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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
861

Simulação de desempenho de usinas térmicas operando em ciclo combinado

Heitor Augusto da Silva Mattos 24 November 2015 (has links)
Um sistema de controle consiste em subsistemas e processos (ou plantas) reunidos com a finalidade de obter um resultado desejado com o desempenho desejado, tendo um determinado valor de entrada. Quando aplicado em turbinas a gás o sistema de controle deve ser robusto suficiente para considerar a dinâmica transitória da máquina e fazer com que a mesma opere dentro de seus limites e com máximo desempenho possível. A modelagem feita neste trabalho considera modelos de turbina a gás, caldeira de recuperação de calor e turbina a vapor e foram implementados primeiramente de forma isolada e, em seguida, conectados, fazendo sua operação a simulação exata do ciclo combinado. Toda a modelagem foi feita utilizando a ferramenta Simulink do Matlab e seus valores de ajustes, ganhos, limites, etc foram obtidos a partir de uma central térmica em operação. Durante o desenvolvimento deste modelo varias adaptações relativas a particularidades da central térmica foram feitas de forma tal que o modelo represente fidedignamente a condição real de operação. Os resultados gerados pelas modelagens e simulações foram submetidos a uma análise de desempenho comparando-se com dados reais de operação obtidos. Essa análise levou em conta robustez, tempo de resposta, análise transitória, análise estática e confiabilidade do modelo proposto. Com o resultado da análise de desempenho foi possível validar o modelo proposto e sugerir avanços futuros para continuação deste trabalho.
862

Catalisador de Níquel Suportado em Céria Dopada com as Terras Raras Gd, Sm e Nd para Reforma a Vapor de Etanol / Nickel Catalyst Supported in Ceria Doped with Rare Earths Gd, Sm and Nd for Ethanol Steam Reforming

Ferreira, Gabriella Ribeiro 13 April 2018 (has links)
O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para produção de combustíveis é assunto de vital importância, principalmente quando se trata de combustíveis de fontes limpas e renováveis. Nesse aspecto, surge o hidrogênio (H2), tecnologia limpa, vindo de fontes renováveis, como o etanol. Para a obtenção do H2 a partir do etanol, destaca-se a reforma a vapor. No entanto, a reforma a vapor apresenta alguns desafios como maximização da conversão e seletividade em H2, além da minimização na formação de carbono e dos seus precursores (acetaldeído e acetona), uma vez que a formação de carbono pode levar a perda da atividade do catalisador. Nesse contenxto, a ideia deste trabalho é desenvolver catalisadore a base de níquel (Ni) suportados em céria (CeO2) dopados com os lantanídeos gadolínio (Gd), samario (Sm) e neodímio (Nd) para aplicação na reforma a vapor do etanol de modo a aumentar a conversão do etanol e a seletividade em H2, bem como minimizar a formação de carbono e de seus percursores. Para isso, fixou-se o teor de Ni em 5% e variou-se os teores do dopantes em 1%, 5% e 10%, também sintetizou-se o catalisador sem presença de dopante para comparação. A partir desses catalisadores, fez-se a caracterização e os testes catalíticos a 400, 500 e 600 °C. Percebeu-se a formação de solução sólida para todos os dopantes (Gd, Sm e Nd), por meio da expansão dos parâmetros de rede, na qual a expansão de rede aumentou com o aumento do teor de dopante e com o aumento do raio iônico do dopante. A adição de 1% de dopante para os catalisadores dopados com Sm e Nd levaram a um aumento significativo da área superficial, bem como a diminuição do tamanho do cristalito do suporte. A temperatura de reação na qual se observa os melhores resultados catalíticos é a 600 °C de modo que houve uma conversão máxima de etanol, seletividades em H2 acima de 2,80 molprod.molEtOHconv-1 e minimização na formação de espécies líquidas como a acetona e acetaldeído, bem como na formação de coque. A conversão do etanol nessa temperatura foi similar para todos os catalisadores, mas os catalisadores 5Ni_5GdCeO2 e 5Ni_5NdCeO2 apresentaram a maior seletividade a H2. No entanto, os catalisadores com a presença de Nd apresentaram as menores taxas de formação de coque. / The development of new technologies for fuel production is a vital issue, especially clean and renewable fuels. In this apect, hydrogen (H2), a clean technology, is highlighted when it comes from renewable sources, such as ethanol. To obtain H2 from ethanol, the steam reform is pointed out. However, steam reforming presents some challenges, such as maximizing conversion and H2 selectivity, as well as minimizing the formation of carbon and its precursors (acetaldehyde and acetone), since carbon formation can lead to catalytic activity loss. In this context, the idea of this work is the development of nickel (Ni) based catalysts supported in ceria (CeO2), doped with the lanthanides gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm) and neodymium (Nd), for ethanol steam reforming application in order to increase ethanol conversion and H2 selectivity, as well as to minimize the formation of carbon and its precursors. For this, the Ni content was set at 5% and the dopant contents varied in 1%, 5% and 10%, the catalyst was also synthesized without presence of dopant for comparison. From these catalysts, the characterization and the catalytic tests were carried out at 400, 500 and 600 °C. The formation of a solid solution for all dopants (Gd, Sm and Nd) was observed by means of the network parameters expansion , in which the network expansion increased with increasing dopant content and with increasing dopant ionic radius. The addition of 1% dopant, to the Sm and Nd doped catalysts, led to a significant increase in surface area as well as a decrease in the support crystallite size. The reaction temperature at which the best catalytic results are observed is at 600 °C, so that there was a maximum conversion of ethanol, H2 selectivity 2.80 molprod.molEtOHconv-1, and minimization of liquid species formation, such as acetone and acetaldehyde, as well as the coke formation. Ethanol conversion at this temperature was similar for all catalysts, but the catalysts 5Ni_5GdCeO2 and 5Ni_5NdCeO2 showed the highest selectivity to H2. However, the catalysts with the presence of Nd presented the lowest rates of coke formation.
863

Estudo do efeito do suporte em catalisadores de Cobalto e Níquel para obtenção de Hidrogênio a partir da reforma a vapor do etanol / Effect study of the support in nickel and cobalt catalysts to obtaining hydrogen from ethanol steam reforming

Silva, Sirlane Gomes da 21 February 2013 (has links)
Uma variedade de suportes de óxidos metálicos em catalisadores foram sintetizados visando sua utilização na reforma a vapor do etanol para produção de uma mistura rica em hidrogênio para ser empregado nas células a combustível. Os catalisadores foram preparados pelos métodos da coprecipitação e geleificação interna, utilizando cobalto e níquel como metais ativos suportados em óxidos de alumínio, zircônio, lantânio e cério. Após preparados e calcinados a uma temperatura de 550ºC os sólidos foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas de análises tais como, difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), adsorção de nitrogênio (método B.E.T.), temperatura de redução programada em H2 (TRP-H2) e análise termogravimétrica. Os testes catalíticos foram realizados em um reator monolítico de quartzo onde foram variadas as condições termodinâmicas da reforma a vapor do etanol nas temperaturas de operação entre 500ºC e 800ºC. O gás de síntese obtido na reforma a vapor do etanol foi analisado on-line por um cromatógrafo a gás. O catalisador cobalto/níquel suportado em uma mistura de céria e lantânia (Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2La2O3) apresentou bom desempenho catalítico com seletividade em hidrogênio, alcançando uma concentração superior a 65%, quando comparado aos outros sistemas catalíticos como: Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2; Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2ZrO2; Co10% / Ni5% - ZrO2; Co10% / Ni5% - La2O3; Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2La2O3/K2%; Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2La2O3 / Na2%; Ni10% / Co5% - CeO2La2O3; Co-Al2O3 e Co-Al2O3CeO2. / A range of oxide-supported metal catalysts have been investigated for the steam reforming of ethanol for the production of hydrogen and subsequent application in fuel cells. The catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation and internal gelification methods using cobalt and nickel as active metals supported on aluminum, zirconium, lanthanum and cerium oxides. After prepared and calcined at 550 Cº the solids were fully characterized by different techniques such as X-rays diffraction(DRX), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption (B.E.T), temperature-programmed reduction in H2 (TPR-H2) and thermogravimetric analysis. The catalytic tests were performed in a monolithic quartz reactor and submitted to different thermodynamic conditions of steam reforming of ethanol at temperatures varying from 500º C to 800 ºC. The product gas streams from the reactor were analyzed by an on-line gas cromatograph. The cobalt/nickel catalyst supported on a ceria-lanthania mixture (Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2La2O3) showed good catalytic performance in hydrogen selectivity reaching a concentration greater than 65%, when compared to other catalytic systems such as: Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2; Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2ZrO2; Co10% / Ni5% - ZrO2; Co10% / Ni5% - La2O3; Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2La2O3/K2%; Co10% / Ni5% - CeO2La2O3 / Na2%; Ni10% / Co5% - CeO2La2O3; Co-Al2O3 e Co-Al2O3CeO2.
864

Uma contribuição à história dos transportes no Brasil: a companhia baiana de navegação a vapor (1839-1894) / Brazil´s transport history: a Companhia Bahiana de Navegação a Vapor (1839-1894)

Sampaio, Marcos Guedes Vaz 11 August 2006 (has links)
A Companhia Bahiana de Navegação a Vapor foi uma das empresas mais importantes do setor da navegação a vapor no Brasil do século XIX. O seu serviço foi realizado nas Províncias da Bahia, Sergipe e Alagoas e, através de seus vapores foram transportadas grande parte das pessoas e mercadorias de toda essa região. Vivenciou momentos de prosperidade, mas, no decorrer de sua trajetória, foram maiores os momentos de dificuldades. A situação econômica desfavorável da Província da Bahia e a má administração da maioria dos seus gestores foram os principais fatores das crises pelas quais passou. Contribuiu para dinamizar a economia da região, principalmente nas localidades onde ainda era muito incipiente. Não resistiu, entretanto, aos equívocos de seus dirigentes e aos constantes problemas econômicos dos cenários regional e nacional, sendo vendida ao Lloyd Brasileiro / The Bahia Steam Navigation Company was one of the most important companies of the steam navigation sector in Brazil during the nineteenth century. It worked in the Provinces of Bahia, Sergipe and Alagoas. Your boats carried the biggest part of the people and the products that belonged to this region. The Bahian Company had a few moments of prosperity, but in your history, the most was difficult moments. The unfavorable economic situation about the Province of Bahia and the bad administration by the managers of the company it was the principal reasons for the periods of crisis. Nevertheless the company contributed for the dynamic about the economy of the region. The predominant unfavorable periods and the several mistakes by the managers takes the company to be sold for the Brazilian Lloyd
865

Influência do suporte em catalisadores de Ni aplicados à reforma a vapor do ácido acético / Influence of support on Ni catalysts applied to acetic acid steam reforming

Cordeiro, Luciano 18 July 2016 (has links)
O hidrogênio é considerado uma das principais alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis. Dentre os processos para sua produção, a reforma a vapor do bio-óleo é uma das mais promissoras. Sendo o ácido acético um dos componentes majoritários do bio-óleo, ele vem sendo usado como molécula modelo na reforma a vapor. Porém, problemas como baixo desempenho catalítico e formação de coque ainda precisam ser contornados. Nesse sentido, o suporte utilizado tem um papel importante. No entanto, ainda não foi esclarecido quais propriedades do suporte contribuem mais para a eficiência catalítica. Neste trabalho, a reforma a vapor do ácido acético foi avaliada sobre catalisadores de níquel. Foram utilizados catalisadores constituídos de Ni0 ancorado em suportes com diferentes propriedades (MgO, ZrO2, TiO2 e Al2O3). A área superficial do suporte e a forte interação Ni-suporte foram fundamentais para a dispersão metálica dos catalisadores. A dispersão metálica e capacidade do suporte ativar a molécula de H2O foram as propriedades que aparentemente mais influenciaram no desempenho catalítico. Para as reações realizadas a 500 °C, a conversão do ácido acético, seletividade para H2 e formação de coque foram basicamente influenciadas pela dispersão metálica. Nas reações realizadas a 600 °C, a formação de coque foi menor para os catalisadores com maior dispersão metálica. A conversão do ácido acético e seletividade para H2 a 600 °C foram influenciadas pela dispersão metálica dos catalisadores, mas aparentemente a capacidade do suporte ativar a molécula de H2O foi o que mais contribui. O catalisador 10Ni/Al2O3 apresentou a maior dispersão metálica e em reações a 500 °C isso levou a uma alta conversão e alta seletividade para H2 com baixa formação de coque. O catalisador 10Ni/MgO apresentou desempenho regular em ambas as temperaturas. Já o catalisador 10Ni/TiO2 teve o pior desempenho independente da temperatura, devido à baixa dispersão metálica. Apesar da alta formação de coque devido à dispersão metálica relativamente baixa, o catalisador 10Ni/ZrO2 exibiu alta conversão e foi o mais seletivo para H2 a 600 °C, provavelmente pela capacidade do ZrO2 ativar a molécula de H2O. / Hydrogen (H2) is considered one of major alternatives to fossil fuels. Among the processes for H2 production, steam reforming of bio-oil is one of the most promising. As acetic acid is present in large amounts in bio-oil, it is used as model molecule in steam reforming reactions. However, problems such as low catalytic performance and coke formation yet need to be solved. In this sense, supports used display important role. However, it is not clear what support characteristics contribute more to catalytic properties. Here, acetic acid steam reforming was carried out over Ni catalysts. It were used catalysts consisting by Ni0 anchored in supports with different properties (MgO, ZrO2, TiO2 and Al2O3). Surface area of support and strong Ni-support interaction were key to metal dispersion of catalysts. Metal dispersion and the capacity of support to activate H2O molecule were apparently the properties that more influence the catalytic performance. For reactions carried out at 500 °C acetic acid conversion, H2 selectivity and coke formation were primarily influenced by metal dispersion. In reactions performed at 600 °C coke formation was lower for catalysts with higher metal dispersion. Acetic acid conversion and H2 selectivity at 600 °C were influenced by metal dispersion of catalysts, but apparently the ability of support to activate H2O molecule was the most important. 10Ni/Al2O3 showed higher metal dispersion and at 500 °C this led to a high conversion and high selectivity for H2 with low coke formation. 10Ni/MgO catalyst showed intermediate performance at both temperatures. Already 10Ni/TiO2 catalyst had the worst performance independent of temperature due to low metal dispersion. Despite the high coke formation, due to the relatively low metal dispersion, 10Ni/ZrO2 catalyst exhibited high conversion and was the most selective to H2 at 600 °C, probably due to the ability of ZrO2 to activate H2O molecules.
866

Análise exergética de processos químicos industriais: produção de amônia pelo processo de reforma a vapor. / Exergy analysis of industrial process: production of ammonia by steam reforming.

Vianna, Carlos Eduardo Dall\'Oglio 03 February 2017 (has links)
O trabalho apresenta a avaliação do desempenho termodinâmico de duas configurações diferentes de uma unidade industrial de produção de amônia pelo processo de reforma a vapor. Foi utilizada a análise exergética como critério de avaliação, afim de investigar o potencial técnico para implementar as melhorias tecnológicas do processo desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de simulação no simulador comercial Aspen Hysys® para cálculo do balanço material e de energia, bem como das propriedades termodinâmicas necessárias para os cálculos de exergia. O modelo da simulação foi ajustado e validado com dados reais e mostrou-se confiável para desenvolver os estudos de processo e propor melhorias de projeto. Os resultados mostraram que a eficiência exergética do processo aumentou de 54,7% no Caso Base para 57,7% no Caso \"Otimizado\". Em ambos os casos a seção de reforma é a maior responsável pela exergia destruída e o reformador primário contribui com aproximadamente 45% da exergia total destruída no processo. Os maiores ganhos de eficiências estão associados as melhorias no reformador primário, que é o responsável por 61,5% da redução da exergia destruída. A eficiência exergética do reformador primário aumentou de 45,5% para 51,5%. A eficiência exergética da seção de síntese de amônia aumentou apenas 0,5%, de 92,2% para 92,7%, e os ganhos são mais importantes em base energética que em base exergética. A exergia perdida refere-se as emissões para atmosfera das correntes de gases de combustão (gás de chaminé), CO2 e água de resfriamento e também são mais importantes em base energética, uma vez que a exergia perdida representa menos de 30% da exergia não usada no processo. Finalmente, os resultados foram comparados com dados presentes na literatura e os valores de eficiência exergética encontram-se dentro da faixa dos dados publicados. Conclui-se que a análise exergética é útil para identificar as ineficiências de um sistema, pois leva em consideração não somente a quantidade, mas a qualidade da energia, e pode ser usada para obter estimativas mais precisas do potencial de otimização energética do sistema. / This work presents the thermodynamic performance assessment of two different configurations of an existing steam reforming process for ammonia production. Exergy method has been used to evaluate the energy consumption and to investigate the technical potential to implement the most advanced available technologies for process improvements. In addition, it the process was modeled in Aspen Hysys® process simulator to calculate material and energy balance as well as the thermodynamic properties required for exergy analysis. Field date coming from an industrial plant were used to adjust and validate the and was assumed the model is acceptably accurate and appropriate for the development of process studies and project improvements. The analysis results indicate the exergetic efficiencies of original and improved process are 54,7% and 57,7%, respectively. In both cases, the principal exergy losses occur in the reformer section and the primary reformer contributes within approximately 45% of the exergy destruction. The exergy efficiency of primary reformer increased from 45,4% to 51,5%. The exergy efficiency of ammonia synthesis loop increased in 0,5%, from 92,2% to 92,7%, which indicates the gains are more important in energy basis than exergy basis. The output energy is associated with stack gas, CO2 and cooling water and are more important in energy basis as the exergy loss is less than 30% of non-used exergy. Finally, the results were compared with data available in the literature and exergy efficiency values are within the range of published data. The exergy method is useful to identify the inefficiencies of a system because it takes into account not only the quantity, but also the quality of the energy, and can be used to obtain more accurate estimation of the potential energy optimization of the system.
867

A comparative study on water vapor extracted from interferometric SAR images and synchronized data. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection

January 2011 (has links)
Cheng, Shilai. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-150). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.
868

A study of cobalt silicide formed by MEVVA implantation.

January 1999 (has links)
by Li Chi Pui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [105]-[109]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract / Acknowledgement --- p.Page no / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Metal silicides --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cobalt silicides --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Ion beam synthesis of metal silicides by metal implantation into silicon --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Feature of MEVVA implantation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Motivation and organisation of this thesis --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Sample Preparation and Characterisation Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- MEVVA implantation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Simulation by TRIM --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Sample preparation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sheet resistivity measurements --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7 --- Atom force microscopy (AFM) and conducting AFM --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Characterisation of As-implanted Samples / Chapter 3.1 --- Experimental details / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Sheet resistance measurements --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RES) --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sputtering depth measurements --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Spreading resistance profiling (SRP) --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Atom force microscopy (AFM) and conducting AFM --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results and discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Summary --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Characterisation of Annealed Samples / Chapter 4.1 --- Experimental details / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Sheet resistance measurements --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2 --- Summary --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.102 / Appendix / Reference
869

Study of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films prepared by pulsed DC facing-target Sputtering (FTS). / 採用脈衝直流電源對靶濺射技術製備銦錫氧化物薄膜的硏究 / Study of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films prepared by pulsed DC facing-target sputtering (FTS). / Cai yong mai chong zhi liu dian yuan dui ba jian she ji shu zhi bei yin xi yang hua wu bo mo de yan jiu

January 2000 (has links)
by Fung Chi Keung = 採用脈衝直流電源對靶濺射技術製備銦錫氧化物薄膜的硏究 / 馮志強. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Fung Chi Keung = Cai yong mai chong zhi liu dian yuan dui ba jian she ji shu zhi bei yin xi yang hua wu bo mo de yan jiu / Feng Zhiqiang. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / Table of contents --- p.iv / List of figures --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Genesis --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Aims and Objectives --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Layout of Thesis --- p.1-3 / References --- p.1-4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction to transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.2 --- Indium tin oxide (ITO) --- p.2-2 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Use of ITO --- p.2-2 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Structure and properties of ITO --- p.2-3 / Chapter 2.3 --- Properties of ITO films deposited by different growth techniques --- p.2-8 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sputtering --- p.2-9 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Vacuum evaporation --- p.2-11 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Spray pyrolysis --- p.2-11 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Reactive ion plating --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Contradictions in existing literature --- p.2-13 / References --- p.2-15 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Thin Film Fabrication and Process --- p.3-1 / Chapter 3.1 --- Facing-target sputtering (FTS) --- p.3-1 / Chapter 3.2 --- Asymmetric bipolar pulsed DC power source --- p.3-3 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Target poisoning --- p.3-3 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preferential sputtering --- p.3-4 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.3-4 / Chapter 3.3 --- Substrates --- p.3-6 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Microscopic glass --- p.3-7 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Corning 7059 glass --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Epitaxial growth --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Epitaxial lattice matching --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) --- p.3-9 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Sapphire --- p.3-9 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Silicon wafer --- p.3-11 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Substrate cleaning --- p.3-11 / Chapter 3.4 --- Targets for the reactive sputtering of ITO films --- p.3-13 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Indium Tin Oxide target (90wt% ln203 : 10wt% Sn04) --- p.3-14 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Indium Tin alloy target (90wt% In : 10wt% Sn) --- p.3-14 / Chapter 3.5 --- Deposition conditions --- p.3-16 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sputter atmosphere --- p.3-16 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Deposition pressure --- p.3-16 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Deposition power --- p.3-17 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Target to substrate distance --- p.3-17 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Pulse frequency and pulse width --- p.3-17 / Chapter 3.6 --- Deposition --- p.3-17 / References --- p.3-19 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Measurement and Analysis Techniques --- p.4-1 / Chapter 4.1 --- Resistivity measurement --- p.4-1 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Transmittance, reflectivity and absorption measurements" --- p.4-3 / Chapter 4.3 --- Thickness measurement --- p.4-4 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Crystal structure, surface morphology and roughness measurements" --- p.4-4 / Chapter 4.5 --- Photolithography --- p.4-7 / Chapter 4.6 --- Hall effect measurements --- p.4-8 / References --- p.4-10 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Experimental results and discussions --- p.5-1 / Chapter 5.1 --- Effect of O2 partial pressure --- p.5-1 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Deposition rate --- p.5-2 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Electrical and optical properties --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Structure and orientation --- p.5-16 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Surface morphology and roughness --- p.5-22 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Conclusion --- p.5-29 / Chapter 5.2 --- Effect of substrate temperature --- p.5-29 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Electrical and optical properties --- p.5-29 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Structure and orientation --- p.5-44 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Surface morphology and roughness --- p.5-49 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.5-54 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of vacuum annealing --- p.5-54 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Electrical and optical properties --- p.5-54 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Conclusion --- p.5-59 / Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of different substrates --- p.5-59 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Comparison of heteroepitaxial and polycrystalline ITO films --- p.5-60 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.5-63 / Chapter 5.5 --- Effect of film thickness --- p.5-64 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Film thickness calibration --- p.5-64 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Electrical properties --- p.5-64 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.5-67 / Chapter 5.6 --- Effect of deposition pressure --- p.5-68 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Deposition rate --- p.5-68 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Electrical properties --- p.5-70 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.5-70 / Chapter 5.7 --- Effect of target pre-conditioning --- p.5-72 / Chapter 5.8 --- Conclusion --- p.5-72 / References --- p.5-74 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Further works --- p.6-1 / Appendix I
870

An investigation of MEVVA implanted germanium by scanning probe microscopy, ion beam analysis and x-ray diffraction.

January 1999 (has links)
by Lee, Chun-Sing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.3 / Table of Contents --- p.7 / List of Figures --- p.10 / List of Tables --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.14 / Chapter 1.1. --- Ion implantation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2. --- Scope of the thesis --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background Theory --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1. --- Ion stopping --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2. --- The energy-loss process --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3. --- Kinematics of binary elastic collision --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4. --- Nuclear and electronic stopping --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5. --- Radiation Damage --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6. --- Spikes --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7. --- Topography of ion bombarded surface --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Equipment Reviews --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1. --- Metal Vapour Vacuum Arc Ion Source Implanter --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2. --- Atomic Force Microscopy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3. --- Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4. --- X-ray Diffraction --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Study of Ion Beam Implanted Germanium by Atomic Force Microscopy and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2. --- Experiments --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- AFM --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- RBS and ion channeling --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4. --- Conclusions --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Ion Beam Synthesised Cobalt Germanide Alloy by Metal Vapour Vacuum Arc Implantation --- p.73 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2. --- Experiments --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- XRD --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- AFM --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- RBS and ion channeling --- p.82 / Chapter 5.4. --- Conclusions --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Tip Artifacts in Atomic Force Microscope Imaging of Ion Bombarded Nanostructures on Germanium Surfaces --- p.89 / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2. --- Experiments --- p.90 / Chapter 6.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 6.4. --- Conclusions --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.96 / Bibliography --- p.98 / Publications --- p.105

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