans l'oeuvre de V.S. Naipaul, une image chère à celui-ci: le home. Nous voulons mettre en valeur l'ambiguité de cette image chez celui-ci. En effet, elle désigne, dans l'oeuvre, tantôt un espace propre et vital, sans lequel le sujet ne serait pas en mesure de « tenir » face aux épreuves du réel, tantôt un lieu imaginaire et factice, symptomatique d'une personnalité schizoïde. Nous respectons dans ce travail l'ambivalence avec laquelle est « traitée » l'image du home. Il s'agira de ne pas négliger l'une ou l'autre des significations que prend alternativement celle-ci. Dans un premier temps, nous établissons un lien entre l'image du home chez Naipaul, et la notion de lieu (place) dans la théorie contemporaine anglo-saxonne. Les auteurs auxquels nous référons interrogent les diverses acceptions que peut prendre le terme de « lieu » en fonction des situations historiques. C'est la valeur de « retraite » accordée au lieu qui retient particulièrement notre attention. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous mettons à profit les oeuvres de Gaston Bachelard et d'Emmanuel Levinas, qui tous deux ont tenté d'atteindre aux « fondements » de l'habiter. Nous tentons de saisir en quoi leurs réflexions se distinguent nettement de celles des auteurs étudiés dans la première partie. Bachelard et Levinas, grosso modo, ont eu tendance à faire l'apologie du lieu entendu comme « retraite ». Celle-ci, chez ces auteurs, est une condition insigne de l'existence. Nous faisons contraster cette apologie avec quelques romans de Naipaul dans lesquels le home figure avant tout, pour les narrateurs, un objet de détestation. La raison en est simple: chez Naipaul, les narrateurs n'ont le plus souvent pas de maison. Le home devient alors un objet de frustration. Enfin, nous soulignons une certaine tendance, chez l'auteur, à employer le langage clinique lorsqu'il s'agit du home. L'image du « lieu de retraite » est souvent, dans l'oeuvre, traitée comme une formation défensive du sujet. Le home prend ainsi place dans une théorie des défenses, que Naipaul élabore lors de ses voyages en Inde. La « retraite » prend une connotation nettement clinique qui se rapproche de la dissociation. Nous explorons ce que nous appelons la « métaphore clinique » des reportages sur l'Inde. Pour finir, nous montrons que cette « métaphore clinique » est peu à peu abandonnée par l'auteur, qui admet que le home peut être le signe d'une créativité, et non seulement d'une défense.

In this thesis, the dimension effects and reliabilities of the p-channel poly-Si TFTs for AMOLED are successfully characterized. We have measured and compared the electrical behaviors of devices to study dimension and temperature effects in this experiment. The influences on the narrow channel width effects are also discussed and explained. It is found that the devices with narrow channel width, exhibit promotional turn-on current and smaller threshold voltage. In addition, the stress effects in p-channel poly-silicon thin-film transistors are investigated and characterized with various applied voltages. The stress effects are clearly analyzed by different methods, such as activation energy of leakage current, changing the definition of source and drain for Vg-Id curve, and C-V measurements. Finally, a physical model was proposed to well explain the results we observed.

This research is related to the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE ) to grow GaSb . The fabrication of GaSb/InGaSb strained quantum well and superlattice structures are used for photodetection . They are carefully investigated to obtain high quality of GaSb films. The growth mechanisms related to the major factors of (1) Subtrate temperature (2) Beam flux ratio(V/III). The properties of GaSb epilayers are characterized by different methods such as the X-ray diffraction , I-V curve and Raman spectra . The optimum growth conditions 500¢J of substrate temperature and the V/III flux ratio about 2~3 have been obtained. On the basis of structure, the best growth conditions is identified by the peak intensity and FWHM related to the quality of the GaSb films by the X-ray diffraction. On the basis of electrical property, the best growth conditions is identified by the lowest leakage current for the p-n junction related to the quality of the GaSb films by the I-V curve. On the basis of optical property, the best growth conditions is identified by the LO mode phonon intensity related to the quality of the GaSb films by the Raman spectra. Based on the GaSb growth studied here, the study will be focused in the quantum well and quantum dot laser devices furtherly by us.

In the generation of deep submicron semiconductor fabrication¡Atransmission delay is primarily caused by the parasitic resistance and capacitance (RC) in the multilevel interconnects. Besides¡Aelectromigration is also a serious issue for the reliability of devices . There are two principle methods of reducing the RC delay. The first method is to replace the Al wires with Cu interconnects which supply lower resistivity and high resistance to electromigration. The second method is to use a lower dielectric constant material as the inter-metal dielectric. But in Copper metallization¡Athe key issue of this technology is the formation of a thin barrier layer for Cu on the surface of the SiC film to prevent the absorption of water and diffusion of Cu. In this study¡Awe employed films SiC base compounds to investigate their chemical bonds, I-V characteristics comparisons with Al and Cu gate. On the other hand, because of serious C-V hysteretic phenomena, we try to analyze and build up models. There five models is reasonable for our experiment: (1) mobile ions, (2) dielectric polarization, (3) carrier injection, (4) gate-electrons injection, and (5) bound charges. They happens in different materials and structures.