<p>This thesis presents a method for predicting radon (222Rn) levels in groundwater on a general scale, within an area of approximately 185 x 145 km2. The method applies to Swedish conditions, where 222Rn is the main contributor to natural radioactivity. Prediction of radon potential in groundwater is complex because there are many different factors affecting radon content, including geochemical and flow processes. The proposed method is based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses and investigated the influence of different factors such as bedrock, soils, uranium distribution, altitude, distance to fractures and land use. A statistical variable based method (the RV method) was used to estimate risk values related to different radon concentrations. The method was calibrated and tested on more than 4400 drilled wells in Stockholm County. The weighted index (risk value) estimated by the RV method provided a fair prediction of radon potential in groundwater on a general scale. The RV method was successful in estimating the median radon concentration within 12 subregions (at a local scale, each of area 25 x 25 km2), based on weighted index values obtained from half of all wells tested. A high correlation between risk values and median radon concentrations was demonstrated. The factors bedrock, altitude, distance to fracture zone and distribution of uranium in bedrock were found to be significant in the prediction approach on a general scale. Visual data mining, which comprised analysis of 3D images, was a useful tool for data exploration but could not be used as an independent method for drawing conclusions regarding radon in groundwater. Results of a field study based on 38 drilled wells on the island of Ljusterö in the Stockholm archipelago showed that 222Rn concentrations in groundwater were weakly correlated to the parent elements (226Ra and 238U) in solution.</p>

Abstract Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to identify the problems that these two municipalities, Jönköping and Borås, are facing in regard to sustainable development in the water infrastructure area and highlight the different strategies that the municipalities has developed to find solutions to these problems. Two municipalities have been chosen for this analyse, the municipalities of Borås and Jönköping, for the reason that they both have similar population but two different solutions in how the municipality water management is run. The questions that the thesis are built on is: 1)    How do these two municipality work towards a sustainable development in water management? 2)    What are these strategies based on? 3)    How does the checklist for sustainable development been developed and how does it differ between the two municipalities? Method: The method of finding the answers to these questions is six qualitative interviews with people from both organizations with knowledge of the subject. Literature studies of the theories behind sustainable development in water infrastructure and analysing documents provided by the municipalities in order to scientifically back up the findings from the interviews. Findings: After analysing the collected data one can see that sustainability is already a part of water management in general but there is some focus areas that the organizations are working on with different tools which is presented in a checklist. Implications: There are three conclusions that could be made from this thesis, they are about legal requirements, technical development and sustainability index.    Limitations: This thesis is of limited size and is therefore an overview of these organizations work towards sustainable development. The thesis does not bring up the political aspect and does not do a deeper analysis of the different aspects of water management.  Keywords: sustainable development, sustainable water management, water management

This thesis covers the master diploma work conducted at Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. An overflow spillway section fitted for the Longtan Dam was designed and the loads acting on it was identified after an iterative flood routing calculation. The section was then evaluated, both theoretically and numerically using FEM with a linear-elastic isotropic constitutive model, with regards to the stability against compressive and tensile failure. Also, a numerical analysis of the seepage through and around the structure was conducted. The results show that, for a given design of the section, the structure can handle the compressive stresses that arises. However, the numerical analysis indicates a possible tensile failure at the dam heel, which is inconsistent with the theoretical stability analysis. The seepage analysis show that the maximum seepage occurs at the dam heel, the dam toe, and at grout curtains beneath the structure. A simple convergence analysis was done which showed stress singularities at the dam heel and dam toe. These were discussed and connected to the St Venant's principle, and these singularities shows the risk of blindly trusting numerical results.

The latest spillway in Bergeforsen was finished in 2014. It has a 25 metres wide spillway opening capable of discharging 1500 m^3/s at full reservoir retention level. The overflow chute ends in a 35 metres wide and 100 metres long stilling basin which then converges into 25 metres wide curved tunnel leading the water flow under a railway and back into the river. During the winter, the water in the stilling basin and the tunnel freezes, creating an ice cover all the way through the channel and limiting the water passage in the tunnel. For thinner ice covers, the channel can be flushed by discharging water into the spillway, but there are concerns that a colder winter might result in a ice cover of significant thickness, not prone to cracking at water discharges. This could result in water masses flowing on top of the ice cover into an ice covered tunnel leaving it at risk of being pressurized, posing some serious safety threats to the tunnel. This report presents a full-scale 3D model of the spillway with an ice cover as well as both transient and steady-state simulation results for several discharges to examine the effect of an impenetrable ice cover in the channel. The model is verified using American Society of Mechanical Engineers policy complete with an grid convergence index study. It was found that there was no risk for pressurized flow in the tunnel. However, serious wave-run ups was observed at the tunnel entrance and in the tunnel. / <p>Slutrapporten i projektkursen F7042T (15 hp) på civilingenjörsprogrammet i Teknisk fysik och elektroteknik (INTE EXJOBB).</p>

Algal blooms can pose a serious threat to humans and animals in lakes used for drinking water and recreation in the bloom contains toxin producing cyanobacteria. Early warning of impending algal blooms requires systems with high temporal resolution. Cyanoalert from Brookman Geomatics is such a system that uses remote sensing satellites from the Eu Copernicus program to supervise amongst others chlorophyll in water systems.Measurements of chlorophyll are studied in this project to identify water quality parameters and conditions affecting the reliability. Biweekly sampling is conducted during the spring of 2021 obtaining chlorophyll data from profile measurements using water sampling a calibrated multiparameter probe. Water samples are then used as accurate reference for satellite measurement comparison.The water samples showed low levels of chlorophyll, turbidity, and pH in the beginning of the sampling in March. During the sampling period the levels rose until reaching a maximum during algae bloom in the end of May. The bloom was preceded by rising water temperatures and the formation of a thermocline and rising pH levels that could be used as suitable indicators for imminent bloom formation.Obtained data and governing effects were analyzed by multivariate regression (PLSR). VIP-plots showing that turbidity had the largest influence on the projected chlorophyll and thereby the measured chlorophyll levels. Also, Secci depth was identified as having strong influence. This indicates that high turbidity is a factor causing accuracy of chlorophyll measurements to deteriorate.A proposed warning system for algal blooms should use remote sensing satellites for detecting chlorophyll and turbidity combined with in situ sensors for the surveillance of water temperature, phycocyanin and pH.

Idag står vi inför ett tämligen nytt miljöproblem och det är mikroplast. Det finns överallt, i vår mat, i vårt dricksvatten och i vår miljö. Kunskapsläget om vilka konsekvenser det har på vår hälsa eller på vår miljö är väldigt liten trots att det belyses alltmer från forskningshåll och media. Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie som vill se hur mikroplast uppstår och om där finns något vi kan göra åt situationen. Avgränsningen är satt till dagvatten och till Sverige. Indata till arbetet har skett via OneSearch, hemsidor, Svenskt vatten och litteratur. Ur frågeställningarna mynnade svaren ut i vilka uppkomstkällorna är, att mikroplastpartiklar kan vara både hem och transportmedel för patogener och miljögifter samt handlingsplaner. Utifrån de förslag som sammanställdes för handlingsplanerna för lokal nivå kan dessa ses som en vägledning för en reduktion av både uppkomst och spridning mikroplastpartiklar.

This thesis is a part of the water development project conducted by Svenskt Vatten, which is the Swedish Water and Wastewater Association (SWWA) as well as Tyréns, a consultancy company with offices based in Stockholm, Sweden. Prior to this thesis work, a quality assessment was conducted for some of the locations provided by municipalities in Sweden. This thesis builds upon the revised water consumption data, and also continues to work with validating and modifying the water measurement data in order to proceed with the next step of the water development project, which is to identify any trends in the temporal variation of water consumption. The main objective of this thesis work is to investigate the influence of climatic, time-related and categorical factors on water consumption data collected for different regions in Sweden, and includes a number of different sectors such as residential, industrial and agricultural water user sectors. For the analysis of data, spectral analysis and sinusoidal modelling will be applied in order to find the periodicity of the data, and then simulate the fitted sinusoidal equation to the observed water consumption data for the hourly interval period. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to assess what independent variables such as climate, time-related and categorical variables can explain the variation in water consumption over hourly and daily periods of time.  Spectral analysis identifies high peaks in the spectral density of the data at 12 and 24 hour cycles, for the hourly water consumption data. For the total daily consumption of water, there is a peak at 7 days, which clarifies that there is a weekly pattern occurring throughout the year. The results from the simple linear regression analysis, where the linear relationship between temperature and water consumption was determined, reveals that the water consumption tends to increase within an increasing temperature, where in Lönashult, Alvesta municipality the water demand increased by 5.5% with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, at a threshold of 12 ºC. For Kalix municipality the three areas selected have around 1-2 % increase in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature for the period of May to December. In Gothenburg, areas that were mixed villa areas or areas with summer homes there was a rise of around 2-12 % in water demand, however areas that are situated in the inner city Gothenburg, or that have majority student housing, the water consumption tends to decrease by 2-7% in water demand with every 2 ºC rise in temperature, with a threshold of 12 ºC. In multiple regression analysis, the hourly water consumption results in adjusted R2 values were in the range from 0.58 to 0.87 (58-87%) for the best model approach and therefore has a significant relationship between water consumption and the explanatory variables chosen for this study. For the daily water consumption, the adjusted R2 values were in the range of 0.22-0.83 (22-83%).  The adjusted R2 values are lower for certain areas and can be explained by a number of factors, such as the different variables used for the daily water consumption analysis, as variables that explain more the periodicity of the data such as the sinusoidal fitted variable and hourly or night/day changes in consumption are not included. As well as this, not all independent variables such as the climate variables were available or complete for particular time periods, and also errors in the data can lead to a significantly lower R2 value.

Agricultural wastes; Albizia coriaria, Coffea canephora, Cyperus papyrus, Erythrina abyssinica and Musa spp were evaluated for uptake of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in single- and binary-component solutions. Untreated, base-treated and peroxide-treated biomasses were employed in batch studies. The optimal conditions for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption were  pH 3.5 – 5 for contact time 3.0 – 3.5 hours and biosorbent dosage 10 – 12.5 g/L. Base-treated biosorbents showed a 10 – 17 %  sorption enhancement for Cd2+ ions and a 1.6 – 2.3 % uptake reduction for Pb2+ ions. The sorption capacities for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions for base-treated biosorbents were between 1.738 and 1.760 mg g-1 compared to 1.415 – 1.539 mg g-1 for untreated materials. The maximum biosorption of peroxide treated materials in single component media was between 0.819 and 1.595 mg/g for Pb2+ ions and between 0.044 and 1.343 mg/g for Cd2+ ions while in binary component media it was between 0.472 and 1.303 mg/g for Pb2+ ions and between 0.008 and 0.195 mg/g for Cd2+ ions. The pseudo-second order kinetic model suitably fitted the Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption data with regression coefficients (R2); 0.892 – 1.000 for peroxide-treated materials and 0.9784 – 0.9999 for base-treated biosorbents which implied that the biosorption was mainly a chemisorption process. The base treated biosorbents had better sorption performance for Cd2+ ions than peroxide treated materials and untreated biomass whereas the order for Pb2+ ions biosorption was untreated &gt; base treated &gt; peroxide treated materials. All materials showed superior selectivity for Pb2+ ions biosorption in comparison to that of Cd2+ ions in single- and binary-component media. A. coriaria performed best of the base treated biosorbents while C. canephora performed best amongst peroxide treated materials for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions biosorption in single-and binary-component media. In the competitive biosorption, Cd2+ ions showed higher synergistic effects than Pb2+ ions although Pb2+ ions were preferentially sequestered even when the Cd2+:Pb2+ ions ratio was increased through 3:2, 2:1, 3:1 and 5:1. Of the three isotherm models evaluated against the experimental data, the Langmuir model generally fitted the sorption data for both metals. Regression coefficients for the Langmuir model were; 0.983 ≤ R2 ≥ 1.000 for single-component and 0.939 ≤ R2 ≥ 1.000 for binary-component solutions which revealed that the biosorption was potentially monolayer. The biosorption equilibrium coefficient                          values and change in Gibbs’ free energy  values showed that Pb2+ ions biosorption was more thermodynamically favoured than that of Cd2+ ions in single-component and binary-component media. The materials studied displayed potential for use as biosorbents for remediation of aqueous Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. / <p>QC 20140508</p>

This study examines the use of MnO2 and KMnO4 as strong oxidants to remove specific recalcitrant organic compounds and COD from wastewater. These compounds are deemed as potential and more cost-effective treatment in encountering the challenge to remove Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Endocrine Disrupter Compounds (EDCs) in wastewater to meet water reuse standard. The literature reviews concluded that both MnO2 and KMnO4 were able to remove recalcitrant organic compounds, such as 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), Bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, and dye wastewater. Simple bench scale experiments were performed to investigate COD removal by utilizing MnO2 and KMnO4 to oxidize sewage water and supernatant in a continuously stirred tank reactor at the wastewaters’ natural pH (about pH 8). The results indicated that MnO2 was effective in removing COD of wastewater and not affected by the high content of suspended solids. The effectiveness of KMnO4 in removing COD of wastewater was masked by its ability to break down and solubilize particulate organic compounds. MnO2 application could not be mixed with the presence of other metal ions (or flocculants) as their presence may inhibit the efficiency of MnO2 oxidation. On the other hand, KMnO4 oxidation efficiency was not affected and even was enhanced by the presence of magnesium and calcium ions as flocculants.

The combination of partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) is a composting way to remove the nitrogen in the wastewater. In this article the analysis was made to investigate how the salinity in the wastewater affects the process. Two strategies of salt concentration increase were tested in two reactors. The physical, chemical parameters and the activity of the bacteria in the reactors were monitored. The results of two strategies were compared and the reactor with less salt in each period showed higher bacteria activities and efficiency. Finally the outlook for the future research was made.