El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar las características y propiedades de tres materiales -un compost y dos vermicomposts- obtenidos mediante procesos de compostaje y vermicompostaje, aplicados separadamente o en combinación (precompostaje seguido de vermicompostaje) a una mezcla de residuos hortícolas, con vistas a la aplicación de dichos materiales como componentes de sustratos para la producción de plantas en contenedor. Las propiedades y características físicas, químicas y biológicas de la mezcla de residuos experimentaron cambios significativos durante los procesos de tratamiento y estabilización aplicados a ésta. La magnitud de los cambios dependió de los hechos diferenciales de los procesos estudiados y fue, además, cuantitativamente superior durante las etapas con mayor actividad biológica. La caracterización del compost y los dos vermicomposts obtenidos como sustratos para el sultivo sin suelo reveló diferencias marcadas en los parámetros estudiados entre estos tres materiales así como con la turba utilizada como control. La evaluación agronómica realizada puso de manifiesto que los materiales estudiados, especialmente los dos vermicomposts, pueden utilizarse con éxito como sustitutivos parciales de los materiales usados como sustratos en viveros comerciales. Los vermicomposts pueden emplearse en proporciones del 50% al 75% del volumen total del sustrato, mientras que el compost puede representar del 25% al 50% de éste, proporcionando estas mezclas, además, resultados similares o superiores a los controles comerciales. La respuesta vegetal a los sustratos preparados con los tres materiales estudiados dependió del uso de dichos sustratos, observándose que el más sensible a las características y propiedades de éstos fue la germinación de semillas y posterior emergencia de las plántulas, seguido del estaquillado, que presentó una sensibilidad moderada, y, finalmente, del desarrollo de la planta desde el final de la etapa inicial hasta su madurez comercial. / Mendoza Hernandez, DDJ. (2010). Vermicompost y compost de residuos hortícolas como componentes de sustratos para la producción de planta ornamental y aromática. Caracterización de los materiales y respuesta vegetal [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8685 / Palancia

Orientador: Francisco Luiz Araújo Câmara / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação na produção, qualidade e conservação pós-colheita de yacon, foram instalados dois ciclos de cultivo na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da UNESP-Botucatu. Em ambos os cultivos, os tratamentos constaram de testemunha sem adubação (Test), adubações minerais NPK, com adição ou ausência de micronutrientes e parcelamento do K em três ou seis vezes, conforme o tratamento, adubações orgânicas com composto orgânico (Comp), composto biodinâmico (Biod) e vermicomposto (Verm). Em ambos os cultivos, a adubação orgânica apresentou eficiência similar à adubação mineral para as características massa fresca de raízes, altura das plantas, número de hastes e de raízes, teor de frutose e textura de raízes, destacando-se os tratamentos "Biod", "Verm", 'K3+M'. No primeiro cultivo, a adubação orgânica promoveu massa fresca de rizóforos e teores de proteína, cinza e fósforo superiores à adubação mineral. As raízes submetidas ao tratamento "K3+M" apresentaram teor de umidade significativamente superior àquelas dos tratamentos "Biod" e "Verm" no primeiro cultivo, e do "Comp" no segundo cultivo. Em póscolheita avaliaram-se raízes dos tratamentos "K3+M", "K3", "Comp" e "Biod" de ambos os cultivos. As raízes foram armazenadas durante duas épocas, em temperatura ambiente e em câmara fria, a 21,2 e 2l1oC, respectivamente, na primeira época, e a 25,3 e 4l1oC, respectivamente, na segunda época. O armazenamento em câmara fria reduziu a perda de massa e as atividades de peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) e manteve a aparência das raízes, quando comparado com o armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Entretanto, ocorreram sintomas de dano pelo frio durante o armazenamento a 2oC, relacionados à maior atividade de POD e de PPO. Em ambas as épocas, as adubações orgânicas e mineral mostraram efeitos semelhantes na atividade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization on yield, quality and postharvest conservation of yacon roots. Thus, two yield experiments were carried out at the FCA-UNESP - University - Botucatu. In both experiments the treatments consisted in fertilization absence (Test), mineral fertilization NPK, with or without micronutrients and K shared at three or six times according to treatments, organic fertilization with compost (Comp), compost plus biodynamic compounds (Biod) and vermicompost (Verm). At harvest, there were no differences in roots fresh matter, plant height, numbers of steams and roots, fructose content and texture with organic and mineral fertilizers. The "Biod", "Verm" and "K3+M" fertilizations showed better results than others. As far yield is concerned, in the first experiment, the organic fertilization, as compared to mineral fertilization, resulted in highest values of rizophores fresh matter, protein, ashes and phosphorus contents. "K3+M" treatment increased root moisture more than "Biod" and "Verm" at first experiment, and than "Comp" at the second one. Yacon roots of both yield experiments from "K3+M", "K3", "Comp" and "Biod"' treatments were stored during two different periods, under environmental conditions and refrigeration, at 21,2oC and 2l1oC, respectively, at first period, and at 25,3oC and 4l1oC, respectively, at second period. The refrigeration conditions resulted in reduction of weight loss, enzymes activities (POD and PPO) and even showed better appearance of yacon roots. However, yacon roots exposed to 2oC developed chilling injury symptoms, correlated with the high POD and POD activities at 2oC. During the storage periods, the POD activity was no different in roots grown using mineral or organic fertilizers, yet, mineral fertilization resulted in high PPO activity in roots stored under 21,2oC... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below). / Doutor

The Philippines has a primarily agricultural economy, with many rural residents relying on farming for their livelihoods. The Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) was established in 1992 to support smallholder farmers in the country through research and technology development related to carabaos. The PCC's national headquarters in Nueva Ecija's Science City of Muñoz maintains a herd of approximately 400 carabaos and uses a drum sieve to separate the vermicompost from the carabaos for sale and efficient manure management. Vermicomposting is a profitable form of agriculture in the country, utilizing African night crawler worms to convert biodegradable waste materials into organic fertilizer. However, many smallholder farmers who wish to start vermicomposting do not have access to a sieve machine as they are often too expensive. Neighboring farmers often form cooperatives with at least 15 members who work together towards common goals. Because these cooperatives offer services such as loans, training, and equipment access, they would be able to provide a sieve machine for their members and therefore the individual farmer would have a greater chance to be able to start vermicomposting. This study was aimed at designing a more accessible sieve machine for low-income smallholder farmers. The resulting design is a manually-driven machine operated through a pedal mechanism. The machine is smaller, easier to maintain and has no drift costs in comparison to the existing machine at PCC. It has integrated wheels and brakes, a brush for clearing clogged holes, and a collector. However, no physical prototype was made to verify its implementation. The concept is made of a mix of raw materials and purchased components, with the raw materials sourced from the Philippines and the components possibly imported. The estimated price was around PHP 58,468, which was less than the PCC machine, considered reasonable for cooperatives but may not be affordable for individual smallholder farmers. / Filippinerna huvudsakligen en jordbruksbaserad ekonomi, många invånare på landsbygden förlitar sig på jordbruk som sin huvudsakliga inkomstkälla. Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) grundades 1992 för att stödja småskaliga jordbrukare genom forskning och teknikutveckling relaterat till carabao. PCC:s nationella huvudkontor i Science City of Muñoz i Nueva Ecija har en flock på cirka 400 carabaos och använder en trumsikt för att separera maskkompost av carabaos för försäljning och effektiv gödselhantering. Maskkompostering är en lönsam form av jordbruk i landet, där afrikansk nattkrälande maskar används för att omvandla nedbrytbara avfallsmaterial till organisk gödsel. Småbrukare som önskar börja med maskkompostering saknar dock tillgång till en siktmaskin då de ofta är för dyra. Grannbrukare bildar dock ofta kooperativ med minst 15 medlemmar som arbetar tillsammans mot gemensamma mål. Eftersom dessa kooperativ erbjuder tjänster såsom lån, utbildning och tillgång till utrustning skulle de kunna tillhandahålla en siktmaskin för sina medlemmar och därmed öka chansen för den enskilda småbrukaren att kunna börja med maskkompostering. Syfte med det här arbetet var att utforma en mer tillgänglig siktmaskin för låginkomsttagande småskaliga jordbrukare. Den resulterande designen är en manuellt driven maskin som drivs med en pedalmekanism. Maskinen är utformad för att vara mindre, enklare att underhålla och har inga driftkostnader jämfört med den befintliga maskinen på PCC. Den har integrerade hjul och bromsar, en borste för att rensa igensatta hål och en samlare. Framtida arbetet är att ta fram en fysisk prototyp för att kunna verifiera konceptet. Maskinen består av en blandning av råvaror och inköpta komponenter, där råvarorna kom från Filippinerna och komponenterna möjligen var importerade. Maskinens uppskattade pris blev cirka 58 468 PHP, mindre än ursprungliga PCC-maskinen, och anses rimligt för kooperativet, men kanske inte överkomligt för enskilda småskaliga jordbrukare.

La banane plantain (Musa paradisiaca) est l’aliment de base de millions de personnes dans le monde et sa culture génère des revenus permanents pour un grand nombre d’agriculteurs, dans des plantations de taille petite ou moyenne. Comme dans d’autres régions tropicales, la culture du plantain en Guadeloupe et en Haïti est soumise à de fortes contraintes parasitaires aussi bien telluriques (i.e. du sol : nématodes phytoparasites et charançon du bananier) qu’aériennes (Cercosporiose noire notamment). Les moyens de lutte conventionnels reposent sur l’usage de produits de synthèse dont les effets néfastes sur l’environnement (sols, eaux, animaux) comme sur la santé humaine ne sont plus supportables. Il est donc urgent de réfléchir à des solutions agro-écologiques permettant de rétablir les équilibres biologiques, de maintenir une bonne qualité des sols et une production optimale dans les systèmes de culture plantains. C’est le but de ce travail de thèse qui couple la réalisation d’un diagnostic agro-écologique dans des parcelles paysannes, et le test d’alternatives agro-écologiques en milieu semi-contrôlé. Pour ce faire, une typologie des systèmes de culture plantains a été réalisée à l’issue d’une enquête agro-environnementale dans les deux zones d’étude. Elle a permis de sélectionner 23 parcelles en Guadeloupe et 12 en Haïti dans lesquelles un diagnostic agro-écologique a été conduit. Sur la base de ce diagnostic et de la recherche d’alternatives agro-écologiques à l’usage des produits chimiques, une expérimentation au champ a été mise en place en Guadeloupe en station de recherche, permettant le test de trois pratiques culturales innovantes pour le plantain (seules et combinées), à savoir : i) l’introduction d’une plante de service Paspalum notatum pour la gestion des adventices et la réduction de l’utilisation d’herbicides ; ii) l’apport de vermicompost pour le contrôle des nématodes phytoparasites inféodés au bananier plantain et la fertilisation de celui-ci ; iii) l’utilisation de plants sains PIF (Plants Issus de Fragments de tiges) indemnes de nématodes et de larves de charançon du bananier. La typologie des systèmes de culture plantains révèle que : i) en Guadeloupe les précédents : jachère, ananas et banane plantain sont prédominants avec un niveau d’intensification faible (apports d’intrants chimiques faibles et peu fréquents) ou élevé (apports d’intrants chimiques élevés et plus fréquents) ; ii) en Haïti, les précédents : jachère, banane plantain et manioc prédominent avec un niveau d’intensification faible ou nul (apport d’intrants inexistant). Les résultats du diagnostic agro-écologique montrent que, i) lorsque le niveau d’intensification est faible, les bananeraies plantains pérennes et le précédent-ananas permettent de maintenir une bonne qualité du sol et une bonne régulation des parasites telluriques ; ii) lorsque le niveau d’intensification est fort, les populations d’ingénieurs du sol diminuent drastiquement, alors que le cortège parasitaire tellurique augmente sans que cela n’affecte l’obtention de bons niveaux de rendement instantannés (parcelles précédées d’ananas ou d’une jachère principalement) ; iii) en absence totale de fertilisation, il résulte une diminution de l’activité biologique du sol mais aussi du rendement du plantain, exacerbé par le choix des précédents-culturaux (manioc ou banane plantain) en lien avec les contraintes pédoclimatiques et la maladie des raies noires (Cercosporiose noire) causée par Mycosphaerella fijiensis, notamment au sein des parcelles Haïtiennes ; iv) la succession plantain/plantain est la plus pénalisante vis-à-vis de la culture du plantain, car quelque soit le niveau d’intensification, le rendement reste relativement faible, en lien avec une dégradation de l’état sanitaire, comparativement aux autres précédents. / Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is the staple food of millions of people worldwide and its cropping generates ongoing revenues for many farmers who are planting small or medium size areas. As in other tropical regions, plantain cultivation in Guadeloupe and Haiti is under heavy parasitic constraints terrestrial (plant-parasitic nematodes and banana weevil) as well as aerial (black Sigatoka in particular). Conventional means of control based on the use of synthetic products which adverse effects on the environment (soil, water, animals ...) as on human health are not bearable any more. It is thus urgent to think about agroecological solutions allowing to restore the biological balances, to maintain good soil quality and optimal plantain cropping systems.This is the ultimate goal of this thesis which couples the realization of an agroecological diagnosis in peasants’ plots, and the test of agroecological alternatives in semi-controlled conditions. To do this, a typology of plantain cropping systems was carried out from an agrienvironmental survey in the two study areas. It allowed to select 23 plots in Guadeloupe and 12 in Haiti in which an agroecological diagnosis was implemented. Based on this diagnosis and the research of agroecological alternatives to the use of chemicals, a field experiment was set up in Guadeloupe, in an experimental station allowing the test of three innovative practices for plantain cultivation (alone and combined), namely : i) the introduction of a cover-crop Paspalum notatum for weed control while reducing the use of herbicides ; ii) the input of worms’ compost to control plant-parasitic nematodes specific to plantain and to fertilize it ; iii) the use of healthy “PIF” plants (plants issued from stem fragments) free from telluric pests (nematodes and weevil’s larvaes).The typology of plantains cropping systems shows: i) in Guadeloupe the previous crops are: fallow pineapple and plantain predominate with a low level of intensification (low and infrequent chemical inputs) or high (high and frequent chemical inputs); ii) in Haiti, the previous crops are: fallow, plantain and cassava predominate with a low level or no intensification at all (no inputs). The results of the agroecological analysis show that : i) when the level of intensification is low, perennial plantain and pineapple as previous crops help maintaining a good soil quality and a good regulation of the telluric pests ; ii) when the level of intensification is strong, the soil engineers drastically reduce, while the density of telluric parasites increases without affecting good levels of instantaneous yields (plots where the previous crop is pineapple or mostly fallow) ; iii) when the fertilization is totally missing, it decreases the biological activity of the soil furthermore the plantain yields, exacerbated by the choice of the previous crop (cassava or plantain), in connection with soils and climate constraints and the black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, especially in the Haitian plots ; iv) the crop succession plantain/plantain is the most critical regarding the plantain’s cropping, because whatever the level of intensification, the yields remain relatively low in connection with a degradation of the health state, compared to other previous crops.The driving of an experiment in a research station shows that on the scale of one year, the three tested innovative practices allow maintaining a good soils quality. Healthy plants "PIF" have a better health state (absence of plant parasitic nematodes in the roots) which helps a significant increase of the yields. Cover-crop P. notatum helps the weeds and the soil pests control and favors the improvement of soil biological activity and plantain yields. Worms’ compost contributes to the maintenance of a better soils quality while allowing the regulation of the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes of the plantains.