ABSTRACT Effects of Compost, Legume Cover Cropping and Vermicompost Extract Foliar Applications on Nutrition and Yield of Washington Navel Oranges William Payton Carling An experiment was conducted to test the effects of four treatments on Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis) trees in regards to nutrient content of the leaves and fruit, soil nutrient content and properties, and fruit yield. The four treatments included: compost (C) and vermicompost extract foliar (VEF) applications, legume cover cropping (LCC) and VEF applications, VEF applications, and a control. The treatments were implemented from February 2010 to April 2011 and sampling occurred in May 2011. Fruit Growers Laboratory, Inc. (FGL) conducted the soil, leaf, and fruit analyses. The test site was located in San Isidro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The compost used was made onsite with livestock manure, carbon-based farm waste, and water, and applied around the drip-lines of 8 WNO trees once every two months. The vermicompost and vermicompost extract was made onsite by introducing red wiggler worms (Eisenia fetida) into horse manure, allowing 1 month for casting content to build up, and collecting the extract as water was filtered through the material. Vermicompost extract was applied using a backpack foliar sprayer on 8 WNO trees twice a month. The legume cover crop treatment consisted of two plantings at a rate of approximately 72 seeds per square foot around the drip-lines of 8 WNO trees. Black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiclata) were planted in April 2010 and minimally incorporated using a hoe and shovel in August 2010. Fababeans (Vicia faba) and dry peas (Pisum sativum) were planted in January 2011 and minimally incorporated into the soil in March 2011. WNO leaf and soil analyses were compared to FGL optimum ranges. The C+VEF treatment showed trends of increased soil and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and copper levels and improved soil properties by raising soil organic matter percentage, saturation percentage, and moisture percentage. The control treatment had low or deficient values in these nutrients and soil properties. The LCC+VEF treatment increased nitrogen in the soil and leaf content but decreased organic matter percentage. The VEF treatment increased nitrogen and potassium content in the leaf but increased sodium beyond FGL optimum range. The C+VEF treatment had the highest yield and the greatest amount of nutrients removed as a result of yield. The C+VEF treatment had more available nutrients in the soil for WNO tree uptake and future crops.

Platinum mining activities contribute substantially to South Africa's economy since it exceeded gold as economical contributor in 2001. Mining activities contribute to large amounts of waste production in the form of tailings and rock waste, deposited in the surrounding environment of the mine premises. Mining companies are held responsible for damages caused to the surrounding environment. These companies are required to introduce the cost of ecological rehabilitation in their operation costs as well as compile an environmental management plan. Numerous attempts to rehabilitate mine waste have proven unsuccessful. New and improved rehabilitation techniques are required to facilitate in the rehabilitation of these mine spoils. Woodchip-vermicompost produced from platinum mining wastes (woodchips and sewage sludge) was used as an alternative amendment to inorganic fertilisers during the rehabilitation of platinum mine tailings. The effectiveness of the woodchip-vermicompost as an alternative amendment during the platinum mine tailings rehabilitation were monitored using different ecosystem components. A natural veldt in the vicinity of the mine area was randomly selected to serve as a reference site. These ecosystem components selected have previously been shown to be effective as indicators of ecosystem quality. The components selected for this study includes the use of microbial enzymatic activity, microbial community structure, nematode trophic structures, and other mesofaunal groups such as micro-arthropods. The physical and chemical properties of the platinum mine tailings and reference area as well as the vegetation cover of the platinum mine tailings were determined. Statistical and multivariate analyses were use to determine the correlation between the dependent microbial components and dominate independent chemical properties. Nematode trophic structure, Maturity Index, and Plant-Parasitic nematode Index were used to compare the two rehabilitation techniques in terms of nematodes as indicators. Microarthropods family structures were used to compare the two amendments in terms of diversity and abundance. Enzymatic activity was positively affected by the addition of woodchip-vermicompost, than in the sites treated with inorganic fertilisers. The microbial community structure showed no statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between the two amendments. A higher abundance of nematodes especially plant-parasitic nematodes and bacterivorous nematodes were observed in the woodchip-vermicompost sites than in the inorganic fertilised sites. According to the Maturity Index, both amendments became more enriched during the study period, while the Plant-Parasitic nematode Index showed that the carrying capacity for plantparasitic nematodes on the woodchip-vermicompost sites increased while it decreased in the inorganic fertilised sites, which can be related to the decrease in vegetation cover on the inorganic fertilised sites. Both coloniser (Prostigmata) and persister (Cryptostigmata and Mesostigmata) groups of the micro-arthropods, as well as a higher diversity of micro-arthropods, were present on the woodchip-vermicompost sites whereas the inorganic fertilised sites showed only the presence of colonisers, with a decrease in diversity and abundance of micro-arthropods over the study. The colonisation of micro-arthropods may have been affected by the addition of woodchip-vermicompost and vegetation cover, which contribute to the establishment of suitable microhabitats for these soil biota. By intercorrelating the results, it may be concluded that the addition of woodchip-vermicompost may be an essential part of the rehabilitation process, by contributing to soil organic material to the ecosystem system, which may improve the recolonisation of soil biota and ecosystem processes. However further studies need to be conducted in order to determine the long-term sustainability of the woodchip-vermicompost in providing organic material and sustaining the ecosystem processes. The study also showed the necessity to integrate various ecosystem components when evaluating ecosystem development due to the unique role each component plays and the impact it may have on other components. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Platinum mining activities contribute substantially to South Africa's economy since it exceeded gold as economical contributor in 2001. Mining activities contribute to large amounts of waste production in the form of tailings and rock waste, deposited in the surrounding environment of the mine premises. Mining companies are held responsible for damages caused to the surrounding environment. These companies are required to introduce the cost of ecological rehabilitation in their operation costs as well as compile an environmental management plan. Numerous attempts to rehabilitate mine waste have proven unsuccessful. New and improved rehabilitation techniques are required to facilitate in the rehabilitation of these mine spoils. Woodchip-vermicompost produced from platinum mining wastes (woodchips and sewage sludge) was used as an alternative amendment to inorganic fertilisers during the rehabilitation of platinum mine tailings. The effectiveness of the woodchip-vermicompost as an alternative amendment during the platinum mine tailings rehabilitation were monitored using different ecosystem components. A natural veldt in the vicinity of the mine area was randomly selected to serve as a reference site. These ecosystem components selected have previously been shown to be effective as indicators of ecosystem quality. The components selected for this study includes the use of microbial enzymatic activity, microbial community structure, nematode trophic structures, and other mesofaunal groups such as micro-arthropods. The physical and chemical properties of the platinum mine tailings and reference area as well as the vegetation cover of the platinum mine tailings were determined. Statistical and multivariate analyses were use to determine the correlation between the dependent microbial components and dominate independent chemical properties. Nematode trophic structure, Maturity Index, and Plant-Parasitic nematode Index were used to compare the two rehabilitation techniques in terms of nematodes as indicators. Microarthropods family structures were used to compare the two amendments in terms of diversity and abundance. Enzymatic activity was positively affected by the addition of woodchip-vermicompost, than in the sites treated with inorganic fertilisers. The microbial community structure showed no statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between the two amendments. A higher abundance of nematodes especially plant-parasitic nematodes and bacterivorous nematodes were observed in the woodchip-vermicompost sites than in the inorganic fertilised sites. According to the Maturity Index, both amendments became more enriched during the study period, while the Plant-Parasitic nematode Index showed that the carrying capacity for plantparasitic nematodes on the woodchip-vermicompost sites increased while it decreased in the inorganic fertilised sites, which can be related to the decrease in vegetation cover on the inorganic fertilised sites. Both coloniser (Prostigmata) and persister (Cryptostigmata and Mesostigmata) groups of the micro-arthropods, as well as a higher diversity of micro-arthropods, were present on the woodchip-vermicompost sites whereas the inorganic fertilised sites showed only the presence of colonisers, with a decrease in diversity and abundance of micro-arthropods over the study. The colonisation of micro-arthropods may have been affected by the addition of woodchip-vermicompost and vegetation cover, which contribute to the establishment of suitable microhabitats for these soil biota. By intercorrelating the results, it may be concluded that the addition of woodchip-vermicompost may be an essential part of the rehabilitation process, by contributing to soil organic material to the ecosystem system, which may improve the recolonisation of soil biota and ecosystem processes. However further studies need to be conducted in order to determine the long-term sustainability of the woodchip-vermicompost in providing organic material and sustaining the ecosystem processes. The study also showed the necessity to integrate various ecosystem components when evaluating ecosystem development due to the unique role each component plays and the impact it may have on other components. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe yra nagrinėjamos nuotekų dumblo susidarymo ir tvarkymo problemos, analizuojamos nuotekų dumblo apdorojimo ir panaudojimo žemės ūkyje galimybės. Kaip praktiškas, finansiškai optimalus, techninių reikalavimų nekeliantis nuotekų dumblo apdorojimo būdas yra pateikiamas vermikompostavimas. Darbe analizuojama vermikompostavimo technologija, nagrinėjama jos panaudojimo galimybė Lietuvoje, apžvelgiama užsienio šalių patirtis. Darbe pateikiami atlikti sunkiųjų metalų (Cr, Cd, Ni) pašalinimo ir jų bioakumuliacijos Kalifornijos sliekuose tyrimai. Yra pateikiama eksperimentinių tyrimų metodika. Taip pat pateikiami eksperimento, kuriuo siekiama nustatyti sunkiųjų metalų pašalinimą ir jų bioakumuliaciją Kalifornijos sliekuose, rezultatai ir analizė. Pateikiami atliktų bendrųjų kokybinių nuotekų dumblo vermikomposto parametrų tyrimų rezultatai. Sudarant empirines formules, nustatomas dėsnis, pagal kurį vyko vermikompostavimo procesas. Nustatomas optimali laiko trukmė, per kurią bioakumuliuojama daugiausiai sunkiųjų metalų. Išnagrinėjus tyrimų rezultatus yra pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos. Baigiamąjį magistro darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, nuotekų dumblo tvarkymo metodų ir ir vermikompostavimo procesų apžvalga, sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos kaitos vermikompostuojant nuotekų dumblą tyrimo metodika, rezultatų dalis, sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos kaitos ir bioakumuliacijos vermikompostuojant nuotekų dumblą matematinis modeliavimas, bendrosios išvados... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The problems of sewage sludge formation and management are investigated in the Master‘s thesis, sewage sludge treatment and use in agriculture is analyzed as well. As a practical, financial attractive sewage sludge treatment method is given vermicomposting, as having low-technical needs. There is a technology of vermicomposting analyzed in a work as well as its applicability in Lithuania. Also an experience of vermicomposting in other foreign countries is investigated. The research of removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni) and their bioaccumulation in Californian earthworms is presented in the work. A methodology of the research is given. Results and their analysis of the research of removal of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation in Californian earthworms is presented. Results of a qualitative parameters of vermicomposted sewage sludge is given. When forming empirical formulas a vermicomposting process‘ law is generated using MathCad computer program. An optimal time is determined, during which the vermicomposting process proceeded. The conclusion and recommendation were made after the literature review and analysis of research results. The thesis consists 7 parts: introduction, a review of sewage sludge treatment methods and process of vermicomposting, the methodology of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni) concentration and bioaccumulation in Californian earthworms research, results, the mathematical modelling of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni) concentration and bioaccumulation in... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kruger_fgq_dr_botfca.pdf: 1323768 bytes, checksum: b23afeaab247f7069ccc590654bf8aeb (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação na produção, qualidade e conservação pós-colheita de yacon, foram instalados dois ciclos de cultivo na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da UNESP-Botucatu. Em ambos os cultivos, os tratamentos constaram de testemunha sem adubação (Test), adubações minerais NPK, com adição ou ausência de micronutrientes e parcelamento do K em três ou seis vezes, conforme o tratamento, adubações orgânicas com composto orgânico (Comp), composto biodinâmico (Biod) e vermicomposto (Verm). Em ambos os cultivos, a adubação orgânica apresentou eficiência similar à adubação mineral para as características massa fresca de raízes, altura das plantas, número de hastes e de raízes, teor de frutose e textura de raízes, destacando-se os tratamentos Biod, Verm, 'K3+M'. No primeiro cultivo, a adubação orgânica promoveu massa fresca de rizóforos e teores de proteína, cinza e fósforo superiores à adubação mineral. As raízes submetidas ao tratamento K3+M apresentaram teor de umidade significativamente superior àquelas dos tratamentos Biod e Verm no primeiro cultivo, e do Comp no segundo cultivo. Em póscolheita avaliaram-se raízes dos tratamentos K3+M, K3, Comp e Biod de ambos os cultivos. As raízes foram armazenadas durante duas épocas, em temperatura ambiente e em câmara fria, a 21,2 e 2l1oC, respectivamente, na primeira época, e a 25,3 e 4l1oC, respectivamente, na segunda época. O armazenamento em câmara fria reduziu a perda de massa e as atividades de peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) e manteve a aparência das raízes, quando comparado com o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Entretanto, ocorreram sintomas de dano pelo frio durante o armazenamento a 2oC, relacionados à maior atividade de POD e de PPO. Em ambas as épocas, as adubações orgânicas e mineral mostraram efeitos semelhantes na atividade... . / The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization on yield, quality and postharvest conservation of yacon roots. Thus, two yield experiments were carried out at the FCA-UNESP - University - Botucatu. In both experiments the treatments consisted in fertilization absence (Test), mineral fertilization NPK, with or without micronutrients and K shared at three or six times according to treatments, organic fertilization with compost (Comp), compost plus biodynamic compounds (Biod) and vermicompost (Verm). At harvest, there were no differences in roots fresh matter, plant height, numbers of steams and roots, fructose content and texture with organic and mineral fertilizers. The Biod, Verm and K3+M fertilizations showed better results than others. As far yield is concerned, in the first experiment, the organic fertilization, as compared to mineral fertilization, resulted in highest values of rizophores fresh matter, protein, ashes and phosphorus contents. K3+M treatment increased root moisture more than Biod and Verm at first experiment, and than Comp at the second one. Yacon roots of both yield experiments from K3+M, K3, Comp and Biod' treatments were stored during two different periods, under environmental conditions and refrigeration, at 21,2oC and 2l1oC, respectively, at first period, and at 25,3oC and 4l1oC, respectively, at second period. The refrigeration conditions resulted in reduction of weight loss, enzymes activities (POD and PPO) and even showed better appearance of yacon roots. However, yacon roots exposed to 2oC developed chilling injury symptoms, correlated with the high POD and POD activities at 2oC. During the storage periods, the POD activity was no different in roots grown using mineral or organic fertilizers, yet, mineral fertilization resulted in high PPO activity in roots stored under 21,2oC... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dercio_texto completo.pdf: 1537971 bytes, checksum: 6f0c7593eb1fec03ef4d321153f4df61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / The western Paraná is a region that rears poultry, swine and cattle. Such activities produce significant amounts of waste. The increase on its amount is due to an animal intensive system, whose management is in feedlot and adopts large herds per unit area. The use of organic waste in agriculture is increasing due to some awareness of organic manure application in the studied region. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the decomposition of organic fertilizers produced in western Paraná as well as nutrients mineralization and the effect of their contents on soil bellow porous capsules, without and with irrigation. Porous capsules (ceramic candles) were used, whose diameter was 5.1 cm and 9.8 cm length. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments. Two trials were carried out: one with 100 capsules under irrigation and the second one without irrigation. The treatments were: pelletized vermicompost (V); pelletized vermicompost + phosphate Arad (VP); compost (C); biodynamic compost (BC); poultry litter of three batches (PL). In order to place the capsules, furrows were opened deeper than the capsules diameter (5 cm) and covered with a layer of soil. The capsules were put horizontally on soil profile. Irrigation was by drip. Samples of such organic materials were collected for analyses at 7, 14, 35, 65 and 100 days. The material inside capsules was oven-dried and weighed to determine decomposition by difference of mass. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese of different organic materials were evaluated with and without irrigation. For soil, the same nutrients of organic materials were analyzed, except for nitrogen; besides, carbon contents were determined. The decomposition rate was estimated by logarithmic equations, as well as half-life of organic materials. The PL treatment without irrigation showed higher decomposition of organic materials (V, VP, C, CB), as well as for the irrigation system. On the other hand, the decomposition of organic materials (V, VP, C, CB) in the irrigated area was superior than without irrigation. The PL mineralization for nutrients as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese was higher in non-irrigated area when compared with the other treatments and in relation to the area under irrigation. The organic materials (V, VP, C and CB) in relation to nutrients as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese showed a better answer in mineralization when under an irrigation system. / A Região Oeste do Paraná possui criações de aves, suínos e bovinos. Tais atividades geram quantidades significativas de resíduos. O aumento no volume de dejetos é devido à intensificação da produção de proteína animal, que faz uso de confinamento e adota grandes plantéis de animais por unidade de área. A utilização dos resíduos orgânicos na agricultura está aumentando, devido à conscientização acerca da utilização da adubação orgânica na Região. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a decomposição dos adubos orgânicos, gerados na Região Oeste do Paraná, bem como a mineralização dos nutrientes e o efeito sobre os teores destes no solo abaixo das cápsulas sem irrigação e com irrigação. Foram utilizadas cápsulas porosas, com diâmetro de 5,3 cm e 9,8 cm de comprimento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos. Foram realizados dois experimentos com 100 cápsulas irrigadas e 100 cápsulas sem irrigação. Os tratamentos foram: vermicomposto peletizado (V); vermicomposto peletizado + fosfato de Arad (VF); composto (C); composto biodinâmico (CB); cama de aviário de três lotes (CA). Para a acomodação das cápsulas, foram abertos sulcos com profundidade superior ao diâmetro das cápsulas, e cobertas com uma camada de solo. As cápsulas foram dispostas no sentido horizontal em relação ao perfil do solo. A irrigação foi por gotejamento, efetuada a cada dois dias. As coletas dos materiais orgânicos para as análises foram aos 7, 14, 35, 65 e 100 dias. O material orgânico do interior da cápsula foi seco em estufa e pesado para determinar a decomposição por diferença de massa. Foram avaliados teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, zinco, ferro, cobre e manganês dos materiais orgânicos, com e sem irrigação. Para o solo, foram analisados os mesmos nutrientes dos materiais orgânicos, exceto nitrogênio, mas foram determinados os teores de carbono. A taxa de decomposição anual foi estimada por meio de equações logarítmicas, assim como a meia-vida dos materiais orgânicos. A CA, sem irrigação, apresentou maior decomposição entre os materiais orgânicos V, VF, C, CB e em relação ao sistema irrigado. Por outro lado, a decomposição dos materiais orgânicos V, VF, C, CB, na área irrigada, foi superior em relação à área sem irrigação. A mineralização da CA para os nutrientes carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, sódio, zinco, ferro, cobre e manganês foi maior na área sem irrigação, em comparação aos demais tratamentos e em relação à área com irrigação. Os materiais orgânicos V, VF, C e CB para os elementos: carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, sódio, zinco, ferro, cobre e manganês apresentaram superioridade na mineralização com a utilização do sistema irrigado.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dercio_texto completo.pdf: 1537971 bytes, checksum: 6f0c7593eb1fec03ef4d321153f4df61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / The western Paraná is a region that rears poultry, swine and cattle. Such activities produce significant amounts of waste. The increase on its amount is due to an animal intensive system, whose management is in feedlot and adopts large herds per unit area. The use of organic waste in agriculture is increasing due to some awareness of organic manure application in the studied region. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the decomposition of organic fertilizers produced in western Paraná as well as nutrients mineralization and the effect of their contents on soil bellow porous capsules, without and with irrigation. Porous capsules (ceramic candles) were used, whose diameter was 5.1 cm and 9.8 cm length. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments. Two trials were carried out: one with 100 capsules under irrigation and the second one without irrigation. The treatments were: pelletized vermicompost (V); pelletized vermicompost + phosphate Arad (VP); compost (C); biodynamic compost (BC); poultry litter of three batches (PL). In order to place the capsules, furrows were opened deeper than the capsules diameter (5 cm) and covered with a layer of soil. The capsules were put horizontally on soil profile. Irrigation was by drip. Samples of such organic materials were collected for analyses at 7, 14, 35, 65 and 100 days. The material inside capsules was oven-dried and weighed to determine decomposition by difference of mass. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese of different organic materials were evaluated with and without irrigation. For soil, the same nutrients of organic materials were analyzed, except for nitrogen; besides, carbon contents were determined. The decomposition rate was estimated by logarithmic equations, as well as half-life of organic materials. The PL treatment without irrigation showed higher decomposition of organic materials (V, VP, C, CB), as well as for the irrigation system. On the other hand, the decomposition of organic materials (V, VP, C, CB) in the irrigated area was superior than without irrigation. The PL mineralization for nutrients as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese was higher in non-irrigated area when compared with the other treatments and in relation to the area under irrigation. The organic materials (V, VP, C and CB) in relation to nutrients as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese showed a better answer in mineralization when under an irrigation system. / A Região Oeste do Paraná possui criações de aves, suínos e bovinos. Tais atividades geram quantidades significativas de resíduos. O aumento no volume de dejetos é devido à intensificação da produção de proteína animal, que faz uso de confinamento e adota grandes plantéis de animais por unidade de área. A utilização dos resíduos orgânicos na agricultura está aumentando, devido à conscientização acerca da utilização da adubação orgânica na Região. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a decomposição dos adubos orgânicos, gerados na Região Oeste do Paraná, bem como a mineralização dos nutrientes e o efeito sobre os teores destes no solo abaixo das cápsulas sem irrigação e com irrigação. Foram utilizadas cápsulas porosas, com diâmetro de 5,3 cm e 9,8 cm de comprimento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos. Foram realizados dois experimentos com 100 cápsulas irrigadas e 100 cápsulas sem irrigação. Os tratamentos foram: vermicomposto peletizado (V); vermicomposto peletizado + fosfato de Arad (VF); composto (C); composto biodinâmico (CB); cama de aviário de três lotes (CA). Para a acomodação das cápsulas, foram abertos sulcos com profundidade superior ao diâmetro das cápsulas, e cobertas com uma camada de solo. As cápsulas foram dispostas no sentido horizontal em relação ao perfil do solo. A irrigação foi por gotejamento, efetuada a cada dois dias. As coletas dos materiais orgânicos para as análises foram aos 7, 14, 35, 65 e 100 dias. O material orgânico do interior da cápsula foi seco em estufa e pesado para determinar a decomposição por diferença de massa. Foram avaliados teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, zinco, ferro, cobre e manganês dos materiais orgânicos, com e sem irrigação. Para o solo, foram analisados os mesmos nutrientes dos materiais orgânicos, exceto nitrogênio, mas foram determinados os teores de carbono. A taxa de decomposição anual foi estimada por meio de equações logarítmicas, assim como a meia-vida dos materiais orgânicos. A CA, sem irrigação, apresentou maior decomposição entre os materiais orgânicos V, VF, C, CB e em relação ao sistema irrigado. Por outro lado, a decomposição dos materiais orgânicos V, VF, C, CB, na área irrigada, foi superior em relação à área sem irrigação. A mineralização da CA para os nutrientes carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, sódio, zinco, ferro, cobre e manganês foi maior na área sem irrigação, em comparação aos demais tratamentos e em relação à área com irrigação. Os materiais orgânicos V, VF, C e CB para os elementos: carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, sódio, zinco, ferro, cobre e manganês apresentaram superioridade na mineralização com a utilização do sistema irrigado.

Der Einsatz von organischen Reststoffen zum Anheben oder Stabilisieren des Humusgehaltes als auch um langfristig die Bodenfruchtbarkeit zu verbessern, hat zunehmend an Bedeutung zur Verbesserung der Gesundheit des Bodens und der Bodenproduktivität gewonnen. Die Umwandlung von Ernterückständen, um Bodeneigenschaften zu verbessern, hängt von der Qualität und dem Zustand der Stoffe ab, diese hängen wiederum von der Zusammensetzung des Ausgangsmaterials ab. In Entwicklungsländern werden die meisten Ernterückstände als Tierfutter oder auch als Baumaterial genutzt, viele werden auch als Ersatzbrennstoff für Holz genutzt; zur Vorbereitung des Bodens zur nächsten Ernte oder zur Bekämpfung von Pflanzenkrankheiten und Schadinsekten werden die Reststoffe oftmals verbrannt. Vom Brennen muss abgeraten werden, da die organische Substanz verloren geht und gleichzeitig ein Verlust der flüchtigen Elemente wie Stickstoff und Schwefel erfolgt, nur bei einer absoluten Notwendigkeit zur Schädlingsbekämpfung sollten die Reststoffe verbrannt werden. Im Sudan werden jährlich am Ende eines jeden Vegetationsperiode landwirtschaftliche Reststoffe vernichtet; insbesondere Baumwollrückstände werden jährlich verbrannt, um die Ausbreitung von Bakterien und der Knollenfäule, die 35% Verluste in der nachfolgenden Saison verursacht, zu verhindern.Diese Studie wurde in zwei Teilen durchgeführt, ein Labor- und Gewächshaus- Experiment am Department für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften der Universität Göttingen, Deutschland, ein zweites Experiment an der Fakultät für Landwirtschaft der Universität Khartoum, Sudan. Verschiedene Versuche wurden durchgeführt: Auswertung von Kompostierungsversuchen der Baumwollrückstände, als reguläre, normale Kompostierung und als Vermikompostierung (Zusatz von Regenwürmer) und ein Phytoxizitäts-Bioassay-Test des fertigen Komposts und Vermikomposts, um ihre Eignung für landwirtschaftliche Anwendungen zu prüfen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Experimente führten zu einem Gefäßversuch, in mit Weidelgras die Nährstoffaufnahme untersucht wurde. Gleichzeitig wurde ein Stickstoff-Inkubationsexperiment durchgeführt, um die Rate des mineralisierten Stickstoffs aus Kompost und Vermikompost zu bewerten. Bei dem Versuch, eine Alternative zur Verbrennung von Baumwollstroh zu finden, wurde auch ein Experiment (Anzahl der Kolonie bildenden Einheiten von Mikroorgansimen) durchgeführt, welches die Wirksamkeit der Kompostierung und Vermikompostierung auf die bakterielle Braunfäule der Baumwolle überprüften sollte.Für diese Arbeit wurde Baumwollstroh aus den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben der El-Gazira Bewässerungslandwirtschaft (El-Gazira State, Sudan) genommen, Bodenproben wurden aus dem Oberboden (0-30 cm) des Shambat Boden gezogen. Für die experimentellen Arbeiten im Sudan wurde Stallmist (FYM) aus einer Farm in der Nähe der Fakultät für Landwirtschaft, Universität Khartoum, Shambat, genutzt; aus dem Institut für Tierzucht, Universität Göttingen, Deutschland, wurde FYM für die Experimente in Göttingen genutzt.Eine regelmäßige Analyse der Kompostierungsvorgänge erfolgte durch Gesamt-C und Gesamt-N (trockene Verbrennung mittels einem Elementaranalysator) Bestimmungen; Ammonium- und Nitrat-Gehalte der feldfeucht gezogenen Proben erfolgte mittels Mikro-Kjeldahl Destillationsverfahren, die Summe bildete den mineralischen Stickstoff. Phosphor wurde nach der Molybdat-Blau-Komplex-Methode bestimmt und spektrophotometrisch gemessen. In einem Extrakt im Wasser-Kompost-Verhältnis 10:1 wurde die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und der pH-Wert bestimmt. Einige Makro- und Mikronährstoffe wurden in einem Verfahren unter Verwendung eines Druckaufschlusses gemessen.Verschiedene Studien wurden an der Universität Göttingen durchgeführt. Die erste Studie charakterisiert das kompostierte und vermikompostierte Baumwollstroh auf seine chemische Zusammensetzung und seinen agronomischen Wert und zielte darauf ab, (1) die chemischen Veränderungen während der Kompostierung und Vermikompostierung aus Baumwollstroh zu bestimmen; und (2) die Ergebnisse der chemischen Veränderungen mit den Daten des Bioassays-Tests zu korrelieren und (3) um die Qualität Parameter, die am besten einen fertigen Kompost und Vermikompost beschreiben, zu bestimmen.Die Ergebnisse dieses Teils zeigten, dass die Analysen des Komposts und des Vermikomposts eine breite Variation im pH-Wert, Gesamt-N, Gesamt-C, C/N-Verhältnis, elketrische Leitfähigkeit (EC) und Mineralstoffgehalt aufweisen. Der fertige Kompost und Vermikompost zeigte folgende Werte des C/N-Verhältnis: 15,4 und 15,2 für Kompost und Vermikompost; pH 6,6 für Kompost und 7,9 für Vermikompost und eine elektrische Leitfähigkeit (EC) von 2,96 dS m-1 und 1,62 dS m-1 für Kompost und Vermikompost, welches übliche Bereiche für reife Komposte sind (C/N: 15-20; pH: 5,5-8,0; EC: 4 dS m-1) mit Ausnahme der Werte NH4-N/NO3-N (1,57) der fertigen Komposte, die weit über den empfohlenen Wert (0,16) liegen, während der Wert des fertigen Vermikompost (0,1) unter dem Grenzwert liegt.Eine Korrelation zwischen NH4-N, NO3-N, EC, C:N, und pH wurde durchgeführt. Für den Vermikompost lagen die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen C/N-Verhältnis und      NH4-N, NO3-N, pH und EC mit r = 0,86 bei (P <0,01), -0,79 (P <0,01), 0,91 (P <0,01) und -0,77 (P <0,01). Die NH4-N-Konzentration war eng zum NO3-N korreliert (r =- 0,95, P <0,01). Die negative Korrelation zwischen NH4-N und NO3-N deutet darauf hin, dass das Material einer aktiven biologischen Zersetzung unterlag; dieses Ergebnis wurde mit dem NH4-N/NO3-N-Verhältnis bestätigt. Die signifikante negative Korrelation zwischen dem C/N-Verhältnis und dem NO3-N Wert (r =- 0,79, P <0,01), dem C/N-Verhältnis und dem NH4-N Wert gibt die Tendenz der Vermikompostierung wieder. Für den Kompost lagen die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen C/N-Verhältnis und NH4-N, NO3-N, pH und EC mit r = 0,88 bei (P <0,01), 0,94 (P <0,01), 0,59 (P = 0,02) und -0,72 (P <0,01). Die NH4-N-Konzentration war gut mit dem NO3-N Wert korreliert (r = 0,80, P <0,01). Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Reduktion im C/N-Verhältnis in der Zeit als ein zuverlässiger Parameter genommen werden kann, um den Fortschritt der Zersetzung darzustellen, wenn sie mit den Daten für NH4-N, NO3-N, pH und EC für den Vermikompost und mit den Daten NH4-N, pH und EC für den Kompost kombiniert werden.Organische Materialien können schädliche Auswirkungen auf Pflanzen oder keimenden Samen ausüben, daher wurde ein Phytotoxizitäts-Bioassay-Test als ein wichtiger Indikator für die Qualität durchgeführt, Ziel war es, eine Bewertung der Toxizität und eine Eignung des fertigen Komposts und Vermikomposts aus Baumwollstroh auf die Keimung von Kressesamen zu erhalten. Die Auswirkungen von Wasser-Extrakten verschiedener Substrate wurden untersucht, wobei die gekeimten Samen ausgezählt und die Länge der Hauptwurzel der Kresse (Lepidium sativum L.) gemessen wurde. Die Indizes der Keimung für Vermikompost (> 80%) sind größer als empfohlene Werte für reife Komposte (> 70%), während der Kompost (> 50%) diese Werte nicht erzielte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeiten zeigten, dass fertige Vermikomposte am besten in diesem Kresse Bioassay Test abschnitten und als „reife Komposte“ betrachtet werden können, während der Kompost negative Auswirkungen auf die Keimung der Samen zeigte, also noch nicht „reif“ war.Die Bewertung der fertigen Komposte und Vermikomposte erfolgte in einem Gefäßversuch mit Weidelgras. Ein gleichzeitiges Inkubations-Experiment zur Stickstoffmineralisierung erfolgte unter Laborbedingungen, um Kompost und Vermikompost in ihrer N-Freisetzung zu bewerten und auch die langfristigen Auswirkungen ihrer Anwendung vorherzusagen. Beide Experimente dienten zur Bestimmung der Leistung von Kompost und Vermikompost auf das Pflanzenwachstum nach einmaliger Anwendung, die Prüfung der Zuverlässigkeit des N-Schicksals erfolgte durch das Inkubations-Experiment zur Beurteilung des potenziell mineralisierbaren Stickstoffs. Der Gefäßversuch erfolgte unter natürlichen Lichtbedingungen und der Umgebungstemperatur. Um dieses zu erreichen, wurde der Gefäßversuch im Gewächshaus des Departments für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften durchgeführt. Kompost und Vermikompost entsprachen einer 4 g und 8 g N-Gabe pro Topf. Der Kompost und Vermikompost des Gefäßversuches wurde auch zur Inkubation genutzt.Daten aus dem Gefäßversuch zeigten, dass sowohl in den Kompost als auch Vermikompost gedüngten Gefässen die Biomasseerträge nach der zweiten Ernte stark zurückgingen, signifikante Unterschiede (P <0,05) wurde nur für die erste, zweite und letzte Ernte bestimmt. Die Biomasse der ersten und der letzten Ernten der Töpfe mit Vermikompost in der 4 g N/Topf Variante (VER1) entsprachen 1,4 und 0,1 g kg-1, während die Weidelgraserträge im Vermikompostversuch 8 g N/Topf (VER2) 0,8 g kg-1 für die erste Ernte und 0,2 g kg-1 ergaben., jeweils Weidelgras Biomasse auf Töpfen ausgesät mit Kompost entsprach geändert 8 g N pot-1 (CPF2) waren 1,4 g kg-1 bei der ersten Ernte und 0,3 g kg-1 für die letzte. Der beobachtete Rückgang der Biomasse in allen Töpfen mit Kompost oder Vermikompost nach 30 Tagen scheint das Ergebnis einer extremen Verknappung des verfügbaren N zum Weidelgraswuchs sein, besonders in den Gefäßen, die mit dem Vermikompost gedüngt wurden. Dieses wurde durch die sichtbaren Zeichen des N-Mangels (Chlorose) unterstützt.Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass sowohl für Kompost und Vermikompost Varianten die Gesamt-N Gehalte des Weidelgrases dem Trend in der Biomasse folgten, wo die höheren N-Gehalte in ersten Ernte beobachtet wurden und die niedrigsten in der letzten. Die N-Gehalte waren je nach Kompostgaben 6,1-6,4% für die Ernte nach 10 Tagen und 2,4-2,9% für die Ernte nach 70 Tagen. Die N-Gehalte in den Vermikompost gedüngten Varianten lagen bei 3,7-4,0% für die Ernte nach 10 Tagen und 1,9-2,1% für die Ernte nach 70 Tagen. Die N-Gehalte des Weidelgrases der Kompost-Variante lag innerhalb der ausreichenden Versorgung (3-4,2%) N für ein normales Wachstum, während die Werte der Vermikompost gedüngten Varianten diesem Bereich nur zur Ernte nach 10, 60 und 70 Tagen erfüllten. Die Effizienz der N-Aufnahme war gering (>80% der N wurde nicht durch die Ernte genutzt).Die Ergebnisse des N-Inkubations-Experiment zeigte, dass die Höchst-und Mindestwerte des mineralischen N zwischen den Kompost- und Vermikompost-Aufwandmengen variierten. Dementsprechend betrugen die Werte für die 4 g N Variante VER1 9,41 bis 44 mg N kg-1; 13,2 bis 51,0 mg N kg-1 für die Vermikompost-Variante 8 g N Topf-1 (VER2), 7,2 bis 27,4 mg N kg-1 für die Kompost-Variante, entsprechend 4 g N Topf-1 (CPF1) und 4,2 bis 46,0 mg N kg-1 für die Kompost-Variante entsprechend 8 g N Topf-1 (CPF2).Die Netto-N-Mineralisierung am Ende der Inkubationszeit war signifikant (P <0,001) zwischen den Kompost- und Vermikompost – Varianten und deren Aufwandmengen. Die Böden, die mit Vermikompost entsprechend 4 g N Topf-1 (VER1), Vermikompost entsprechend 8 g N Topf-1 (VER2) und Kompost entsprechend 8 g N Topf-1 (CPF2) behandelt wurden, erfuhren eine Netto-N-Mineralisierung, die etwa doppelt so hoch war als bei Böden mit Kompost entsprechend 4 g N Topf-1 (CPF1). Allerdings gab Ergebnisse der N Inkubationsexperiment allgemeine Hinweise auf N-Verfügbarkeit für Nutzpflanzen und schlug vor, dass Anwendung von Kompost und vermicomposted Baumwolle Rückstände für einen Zeitraum von mehr als drei Wochen vor der Aussaat die nachfolgenden Kulturen unterwerfen N, um Verluste können.Um eine Alternative zum Verbrennen des Baumwollstrohs zu finden, befasste sich ein Teil dieser Arbeit mit der Wirksamkeit von Kompost und Vermikompost zur Unterdrückung der bakteriellen Braunfäule. Infizierte Baumwolle-Rückstände wurden gesammelt und einer Kompostierung und Vermikompostierung unterzogen. Proben aus den Kompostierungen wurden monatlich gesammelt und in einem semi-selektiven Medium nach der Verdünnungsreihe Methode kultiviert. Die Pathogenität wurde als „Kolonie-bildende-Einheit“ pro Gewicht der frischen Probe nach 3-4 Tagen Inkubation unter optimalen Bedingungen ausgezählt und gewertet.Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Reduzierung der Erreger (berechnet als Differenz zwischen der Pathogenität in den Komposten und der Kontrolle) erheblich variierte. Für den Kompost betrugen die Werte <2% nach 30 Tagen, > 40% nach 60 Tagen und rund 38% nach 150 Tagen der Zersetzung. Während für den Vermikompost die Reduzierungen > 10% nach 30 Tagen, > 22% nach 60 und > 88% für Proben bei 150 Tagen betrugen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass die höchste Zahl Erreger während der ersten Probenahme gefunden wurde und mit der Zeit abnahmen (r = 0,71; P ≤ 0,0001). Diese Studie ergab, dass es sowohl der Kompostierung und der Vermikompostierung gelungen ist, die Kolonie-bildenden Einheiten (CFU g frisches Material-1) der Erreger zu vermindern. Ein möglicher Prozess, um die infizierten Baumwolle-Rückstände anstelle durch Verbrennung zu behandeln.Insgesamt ergibt die Arbeit: (1) die Kompostierung und Vermikompostierung sind ein möglicher Prozess, um die infizierten Baumwoll-Rückstände zu behandeln, anstatt sie zu verbrennen, (2) die Reduktion des C/N-Verhältnisses im Laufe einer Kompostierung als einen zuverlässigen Parameter zum Fortschritt in Zersetzung zu nehmen, besonders, wenn sie mit den Daten NH4-N, NO3-N, pH und EC der Vermikompostierung kombiniert und mit den Daten NH4-N, pH und EC für die Kompostierung kombiniert wird, (3) dass 240 Tonnen ha-1 des fertigen Kompost und Vermikompost als Richtschnur für die Landwirtschaft angenommen werden können. Darüber hinaus schlug diese Arbeit einfache und praktische Verfahren für die Kompostierung und Vermikompostierung der organischen Abfälle, die aus lokalen Ernterückständen stammen, vor und Verfahren zur Regenwurmzucht für die Vermikompostierung und verschiedene andere Zwecke.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Luis_Carlos_Iunes_de_Oliveira_Filho.pdf: 47918827 bytes, checksum: 896fa07de9776dbbbf48a2f5f79665e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-06 / This study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the agronomic performance of lettuce under organic fertilization, as first culture, and of radish, as second culture, as a function of the residual effect of the organic fertilization to lettuce in protected environment. It were used vases filled with 6Kg of fine land dried to the air of a soil classified as a Albaqualf (Planossolo Háplico), cultivated with lettuce, Itapuã 401 cultivar, and soon after with radish, Crimson Gigante cultivar. The calculation of fertilization and liming was carried out based on the nitrogen need of the culture of lettuce, according to the recommendations of the Commission of Chemistry and Fertility of the Soil of the RS/SC. The fertilization for the culture of radish was the residual one of the fertilization for the culture of lettuce. The used treatments consisted of mineral fertilization, vermicompost of bovine manure and liming, being: T1 Mineral seasoning + lime (recommended dose); T2 Vermicompost of bovine manure (recommended dose); T3 Vermicompost of bovine manure (1½ of the recommended dose); T4 Vermicompost of bovine manure (recommended dose) + lime; T5 Vermicompost of bovine manure (1½ of the recommended dose) + lime. The effects of the treatments on the production and nutrition of lettuce and radish and on the fertility of the soil after the harvests were evaluated. Considering the obtained results and the conditions under which the present work was carried out, it is concluded that: the application of vermicompost of bovine manure raises and maintains pH(water); the production of lettuce is increased with liming and application to the soil of vermicompost of bovine manure; the lettuce responded adequately to the fertilization meeting the nutritional needs of the culture in both the harvests; the residual effect of the fertilization with vermicompost of bovine manure and mineral fertilization provided a satisfactory production and answered for the nutritional needs of the radish; the quality of the produced roots was not affected in the treatments with vermicomposts, with or without lime application and the treatment with mineral fertilization presented low percentage of cracked and spongeous roots. / Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico da alface sob adubação orgânica, como primeiro cultivo, e do rabanete, como segundo cultivo, em função do efeito residual da adubação orgânica da alface em ambiente protegido. Foram utilizados vasos preenchidos com 6Kg de terra fina seca ao ar de um solo classificado como Planossolo Háplico, cultivado com alface, cultivar Itapuã 401, e logo após com rabanete, cultivar Crimson Gigante. O cálculo de adubação e calagem foi realizado com base na necessidade de nitrogênio da cultura da alface, de acordo com as recomendações da Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo do RS/SC. A adubação para o cultivo do rabanete foi o residual da adubação para o cultivo da alface. Os tratamentos utilizados consistiram de adubação mineral, vermicomposto de esterco bovino e calagem, sendo: T1 Adubo mineral + calcário (dose recomendada); T2 Vermicomposto de esterco bovino (dose recomendada); T3 Vermicomposto de esterco bovino (1½ da dose recomendada); T4 Vermicomposto de esterco bovino (dose recomendada) + calcário; T5 Vermicomposto de esterco bovino (1½ da dose recomendada) + calcário. Avaliaramse os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a produção e a nutrição de alface e rabanete e sobre a fertilidade do solo após as colheitas. Considerando os resultados obtidos e as condições em que foi realizado o presente trabalho, concluiu-se que: a aplicação de vermicomposto de esterco bovino eleva e mantém o pH(água); a produção de alface é aumentada com a calagem e aplicação ao solo de vermicomposto de esterco bovino; a alface respondeu adequadamente a adubação atendendo às necessidades nutricionais da cultura em ambas as colheitas; o efeito residual da adubação com vermicomposto de esterco bovino e adubação mineral proporcionou uma produção satisfatória e atendeu as necessidades nutricionais do rabanete; a qualidade das raízes produzidas não foi afetada nos tratamentos com vermicompostos, com ou sem aplicação de calcário e o tratamento com adubação mineral apresentou baixo percentual de raízes rachadas e isoporizadas.