Twenty--one morphological characters were measured in shrews from four islands in the Columbia River and from the adjacent Oregon and Washington shores. Information on the history and characteristics of the river islands was gathered to facilitate interpretation of the shrew’s morphology data. Significant differences between character means of different populations were detected and average taxonomic distances between pairs of populations were calculated. The Columbia River is an incomplete barrier to gene flow, but its influence has been sufficient to allow divergence of island populations. Natural selection on the small gene pools of island populations has probably contributed to the divergence. Shrews most likely reached the islands from the mainlands by rafting on floating vegetation and debris. Morphometric comparison of island populations seems to provide a more sensitive indication of restricted gene flow than similar comparison of opposite mainland populations.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1988. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Herve Varenne. Dissertation Committee: Paul Byers. Bibliography: leaves 112-115.

Virtual machines are often considered more secure than regular machines due to the abstraction from the hardware layer. Abstraction does provide some extra security benefits, but many vulnerabilities that exist on a regular machine still exist on virtual machines. Moreover, the sheer amount of virtual machines that are running on many systems makes it difficult to analyse potential vulnerabilities. Vagrant is a management tool for virtual machines packaged in what is called boxes. There are currently no way to automatically scan these Vagrant boxes for vulnerabilities or insecure configurations to determine whether or not they are secure. Therefore we want to establish a method to detect the vulnerabilities of these boxes automatically without launching the box or executing code. There are two main parts in the method used to investigate the boxes. First there is the base box scanning. A base box is an image of which the final box is built upon. This base box is launched, a list of packages is extracted, and the information is then sent to a vulnerability scanner. There is also the analysis of the Vagrantfile. The Vagrantfile is the file that is used to ready the base box with needed software and configurations. The configuration file is written in Ruby and in order to extract information from this file a static code analysis is performed. The result for each box scanned is a list of all the vulnerabilities present on the base box as well as security configurations like SSH settings and shared folders that is retrieved from the Vagrantfile. The results are not completely accurate because the base box is used for the scan, rather than the box itself. Some of the configurations in the Vagrantfiles could not be retrieved because it required code execution or support for configurations done in by other means, like bash. The method does however provide a good indication of how many vulnerabilities a given box possesses.

Software projects can nowadays have complex infrastructures behind them, in the form of libraries and various other dependencies which need to be installed on the machines they are being developed on. Setting up this infrastructure on a new machine manually can be a tedious process prone to errors. This can be avoided by automating the process using a software provisioning tool, which can automatically transfer infrastructure between machines based on instructions which can be version controlled in similar ways as the source code. Docker and Vagrant are two tools which can achieve this. Docker encapsulates projects into containers, while Vagrant handles automatic setup of virtual machines. This study compares Docker and Vagrant regarding their performance for machine level provisioning, both when setting up an infrastructure for the first time on a new machine, as well as when implementing a change in the infrastructure configuration. This was done by provisioning a project using both tools, and performing experiments measuring the time taken for each tool to perform the tasks. The results of the experiments were analyzed, and showed that Docker performed significantly better than Vagrant in both tests. However, due to limitations of the study, this cannot be assumed to be true for all use cases and scenarios, and performance is not the only factor to consider when choosing a provisioning tool. According to the data collected in this study, Docker is thereby the recommended tool to choose, but more research is needed to determine whether other test cases yield different results. / Moderna mjukvaruprojekt kan ha en komplex infrastruktur bakom sig, i form av bibliotek och andra beroenden som måste installeras på utvecklarmaskiner. Att konfigurera denna infrastruktur på en ny maskin manuellt kan vara en tidskrävande process, som även kan leda till en ofullständigt eller felaktigt konfigurerad lösning. Detta kan undvikas genom att automatisera processen med hjälp av provisioneringsverktyg, som automatiskt kan överföra infrastrukturer mellan maskiner baserat på instruktioner som kan versionshanteras på liknande sätt som källkoden. Docker och Vagrant är två verktyg som kan användas till detta ändamål. Docker kapslar in projektet i containers, medan Vagrant hanterar automatisk konfiguration av virtuella maskiner. Denna studie jämför Docker och Vagrant avseende deras prestanda för mjukvaruprovisionering på maskinnivå, både när det kommer till en förstagångsinstallation av infrastrukturen på en ny maskin, och även implementering av en ändring i konfigurationen av infrastrukturen. Denna jämförelse gjordes genom att implementera båda lösningarna, och sedan utföra experiment för att mäta tidsåtgången för båda verktygen att lösa de två uppgifterna. Resultaten av experimenten analyserades, och visade att Docker presterade bättre än Vagrant i båda tester. På grund av begränsningar i studien kan detta inte antas vara sant för alla användningsområden och scenarier, och prestanda är inte den enda faktorn att ha i åtanke när ett provisioneringsverktyg ska väljas. Baserat på datan insamlad i denna studie är Docker därmed verktyget som rekommenderas, men mer forskning krävs för att avgöra om andra testområden ger andra resultat.

This paper investigates the social standing of båtsmän – Swedish navy seamen in the allotment system – who participated in the naval war against Russia in 1788–1790. The study examines the socioeconomic attainment and the social mobility among båtsmän recruited from two towns, Söderhamn and Hudiksvall. The main purpose of the study is to compare the image of the båtsmän presented by both representatives of the town council in Gävle (magistraten) and admiral Carl August Ehrenswärd, with the actual social position of the båtsmän from Söderhamn and Hudiksvall during the war 1788–1790. A number of sources are used. Achival records from the navy and the parishes are used to track the båtsmän and define their civilian social position before and after the war. The method is a demographic study based on family reconstruction. A comparison of the social structure of the båtsmän and the social structure of their parent generation is conducted, in order to discover any social mobility. A comparison between the inborn townsmen, the migrators born in the county, and the migrators born outside the county limit, is also conducted to detect any relationship between migration and social position. To answer the overarching question, why båtsmän are described as peasants and vagabonds by authorities, archival records from the parishes, the Office of the Chancellor of Justice, and the Krigskollegiet are used. The method is close reading of the documents, with a theoretical perspective based on Foucault’s theories of power and discipline The results of the study show a mismatch between the image presented by the authorities, and the social structure among the båtsmän. The majority of the 45 båtsmän had employment in the towns before they where enrolled. One third of the båtsmän where sailors before the war, a fact not noted in the General munster roll for 1788. There where also a number of manual workers and craftsmen, as well as some members of the bourgeoisie, who were enrolled. In this study, the social mobility between the båtsmän and the prior generation is strong. Half of a cohort of 35 båtsmän had a lower social position in comparison to their fathers, at the time of the war. Peasant’s sons with temporary jobs in towns were a clear example of social decline. The båtsmän that survived the war did not improve their occupational position when they returned to their civilian lives. Participating in the great victory at sea – the battle of Svensksund – 1790 did not benefit the båtsmän's occupational position. The image of the båtsmän as peasants and vagrants is based on the words of the navy and the bourgoise that has survived in the archives. It is the words of those in power, using the label of vagrancy as a tool to solve problems. This image represents a power structure and the struggle for power.

Este trabalho trata das formas de controle e uso dos vadios e da percepção da vadiagem como um mal social na capitania de São Paulo no século XVIII. O trabalho é realizado através da análise dos Documentos interessantes para a história e costumes de São Paulo, das Atas da Câmara da Cidade de São Paulo e da Lei de Polícia, que abordam a administração do governador e capitão-general Dom Luís Antônio de Sousa Botelho Mourão, conhecido como Morgado de Mateus, durante o período de 1765 a 1775. Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa as medidas executadas pelo governador, instruído pelos preceitos do Conde de Oeiras, futuro Marquês de Pombal, que visavam fomentar a economia através da lavoura mercantil e organizar a defesa militar utilizando a mão de obra dos vadios. Todas essas medidas foram inseridas na restaurada capitania de São Paulo a partir ano de 1765, depois de submetida ao governador de Santos, sem patente de capitão-general, e sob o mando militar do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa tem como proposta seguir novos trabalhos da historiografia brasileira a respeito de São Paulo no século XVIII, afastando a imagem corrente de que a capitania de São Paulo teria sido uma capitania extremamente atrasada, pobre, vazia, sem fé, lei ou Rei, inserindo a perspectiva de Ilana Blaj, que demonstra como foi realizado o processo de mercantilizarão da capitania no século XVII, assim como as de Caio Prado Jr. (Formação do Brasil contemporâneo), Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (Caminhos e fronteiras e Monções) e historiadores como Maria Luiza Marcílio e Heloísa Liberalli Bellotto, que inserem na discussão os diferentes modos pelos quais o governo atuou no processo de civilização dos moradores da capitania. Outro elemento da pesquisa é a investigação sobre os homens livres pobres no Setecentos, os quais buscavam espaço para sobreviver em seus respectivos cotidianos. O vadio é um sujeito que não possui ofício. Está inserido em uma sociedade que compreende o trabalho como coisa de escravo, desencorajando o homem branco pobre a trabalhar, por temer ser comparado a um escravo. / This work deals with the forms of control and use of the \"vagrants\" and the perception of \"vagrancy\" as a social evil in the 18th century São Paulo captaincy. The research was carried out by analyzing the \"Documentos Interessantes para a História e Costumes de São Paulo\", the \"Atas da Camara da cidade de São Paulo\" and the Lei de Policia\", which deal with the administration of the Governor and Captain- General Dom Luis Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão, known as Morgado de Mateus, during the period from 1765 to 1775. This master\'s dissertation analyzes the measures implemented by the governor, instructed by the precepts of the Conde de Oeiras, future Marquis of Pombal, that aimed to foment the economy through the mercantile crop and to organize the military defense using the labor of the stray. All these measures were inserted in the restored captaincy of São Paulo from 1765, after being submitted to the governor of Santos, without the rank of captain-general, and under the military command of Rio de Janeiro. The research intends to follow new works of Brazilian historiography about São Paulo in the eighteenth century, removing the current image that the São Paulo captaincy would have been an extremely backward, poor, empty, without faith, law or King capitania, inserting the perspective of Ilana Blaj, who demonstrates how the process of merchandising of the captaincy in the seventeenth century, as well as those of Caio Prado Jr., Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and historians like Maria Luiiza Marcilio and Heloísa Liberalli Bellotto, who insert in the discussion the different ways in which the government acted in the process of civilization of the inhabitants of the captaincy. Another element of the research is the research on the poor free men in the Seventy, who sought space to survive in their respective daily lives. The \"vagrant\" is a guy who has no trade. It is embedded in a society that understands work as a slave thing, discouraging the poor white man from working, for fear of being compared to a slave.

Este trabalho trata das formas de controle e uso dos vadios e da percepção da vadiagem como um mal social na capitania de São Paulo no século XVIII. O trabalho é realizado através da análise dos Documentos interessantes para a história e costumes de São Paulo, das Atas da Câmara da Cidade de São Paulo e da Lei de Polícia, que abordam a administração do governador e capitão-general Dom Luís Antônio de Sousa Botelho Mourão, conhecido como Morgado de Mateus, durante o período de 1765 a 1775. Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa as medidas executadas pelo governador, instruído pelos preceitos do Conde de Oeiras, futuro Marquês de Pombal, que visavam fomentar a economia através da lavoura mercantil e organizar a defesa militar utilizando a mão de obra dos vadios. Todas essas medidas foram inseridas na restaurada capitania de São Paulo a partir ano de 1765, depois de submetida ao governador de Santos, sem patente de capitão-general, e sob o mando militar do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa tem como proposta seguir novos trabalhos da historiografia brasileira a respeito de São Paulo no século XVIII, afastando a imagem corrente de que a capitania de São Paulo teria sido uma capitania extremamente atrasada, pobre, vazia, sem fé, lei ou Rei, inserindo a perspectiva de Ilana Blaj, que demonstra como foi realizado o processo de mercantilizarão da capitania no século XVII, assim como as de Caio Prado Jr. (Formação do Brasil contemporâneo), Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (Caminhos e fronteiras e Monções) e historiadores como Maria Luiza Marcílio e Heloísa Liberalli Bellotto, que inserem na discussão os diferentes modos pelos quais o governo atuou no processo de civilização dos moradores da capitania. Outro elemento da pesquisa é a investigação sobre os homens livres pobres no Setecentos, os quais buscavam espaço para sobreviver em seus respectivos cotidianos. O vadio é um sujeito que não possui ofício. Está inserido em uma sociedade que compreende o trabalho como coisa de escravo, desencorajando o homem branco pobre a trabalhar, por temer ser comparado a um escravo. / This work deals with the forms of control and use of the \"vagrants\" and the perception of \"vagrancy\" as a social evil in the 18th century São Paulo captaincy. The research was carried out by analyzing the \"Documentos Interessantes para a História e Costumes de São Paulo\", the \"Atas da Camara da cidade de São Paulo\" and the Lei de Policia\", which deal with the administration of the Governor and Captain- General Dom Luis Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão, known as Morgado de Mateus, during the period from 1765 to 1775. This master\'s dissertation analyzes the measures implemented by the governor, instructed by the precepts of the Conde de Oeiras, future Marquis of Pombal, that aimed to foment the economy through the mercantile crop and to organize the military defense using the labor of the stray. All these measures were inserted in the restored captaincy of São Paulo from 1765, after being submitted to the governor of Santos, without the rank of captain-general, and under the military command of Rio de Janeiro. The research intends to follow new works of Brazilian historiography about São Paulo in the eighteenth century, removing the current image that the São Paulo captaincy would have been an extremely backward, poor, empty, without faith, law or King capitania, inserting the perspective of Ilana Blaj, who demonstrates how the process of merchandising of the captaincy in the seventeenth century, as well as those of Caio Prado Jr., Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and historians like Maria Luiiza Marcilio and Heloísa Liberalli Bellotto, who insert in the discussion the different ways in which the government acted in the process of civilization of the inhabitants of the captaincy. Another element of the research is the research on the poor free men in the Seventy, who sought space to survive in their respective daily lives. The \"vagrant\" is a guy who has no trade. It is embedded in a society that understands work as a slave thing, discouraging the poor white man from working, for fear of being compared to a slave.

This work describes the virtualization process, virtualization tools and virtualization automation. The work also deals with the description of energy infrastructure, KYPO cyber range platform and DLMS/COSEM protocol used in energy. The practical part deals with the virtualization of energy infrastructure using OpenStack and KYPO cyber range platforms. A virtual environment was created using Vagrant application. The OpenStack and KYPO cyber range platforms were subsequently installed in this environment. Next, a sandbox definition was created. The sandbox definition creates a scenario with an energy infrastructure using KYPO platform. The functionality of the energy infrastructure was verified using the Gurux DLMS library.

Accurate species delimitation has critical implications for ecological and conservation studies; and for understanding factors driving diversification. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that morphology-based species circumspection in lichenized ascomycetes often fails to accurately represent the number of fungal species. The use of molecular data in lichen systematics provides an important alternative to traditional morphological characters for identifying natural groups and assessing evolutionary histories in challenging lichen taxa. In this work, I examined two common lichen-forming genera in western North America, Rhizoplaca and Xanthoparmelia, as models for investigating character evolution, species delimitation in morphologically and chemically diverse species, and identification of lineages in the early stages of divergence. Phylogenetic hypotheses were reconstructed to assess character evolution using sequence data from four nuclear ribosomal markers and fragments from two nuclear loci. I applied a multifaceted approach to delimit species in Rhizoplaca and Xanthoparmelia by assembling multiple lines of evidence using DNA sequence data, and genealogical and population genetic analyses. I have found that traditionally circumscribed species are not supported by molecular data. For example, in Rhizoplaca previously unrecognized lineages were identified within what has thus far been considered a single species. In contrast, morphologically and chemically distinct species within Xanthoparmelia were not supported by molecular data. Distinct medullary chemistries, growth forms, and the production of vegetative diaspores appear to have evolved independently multiple times in Xanthoparmelia. This work clearly indicates that morphological and chemical characters do not always accurately reflect lichen species diversity within even the best known and studied genera. My study of the Rhizoplaca melanophthalma species complex demonstrates that the genus Rhizoplaca, as presently circumscribed, is more diverse in western North American than previously thought. I present these analyses as a working example of species delimitation in morphologically cryptic lichenized fungi. In Xanthoparmelia diagnostic morphological and chemical characters have evolved in a highly homoplasious manner. In contrast to other studies documenting previously undiscovered fungal lineages masked within lichen species circumscribed by traditional morphological and chemical characters, my work suggests that species diversity has been overestimated in the lichen genus Xanthoparmelia.

The aim of this investigation was threefold : to determine origins and perceptions of the street child problem nationally and internationally ; to explore the way in which children experience life in the streets ; and to devise strategies to enable these children to develop optimally. Literature indicates that the street child phenomenon is a global issue that presents many challenges. It is a socio-educational problem precipitated by multi-factorial events in the home, community and by children's personality attributes. Street children experience rejection, suffering, shame and anxiety. Deprivation of an environment conducive to positive development leads to maladjustment, anti-social behaviour and marginalisation. The empirical research was undertaken by means of semi-structured interviews conducted among fourteen children of the Khayalethu shelter and by administering questionnaires in the community of Port Shepstone. The findings culminate in recommendations for suitable assistance programmes and strategies to handle the problem in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Socio-Education)