創業投資公司擅長融資有前景的新成立公司並輔導其上市上櫃，但其帶給被投資公司的應不僅止於資金的挹注，還要包括其他附加價值，例如參與董事會，協助解決重大經營決策；協助進行企業內部管理與策略規劃；提供管理諮詢服務與專業人才仲介；運用創投公司的關係網路，提供技術資訊與技術引進的管道等各項服務，本文主要探討創投公司的投資是否會影響新上市股價的長期績效表現。研究結果發現： 一. 發行公司成立至上市的期間 　　有創投的新上市公司從設立到上市的平均時間為14.53年，顯著低於其他無創投參與公司的18.98年，證明創投公司的專業知識與經驗及其對產業的了解，有助於被投資公司早日上市。 二. 發行公司上市後長期績效 　　整體而言，無創投投資的新上市公司，期初異常報酬較高，市場充分反映的期間較長，但長期績效表現較差。以發行公司上市後三年累積報酬為因變數進行迴歸分析，結果發現有無創投投資、創投擔任公司董監事、創投總持股比例、創投成立年齡均與長期報酬呈正相關，且具有1%~10%顯著水準的差異；而創投股東家數雖與長期報酬呈現正的相關，但相關性並不顯著。 三. 發行公司上市時折價幅度 　　以發行公司上市時的折價幅度為因變數進行迴歸的結果顯示，除了創投擔任被投資公司董監事此一變數外，其他變數並沒有顯著的相關性，探究其原因可能是創業投資事業的發展尚未成熟，創投公司提供的認證功能尚無法獲得投資人的認同，而且創投公司多不願公佈其所投資之公司，被投資公司的資訊也不易取得與傳遞，故無法因創投的參與而降低折價發行程度。 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究範圍 3 第三節 研究限制 3 第四節 研究架構 4 第貳章 創業投資事業的介紹 6 第一節 創業投資的定義與特質 6 第二節 創業投資事業的經營型態 8 第三節 創投公司的資金運用 10 第四節 國內創業投資事業發展現況 12 第五節 我國創投事業面臨的問題與未來發展 20 第參章 文獻探討 23 第一節 新上市股票的長期績效 23 第二節 創投公司的價值貢獻 27 第三節 創投公司的參與管理行為 36 第肆章 研究設計 44 第一節 研究假說 44 第二節 資料蒐集與樣本 47 第三節 研究變數的操作性定義 51 第四節 研究方法 54 第伍章 實證結果分析 57 第一節 有無創投投資之新上市公司的特性 57 第二節 發行公司上市後長短期績效之實證分析 58 第三節 發行公司上市後折價幅度的迴歸結果 69 第陸章 結論與建議 71 第一節 結論 71 第二節 建議 73 參考文獻 75 附錄 79

<p>Bakgrund: Idag kräver så gott som alla nya idéer riskvilligt kapital för att kunna ta sig till marknaden. Oavsett om finansiären är ett etablerat företag eller en enskild person är orsaken till risktagandet en förhoppning om god avkastning på investeringen. För att minimera risken och maximera avkastningen gäller det dels att generera tillräckligt med idéer att välja bland, dels att investera i livskraftiga idéer. Mycket få idéer är tillräckligt bra för att passera det nålsöga som finansiärernas urvalsprocess utgör och ta sig till marknaden. </p><p>Syfte: Att bidra med kunskap om tre fenomen; riskkapitalbolags agerande för att skapa och finna idéer, etablerade företags agerande vid val av idéer att utveckla samt hur etablerade företags agerande i de tidiga delarna av innovationsprocessen, från idé-skapande till investeringsbeslut, kan skilja sig från riskkapitalbolagens agerande. </p><p>Avgränsningar: Uppsatsen omfattar endast utveckling av teknik, eftersom det finns gott om både svenska riskkapitalbolag och svenska etablerade företag som sysslar med utveckling och finansiering inom området. </p><p>Genomförande: Information om den praktiska genererings- och urvalsprocessen har in-hämtats genom djupintervjuer med fyra utredare på riskkapitalbolag samt tre utveck- lingsansvariga på väletablerade företag. </p><p>Slutsatser: Riskkapitalbolagens arbete för att skapa och finna idéer begränsar sig till att delta i en mängd olika nätverk. De kan dock, till skillnad från de etablerade företagen, erbjuda god ekonomisk motivation åt sina entreprenörer. De etablerade företagen tycks vid val av idéer fokusera mycket hårt på att de ska passa kärnverksamheten, men lägger liten eller ingen vikt vid idégenererarens personliga egenskaper, vilka kanske är det mest centrala för riskkapitalbolagen. Företagen har slutligen högre tolerans för misslyckan- den, vilket speglas av bristen på tidigt såddkapital i dagens svenska riskkapitalbransch.</p>

<p>Background: The growth of the venture capital industry has given birth to new relations between investors and entrepreneurial firms. Venture capital firms are by definition investors serving as an active partner which implies a deeper relation between investors and entrepreneurs than has been the case previously. This new situation leads to a number of questions. Do venture capitalists really act as active partners with a long term interest in the venture? Do they add any value besides capital? How important is their influence in the portfolio company's decision making process? </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to give a deeper understanding of the relation between venture capital firms and IT companies in the start-up phase. </p><p>Limitations: This study is limited to Swedish IT companies. We have further chosen to study the phenomenon from the portfolio company's point of view. A final limitation that has been made is to focus on companies financed by formal venture capital. </p><p>Realisation: Using theories treating interorganisational relations and adjacent theories treating power we have chosen to study the relation between venture capital firms and their portfolio companies. The empirical data was gathered through interviews with five entrepreneurial companies in the IT business. The studyhas been carried out with an approach similar to a qualitative case study. </p><p>Result: We have found that the venture capital firm is seen as a very devoted partner with a long term interest in the company and that their contribution of resources is important. Regarding its influence in the portfolio company's decision making process we have concluded that this is due to an informal power position resulting from their possession of critical resources. In particular we have found that the possession of capital gives rise to a very influential position in the portfolio company.</p>

<p>Avsikten med denna studie är att undersöka vilka motiv, påverkande faktorer och synsätt små IT-företag har när de väljer att ta in riskkapital som finansiering. Vi har utgått från tidigare forskning inom området för att identifiera vilka motiv och påverkande faktorer som kan förekomma och utifrån dessa byggt upp grunden för vår studie. Kapitaltillskott är det som naturligt känns som det mest primära motivet, vilket även vår studie har visat men det finns ändå en önskan om annan värdetillförsel i form av affärskompetens, nätverk och kontakter. Dessa önskemål har dock inte varit några huvudsakliga motiv för att inleda samarbete med riskkapitalisterna utan de kan mer ses som positiva sekundära motiv. </p><p>Motiven kapitaltillskott och tillförsel av affärskompetens samt nätverk och kontakter blir i sin tur påverkade av ett antal faktorer såsom företagets och produktens livscykelfas, ägande och kontroll, produkt och marknad samt ledningens erfarenhet och kompetens. Alla dessa både inre och yttre faktorer är mer eller mindre sammankopplade med varandra och påverkar beslutsfattarnas val om de ska ta in riskkapital eller välja någon annan form av externt kapital. Studien omfattar fyra små IT-företag och trots att företagen utifrån sett är lika genom att de alla har en eller flera unika IT-produkter, så har de ändå delvis olika synsätt på nyttan och effekten av finansiering med riskkapital. Två av företagen är totalt sett mer negativa medan två av dem är mer positiva. Av de två som är positiva är det bara det ena som idag har riskkapital och detta beror då på att alla ägarna inte har haft samma synsätt.</p>

<p>Background: Small businesses are key participants in the growth at the Swedish market, partly for the labour opportunities, the technology and economic development. These companies should get resources to grow, both political and economic resources. The medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase meet with problems concerning the financing of their growth. Key participants whom offer financing are Venture Capitalists.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine Venture Capitalists demands on medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase. A comparison between the demands and how well medtech companies achieve them will be done. In the event of occurring information and economic gap the study will elucidate the gaps.</p><p>Method: To gain such a encyclopaedic and just representation of the situation the authors carried through a combination of both quantitative and qualitative studies. The quantitative study got carried through by a questionnaire which got send by email to a number of medtech companies. The qualitative study was made up by interviews with three Venture Capitalists and three medtech companies.</p><p>Theory: To get at a greater understanding of the companies methods when obtaining capital, theories as the Pecking order, financial lifecycle and a third theory about which factors lead to small companies financial model, have been in used. And also a statement of a fourth theory, the financial gap, has been done. The theory describes an information asymmetry between the company and the financier. Models in use concerning the Venture Capitalists are constituted from their own documented claim surrounding financing.</p><p>Conclusion: The study indicates an occurrence of several factors that are important to obstruct the financial gap which accrue between medtech companies in early stages of their lifecycle and Venture Capitalists. The survey exhibit that Venture Capitalists are more willing to provide capital if a business angel already has invested in the company. A medtech company should seek itself to Venture Capitalists who have special qualification in life science because of their knowledge in the Medtech branch. Throughout the study we have realized that the younger a Medtech company is the less administrative it is. Therefore it should be important to impel a work as early as possible that involves more administration. Branch experts mention that it is important to increase clinical research and encouragement to fusion between companies to enlarge financing from Venture Capitalists.</p>

<p>This thesis consists of an introductory part, including venture capital definitions, the history of venture capital in Sweden, and an overview of the venture capital process, and four self-contained papers on venture capital and the venture capital process.</p><p>Paper 1 investigates the standardisation of the contractual strategies applied in the Swedish venture capital industry. The study was based on a questionnaire data regarding the use of contractual covenants. Our results indicate that the greatest differences occur among those with different investment preferences. There would appear to be two distinct venture capital cultures controlling contractual choices in these groups. Our findings generally conform to expectations as predicated by institutional theory.</p><p>Paper 2 investigate venture capital firms’ valuation practices in two different economic contexts, in the economic boom of 1999 and in the downturn market of 2002 by using an experimental case study design with a case based on a real firm. Contrary to our expectations, in times of heightened stringency and economic downturn, venture capital investors employ fewer valuation models than they do in boom times. The main contribution of our research is an increase in the knowledge of venture capitalists’ valuation practices under different market conditions. It can also contribute to researchers developing more relevant theories of valuation, valuation models and valuation practice.</p><p>Paper 3 empirically examines the linkage between governance, trust and performance based on a questionnaire sent to entrepreneurs in venture capital backed companies in Sweden. The results suggest that the level of trust between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneur affects the relationship between VCs governance and the portfolio company’s performance.</p><p>Paper 4 analyse exit strategies and exit-directed activities among entrepreneurs in venture capital relationships. The study focuses on the effect of the venture capital organization (independent, public sector and captive) on strategy and exit-directed activities. The results indicate that firms with a trade sale strategy tend to have a higher degree of exit activities compared to other exit strategies. Furthermore, the type of venture capital organization involved (especially when comparing private independent VCs to public sector VCs) also affects exit strategies and activities.</p>

Alma mater matters: The value of school ties in the venture capital industry. This paper examines the role and estimates the economic value of social networks tied to academic institutions in the venture capital industry. I show that having a shared academic background increases the likelihood of matching between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists by 57%. Similarly, a shared academic background increases the likelihood of matching between different venture capitalists by 42% when they syndicate portfolio company investments. Finally, a shared academic background improves portfolio company performance. For example, when an entrepreneur and a venture capitalist attended the same Top 3 academic institution, the likelihood that the investment will result in an initial public offering or acquisition increases by 42%. This is the incremental effect of having attended the same Top 3 academic institution. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that shared academic backgrounds help reduce information gaps in the venture capital industry. Unveiling the secrets of the academy: Alumni networks and university endowment success. This paper shows that when university endowments become limited partners with venture capital firms, the performance of their connected portfolio companies improve relative to non-connected ones. Portfolio companies are connected when any of their entrepreneurs attended the corresponding universities for undergraduateor graduate studies. In a differences-in-differences design I compare initial public offering rates between connected- and non-connected venture capital investments in a treated- and an untreated cohort and estimate this effect to be 6%. Since the unconditional sample mean of initial public offerings is 10%, this is commensurate to a 60% increase in the unconditional initial public offering probability. This effect consists of two separate and potentially different effects, however. First, the effect of obtain a new university endowment as a limited partner, second, the effect of losing an already existing university endowment as a limited partner. Further analysis shows that the main effect is mostly driven by the latter. These results continue to hold in a rich set of robustness checks. Goldrush Dynamics of Private Equity. We present a simple dynamic model of entry and exit in a private equity market with heterogeneous fund managers, a depletable stock of target companies, and learning about investment profitability. Its predictions match a number of stylized facts: Aggregate fund activity follows waves with endogenous transitions from booms to busts. Supply and demand in the private equity market are inelastic, and the supply comoves with investment valuations. High industry performance precedes high entry, which in turn precedes low industry performance. Differences in fund performance are persistent, firsttime funds underperform the industry, and the first-time funds that are raised in boom periods are unlikely to be succeeded by follow-on funds. Fund performance and fund size are positively correlated across private equity firms, but negatively correlated across consecutive funds by the same firm. Finally, boom periods can make ”too much capital chase too few deals”. Ownership Matters: A Clinical Study of Investor Activism. This paper studies the involvement and engagement objectives of an activist investor in an institutional environment characterized by concentrated ownership. It highlights the heterogeneity of the investor’s activism and its focus on operational improvements. It emphasizes the ownership structure of the portfolio companies as important determinants of investor activism. Using a carefully selected set of peer companies, it is possible to show that the investor targets undervalued companies with operational slack that maintain open ownership structures. In particular, by avoiding to invest in companies with other active owners, e.g. families and industrial owners, and seeking to invest in companies with more institutional holdings, the investor ensures that there is not only scope for improvements. There is also a reasonable chance of exercising control. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2010. Sammanfattning jämte 4 uppsatser.</p>

Background: The growth of the venture capital industry has given birth to new relations between investors and entrepreneurial firms. Venture capital firms are by definition investors serving as an active partner which implies a deeper relation between investors and entrepreneurs than has been the case previously. This new situation leads to a number of questions. Do venture capitalists really act as active partners with a long term interest in the venture? Do they add any value besides capital? How important is their influence in the portfolio company's decision making process? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to give a deeper understanding of the relation between venture capital firms and IT companies in the start-up phase. Limitations: This study is limited to Swedish IT companies. We have further chosen to study the phenomenon from the portfolio company's point of view. A final limitation that has been made is to focus on companies financed by formal venture capital. Realisation: Using theories treating interorganisational relations and adjacent theories treating power we have chosen to study the relation between venture capital firms and their portfolio companies. The empirical data was gathered through interviews with five entrepreneurial companies in the IT business. The studyhas been carried out with an approach similar to a qualitative case study. Result: We have found that the venture capital firm is seen as a very devoted partner with a long term interest in the company and that their contribution of resources is important. Regarding its influence in the portfolio company's decision making process we have concluded that this is due to an informal power position resulting from their possession of critical resources. In particular we have found that the possession of capital gives rise to a very influential position in the portfolio company.

Bakgrund: Idag kräver så gott som alla nya idéer riskvilligt kapital för att kunna ta sig till marknaden. Oavsett om finansiären är ett etablerat företag eller en enskild person är orsaken till risktagandet en förhoppning om god avkastning på investeringen. För att minimera risken och maximera avkastningen gäller det dels att generera tillräckligt med idéer att välja bland, dels att investera i livskraftiga idéer. Mycket få idéer är tillräckligt bra för att passera det nålsöga som finansiärernas urvalsprocess utgör och ta sig till marknaden. Syfte: Att bidra med kunskap om tre fenomen; riskkapitalbolags agerande för att skapa och finna idéer, etablerade företags agerande vid val av idéer att utveckla samt hur etablerade företags agerande i de tidiga delarna av innovationsprocessen, från idé-skapande till investeringsbeslut, kan skilja sig från riskkapitalbolagens agerande. Avgränsningar: Uppsatsen omfattar endast utveckling av teknik, eftersom det finns gott om både svenska riskkapitalbolag och svenska etablerade företag som sysslar med utveckling och finansiering inom området. Genomförande: Information om den praktiska genererings- och urvalsprocessen har in-hämtats genom djupintervjuer med fyra utredare på riskkapitalbolag samt tre utveck- lingsansvariga på väletablerade företag. Slutsatser: Riskkapitalbolagens arbete för att skapa och finna idéer begränsar sig till att delta i en mängd olika nätverk. De kan dock, till skillnad från de etablerade företagen, erbjuda god ekonomisk motivation åt sina entreprenörer. De etablerade företagen tycks vid val av idéer fokusera mycket hårt på att de ska passa kärnverksamheten, men lägger liten eller ingen vikt vid idégenererarens personliga egenskaper, vilka kanske är det mest centrala för riskkapitalbolagen. Företagen har slutligen högre tolerans för misslyckan- den, vilket speglas av bristen på tidigt såddkapital i dagens svenska riskkapitalbransch.

Background: Small businesses are key participants in the growth at the Swedish market, partly for the labour opportunities, the technology and economic development. These companies should get resources to grow, both political and economic resources. The medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase meet with problems concerning the financing of their growth. Key participants whom offer financing are Venture Capitalists. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine Venture Capitalists demands on medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase. A comparison between the demands and how well medtech companies achieve them will be done. In the event of occurring information and economic gap the study will elucidate the gaps. Method: To gain such a encyclopaedic and just representation of the situation the authors carried through a combination of both quantitative and qualitative studies. The quantitative study got carried through by a questionnaire which got send by email to a number of medtech companies. The qualitative study was made up by interviews with three Venture Capitalists and three medtech companies. Theory: To get at a greater understanding of the companies methods when obtaining capital, theories as the Pecking order, financial lifecycle and a third theory about which factors lead to small companies financial model, have been in used. And also a statement of a fourth theory, the financial gap, has been done. The theory describes an information asymmetry between the company and the financier. Models in use concerning the Venture Capitalists are constituted from their own documented claim surrounding financing. Conclusion: The study indicates an occurrence of several factors that are important to obstruct the financial gap which accrue between medtech companies in early stages of their lifecycle and Venture Capitalists. The survey exhibit that Venture Capitalists are more willing to provide capital if a business angel already has invested in the company. A medtech company should seek itself to Venture Capitalists who have special qualification in life science because of their knowledge in the Medtech branch. Throughout the study we have realized that the younger a Medtech company is the less administrative it is. Therefore it should be important to impel a work as early as possible that involves more administration. Branch experts mention that it is important to increase clinical research and encouragement to fusion between companies to enlarge financing from Venture Capitalists.