The biogeography of Central America is considered a classical case study in understanding the impact of vicariant events on patterns of biotic dispersal. While many biogeographers have focused on community composition and geographic limits of species at broad scales across Central America, much less work has focused on post-colonization diversification patterns at finer scales. The livebearing freshwater fish Xenophallus umbratilis presents an ideal system for determining the impact of recent earth history events on biodiversity in northern Costa Rica. Here, we test the hypothesis that marine inundation of the San Carlos and Northern Limón basins during the Miocene has caused genetic fragmentation among X. umbratilis populations, despite contemporary freshwater connections across this region. To test this idea, we collected mitochondrial (cytb) and nuclear (Xmrk-2) DNA sequence data from up to 162 individuals taken from 27 localities across northern Costa Rica. We employed a variety of analytical approaches, including: maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), nested clade phylogeographic analysis (NCPA), and demographic analysis of population size through time. We found four major clades within X. umbratilis, each geographically isolated with no shared haplotypes across drainages. Oddly, clades that occupy adjacent drainages are not always sister taxa in the phylogeny, suggesting that colonization in this species is more complex than a simple model of isolation by distance. All our results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in sea level associated with glacial eustatic cycles have had an important effect in shaping diversification patterns in this species.

No description available.

No description available.

Complex interactions between topographic heterogeneity and steep gradients in climate and environmental conditions are commonly assumed to promote biotic diversification. Using tropical frogs as a model, I investigate the nature of these interactions that disrupt migration between populations, causing genetic divergence and speciation. I determine the role of several putative factors that affect gene flow (Euclidean distances, Least Cost Path (LCP) distances, topographic complexity, and elevation difference) and promote genetic structure (FST) between populations of three tropical Andean frog species. Moreover, I investigate, from an intraspecific perspective, whether montane frog species display on average larger genetic distances per kilometer relative to lowland species. Finally, I test if recent genetic divergence caused by topographic barriers to gene flow is paralleled by independent character systems such as acoustics and morphological traits in the high Andean frog Dendropsophus labialis. Even though the effect of geographic features on migration (and conversely, FST) was species-specific, LCP and Euclidean distances had the strongest effect on migration rate. Topographic complexity also reduced migration rate whereas elevation difference did not have an effect. I found that indeed highland species show larger genetic distances per kilometer between haplotypes than do lowland species. Also, genetic divergence is strongly associated with topographic heterogeneity, which is an intrinsic characteristic of montane regions. Finally, I found that acoustic variation in D. labialis diverges according to genealogical history, but external morphology does not follow this relationship. Stochastic processes due to genetic drift appear to be a better explanatory mechanism for the divergence in calls than adaptive variation. The strong and congruent divergence observed in acoustic and genetic characters indicates that these two groups correspond to morphologically cryptic parapatric species. Overall, the results of this study suggest some of the mechanisms that allow tropical mountains to promote intraspecific genetic divergence. The combined effect of ridges (promoting allopatric differentiation) and environmental gradients across elevation (promoting parapatric differentiation) are effective forces that are present mostly in highland biomes. Unfortunately, such biomes are critically threatened by habitat destruction and climate change, possibly more than any other biome on earth. / text

In this thesis, I try to proceed one step further towards an understanding of the biogeographic processes forming the distribution patterns of organisms that we see today. Babblers and warblers are diverse groups of passerines that are phylogenetically intermixed with other groups in the superfamily Sylvioidea. First, the gross phylogeny of the babblers and associated groups was estimated. Five major lineages of a well-supported monophyletic babbler radiation were recovered, and we proposed a new classification at family and subfamily level. Further, the genus Pnoepyga was excluded from Timaliidae, and we proposed the new family Pnoepygidae fam. nov. Second, the systematic position was investigated for the Albertine Rift taxon Hemitesia neumanni, which was found to be nested within the almost entirely Asian family Cettidae, and possible biogeographical scenarios were discussed. We concluded that the most plausible explanation involved late Miocene vicariance in combination with local extinctions. Third, the historical biogeography of a Leiothrichinae subclade, the Turdoides babblers and allies, was inferred. We concluded that the Middle East region probably played an important role in the early history of this clade, followed by local extinctions in this region. Fourth, a Bayesian method to reconstruct the historical biogeography under an event-based model was proposed, where the total biogeographic histories are sampled from its posterior probability distribution using Markov chains. In conclusion, I believe that, especially with more sophisticated methods available, we will see an increasing number of studies inferring biogeographic histories that lead to distribution patterns built up by a combination of dispersals and vicariance, but where these distributions have been extensively reshaped, or litterally demolished, by local extinctions. Therefore, my answer to the frequently asked question dispersal or vicariance? is both, but not the least: extinctions. / At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows; Papers 3 and 4: Manuscripts

Submitted by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-09T12:40:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VIDALJR_JoãodeDeus_2014.pdf: 5289373 bytes, checksum: 071875c19c5148dc61481da7f8ee7095 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-09T12:40:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VIDALJR_JoãodeDeus_2014.pdf: 5289373 bytes, checksum: 071875c19c5148dc61481da7f8ee7095 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-09T12:41:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VIDALJR_JoãodeDeus_2014.pdf: 5289373 bytes, checksum: 071875c19c5148dc61481da7f8ee7095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-09T12:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIDALJR_JoãodeDeus_2014.pdf: 5289373 bytes, checksum: 071875c19c5148dc61481da7f8ee7095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Rauvolfia L. is a pantropical genus with 70 species distributed throughout America, Africa and Asia, also being present in several remote islands like Hawaii and French Polynesia. Although having an estimated age of 34 million years, the genus has a wide distribution as a result of its remarkable dispersal capacity, given its distribution associated with water bodies and the fact that its fruits are a food source for many bird species, placing Rauvolfia as a highly interesting group for biogeographical studies. Based on this, we produced distribution maps for the 70 species of the genus from occurrence data obtained from herbarium sheets and revision articles, which were digitalized and georeferenced. Species with similar distribution patterns were grouped and their maps were produced and compared with maps of topography and hydrography. We analyzed this distribution together with the most recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the group to infer the distribution of ancestral nodes and to identify barriers in the distribution among sister groups. The phylogeny used was based on chloroplast markers, while divergence timing was estimated by molecular clock, calculated for the whole tribe Vinceae Duby in a parallel study. Softwares S-DIVA and VIP were used for biogeographical reconstructions, which were interpreted within the context of current biogeographical hypotheses. The genus Rauvolfia is mainly limited by climatic and geographic factors. Moreover, while some vicariance episodes were identified, much of the patterns observed for Rauvolfia present distribution were attributed to long-distance dispersal events, reinforcing the role of dispersal in current discussions about angiosperm biogeography. / Rauvolfia L. é um gênero pantropical, composto por 70 espécies distribuídas ao longo de América, África e Ásia, além de estar presente em diversas ilhas remotas como Havaí e Polinésia Francesa. Apesar de possuir uma idade estimada em 34 milhões de anos, o gênero apresenta uma distribuição ampla resultante de uma notável capacidade de dispersão, atribuída a sua distribuição associada a corpos d’água e ao fato de seus frutos serem uma fonte de alimentos para muitas espécies de pássaros, situando Rauvolfia como um grupo altamente interessante para estudos biogeográficos. Partindo deste princípio, nós produzimos mapas de distribuição para as 70 espécies do gênero a partir de dados de ocorrência obtidos de etiquetas de pranchas de herbários e de trabalhos de revisão, que foram digitalizados e georreferenciados. As espécies com padrões similares de distribuição foram agrupadas e seus mapas foram produzidos e comparados com mapas de relevo e hidrografia. Analisou-se então esta distribuição em conjunto com a mais recente hipótese filogenética para o grupo para se inferir a distribuição dos ramos ancestrais e localizar barreiras na distribuição de táxons irmãos. A filogenia utilizada foi baseada em marcadores cloroplastidiais, enquanto a datação foi estimada através de relógio molecular, inferida para toda a tribo Vinceae Duby em um estudo paralelo. Foram utilizados os softwares S-DIVA e VIP para as reconstruções biogeográficas, que foram interpretadas dentro do contexto de hipóteses biogeográficas atuais. O gênero Rauvolfia se apresentou delimitado principalmente por fatores climáticos e geográficos. Além disso, apesar da identificação de alguns episódios de vicariância, grande parte dos padrões observados para a distribuição atual de Rauvolfia foi atribuído a eventos de dispersão a longas distâncias, reforçando o papel desses eventos nas atuais discussões sobre biogeografia de Angiospermas.

Le concept linguistique de vicariance n’a jamais été délimité précisément. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’une part de définir une notion de linguistique générale, et d’autre part d’étudier les principaux mots vicariants du français, de l’italien, de l’espagnol et du portugais. Nous verrons que les mots vicariants se caractérisent par leur incomplétude, par leur sémantisme abstrait et par le fait d’être sémantiquement neutres par rapport à leur antécédent. Nous étudierons dans cette perspective le verbe faire, le que vicariant, les pronoms relatifs et interrogatifs, chose, truc, machin et bidule, les pronoms personnels de troisième personne, les pronoms y et en, les pronoms démonstratifs et tous et tout, et, à chaque fois, leurs équivalents italiens, espagnols et portugais. Notre approche se fondera essentiellement sur la psychomécanique du langage de Gustave Guillaume, qui présente l’avantage d’être une linguistique intégrale, puisqu’elle prend en compte aussi bien la langue que la transition de cette dernière au discours. La psychomécanique du langage postule que le sens correspond à un mouvement de pensée, et c’est ce mouvement de pensée que nous essaierons de reconstruire pour chacun des mots vicariants que nous avons énumérés. / The linguistic concept of vicariancy has never been defined precisely. The purpose of this thesis is therefore on the one hand to determine a notion of general linguistics, and on the other hand to study the main vicariant words in French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. We will see that vicariant words can be characterized by their incompleteness, by their abstract semantism and by the fact of being semantically neutral with regard to their antecedent. We will study from this point of view the verb faire, the que vicariant, the relative and interrogative pronouns, chose, truc, machin and bidule, the third-person pronouns, the pronouns y and en, the demonstrative pronouns and tous and tout, and, each time, their Italian, Spanish and Portuguese equivalents. Our approach is essentially based on Gustave Guillaume’s psychomecanics of language, which has the advantage of being a complete linguistics, since it considers the langue as well as the transition from this one to the discours. The psychomecanics of language postulates that the sense can be described as a movement of thought, and we will try to reconstruct this movement of thought for each one of the vicariant words we have enumerated.The linguistic concept of vicariancy has never been defined precisely. The purpose of this thesis is therefore on the one hand to determine a notion of general linguistics, and on the other hand to study the main vicariant words in French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. We will see that vicariant words can be characterized by their incompleteness, by their abstract semantism and by the fact of being semantically neutral with regard to their antecedent. We will study from this point of view the verb faire, the que vicariant, the relative and interrogative pronouns, chose, truc, machin and bidule, the third-person pronouns, the pronouns y and en, the demonstrative pronouns and tous and tout, and, each time, their Italian, Spanish and Portuguese equivalents. Our approach is essentially based on Gustave Guillaume’s psychomecanics of language, which has the advantage of being a complete linguistics, since it considers the langue as well as the transition from this one to the discours. The psychomecanics of language postulates that the sense can be described as a movement of thought, and we will try to reconstruct this movement of thought for each one of the vicariant words we have enumerated.

No description available.

Thèse préparée en cotutelle en anthropologie (Université de Montréal) et en ethnomusicologie (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales). / Cette recherche propose une recension socio-historique des contacts interculturels et du processus d’évangélisation chez les Noons de Thiès (Sénégal) afin d’y retracer la transmutation de symboliques culturelles depuis l’animisme au catholicisme, jusqu’à un état de vicariance entre les cultures en présence. Des travaux ont été effectués dans les archives des Spiritains, au Sénégal et à Paris; au Service historique de la Défense, à Vincennes; dans les Archives du Sénégal, à Dakar; et dans les archives de l’Abbaye de Keur Moussa. Des entrevues ont aussi été menées sur le terrain entre mars 2019 et mars 2020, enrichies d’une démarche renouvelée de bimusicalité selon Mantle Hood (1960), afin de mettre en lumière la perpétuation de symboles identitaires pendant la période coloniale jusqu’à aujourd’hui dans le mbilim, pratique musicale noon au coeur de la recherche. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans un contexte d’acculturation et de syncrétisme au sein d’une population faisant l’objet d’une exclusion systématique de la littérature historique écrite et s’inscrit dans la foulée d’une ethnomusicologie appliquée abordant le musical comme sujet holistique, observable et explicable selon diverses représentations de la communauté, une construction dynamique relevant de la rencontre entre plusieurs cultures dans le temps et se modulant selon l’utilisateur et le contexte d’utilisation (Berlioz et al., 1989). Je propose ainsi de reconsidérer le travail d’archives sur l’histoire et l’expérience coloniale et missionnaire afin de repenser les modèles classiques de syncrétisme et d’acculturation pour comprendre la construction d’une identité culturelle et musicale (ré)actualisée qui puisse permettre à la communauté visée de se projeter dans l’espace politique et socioculturel du Sénégal. / This research proposes a socio-historical review of cross-cultural contacts and of the evangelisation process among the Noons of Thiès (Senegal) in order to trace the transmutation of cultural symbolics from animism to Catholicism up to a state of vicariousness between the cultures in encounter. Work has been carried out in the archives of the Spiritans, in Senegal and Paris; at the Defense Historical Service, in Vincennes; in the National Archives of Senegal, in Dakar; and in the archives of Keur Moussa Abbey. Interviews were also conducted on the field between March 2019 and March 2020, enriched with a renewed approach of bi-musicality according to Mantle Hood (1960), in order to highlight the perpetuation of identity symbols during the colonial period until today in the mbilim, a musical practice of the Noons at the core of this research which is part of a context of acculturation and syncretism within a population subject to systematic exclusion from written historical literature. This research takes also part of an applied ethnomusicology approaching the musical as holistic subject, observable and explicable according to various representations of the community, a dynamic construction arising from the encounter between several cultures over time and modulating according to the user and the context of use (Berlioz et al., 1989). I thus propose to reconsider the work on the history and the colonial and missionary experience in the archives in order to rethink the classical models of syncretism and acculturation to understand the construction of a (re)actualised cultural and musical identity which can allow the community in question to project itself into the political and socio-cultural space of Senegal.

Das tropische Südostasien, und besonders der Indo-Australische Archipel, ist bekannt für seine bemerkenswerte floristische und faunistische Diversität, besonders konzentriert in vier der identifizierten Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (Indochina, Sundaland, die Philippinen und Wallacea). In dieser Arbeit wird die biogeographische Geschichte Südostasiens beleuchtet, um Regionen mit einer erhöhten Biodiversität zu identifizieren und zu testen, ob dies mit Diversifikationen innerhalb der Region und Einwanderungen und/oder Auswanderungen korreliert und ob sich diese Faktoren über die Zeit hinweg ausgleichen. Ein besonderer Augenmerk wird auf Sulawesi und seine besondere Fauna gelegt, um zu testen, ob ein Ursprung durch Vikarianz für verschiedene Tiergruppen plausibel erscheint und wann Diversifikationen innerhalb der Fisch- und Schnecken-Radiationen im Malili-Seensystem begannen. Dabei wird auf Meta-Analysen und mehrere Disziplinen zurückgegriffen für eine integrative biogeographische Geschichte Südoastasiens und seiner Fauna, indem molekulare Uhr-Analysen, Berechnungen zur Ermittlung des Ursprungsortes mit tektonischen, paläogeographischen und klimatischen Rekonstruktionen verbunden werden, um potentielle Ursachen für die heutige Verbreitung zu finden. / Tropical Southeast Asia, and particularly the Indo-Australian Archipelago, is known for its tremendous floral and faunal biodiversity, mainly accumulated in four of the world’s biodiversity hotspots identified (Indochina, Sundaland, the Philippines, and Wallacea). Here, Southeast Asia’s biogeographic history is examined to identify areas being characterized by high levels of biodiversity (number of lineages, species richness) through time and to test whether the respective biota is mainly due to in situ diversification, immigration and/or emigration, or equilibrium dynamics. Moreover, this thesis focuses particularly on Sulawesi and its peculiar fauna to test if a vicariant origin appears plausible for certain groups and when the remarkable fish and snail radiations found in the Malili Lakes system started to diversify. To achieve this, meta-analytical and multi-disciplinary approaches are considered for an integrative historical biogeographic history of Southeast Asia and its biota by using molecular clock analyses and ancestral area estimations together with tectonic, palaeogeographic and climatic reconstructions to reveal potential causes for present-day distribution.