Muitas atividades da rotina humana são codificadas por cor. Disfunções na percepção das cores podem ocorrer por um grande número de causas, sejam elas congênitas ou adquiridas. A ênfase sobre o mais preciso levantamento de dados confirma que a prevalência de deficiência de indivíduos do sexo masculino caucasianos europeus é de cerca de 8% e que a prevalência em populações asiáticas é entre 4% e 5%. No ano de 2015, Bastos desenvolveu um questionário para avaliação do impacto da discromatopsia entre indivíduos adultos. Medir aspectos psicossociais, processos psíquicos e comportamentais envolve uma série de conteúdos matemáticos e caracterizações que podem ajudar a mostrar a validade e confiabilidade de perguntas e respostas por mais simples que pareça esse processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a fidedignidade desse questionário e adequá-lo a uma futura análise fatorial. Pudemos observar que o constructo QUESTIONÁRIO PILOTO DE AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO DA DISCROMATOPSIA CONGÊNITA é multidimensional. A ferramenta que foi escolhida para avalia-lo demonstra que seu item tem objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, relevância, precisão, variedade, modalidade, tipicidade e credibilidade. Esses critérios foram avaliados por juízes com desempenho habitual em interpretação de textos. O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach demonstra uma congruência sólida entre os itens do questionário. Mesmo quando esse foi avaliado em suas dimensões, os coeficientes continuaram significantemente relacionados mostrando que essa é uma ferramenta de qualidade. Os resultados demonstram que o constructo apresenta boa fidedignidade e é de fundamental importância pois os métodos psicofísicos não correlacionam a suas análises ao real impacto que a alteração de visão de cores pode causar nesse grupo populacional / Many human routine activities are color-coded. Dysfunctions in the perception of colors can occur for a great number of causes, whether they are congenital or acquired. The emphasis on the most accurate data collection confirms that the prevalence of European Caucasian male deficiency is approximatedely 8% and that the prevalence in Asian populations is between 4% and 5%. In 2015, Bastos developed a questionnaire to assess the impact of dyschromatopsia among adult subjects. Measuring psychosocial aspects, psychic and behavioral processes involves a series of mathematical content and characterizations that can help show the validity and reliability of questions and answers as simple as this process may seem. The objective of this study was to analyze the reliability of this questionnaire and to adapt it for future factorial analyses. We could observe that the construct \"PILOT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF CONGENITAL DISCROMATOPSY\" is multidimensional. The tool that has been chosen to evaluate it demonstrates that its items have objectivity, simplicity, clarity, relevance, precision, variety, modality, typicity and credibility. These criteria were evaluated by judges with a permissive performance in the interpretation of texts. Cronbach\'s Alfa coefficient demonstrates a solid congruence between the items in the questionnaire. Even when it was evaluated in its dimensions, the coefficients continued to be significantly related, showing that this is a quality tool. The results demonstrate that the construct presents good reliability and is of fundamental importance since the psychophysical methods do not correlate their analyses with the real impact that the alteration of color vision can cause in this population group

Background: Cross-sectional survey of ocular biometry and visual function in healthy eyes across the life span of a German population aged 20 to 69 years (n = 218). Subject number in percent per age category reflected the percentage within the respective age band of the population of Leipzig, Germany. Methods: Measurements obtained: subjective and objective refraction, best-corrected visual acuity, accommodation, contrast sensitivity, topography and pachymetry with Scheimpflug camera, axial length with non-contact partial coherence interferometry, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the retina. Pearson correlation coefficients with corresponding p-values were given to present interrelationships between stature, biometric and refractive parameters or their associations with age. Two-sample T-tests were used to calculate gender differences. The area under the logarithmic contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) was calculated for the analysis of contrast sensitivity as a single figure across a range of spatial frequencies. Results: The results of axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) differed as a function of the age of the participants (rho (p value): AL −0.19 (0.006), ACD −0.56 (< 0.001), ACV-0.52 (< 0.001)). Longer eyes had deeper ACD (AL:ACD 0.62 (< 0.001), greater ACV (AL:ACV 0.65 (< 0.001) and steeper corneal radii (AL:R1ant; R2ant; R1post; R2post 0.40; 0.35; 0.36; 0.36 (all with (< 0.001)). Spherical equivalent was associated with age (towards hyperopia: 0.34 (< 0.001)), AL (−0.66 (< 0.001)), ACD (−0.52 (< 0.001)) and ACV (−0.46 (< 0.001)). Accommodation was found lower for older subjects (negative association with age, r = −0.82 (< 0.001)) and contrast sensitivity presented with smaller values for older ages (AULCSF −0.38, (< 0.001)), no change of retinal thickness with age. 58 % of the study cohort presented with a change of refractive correction above ±0.50 D in one or both eyes (64 % of these were habitual spectacle wearers), need for improvement was present in the young age-group and for older subjects with increasing age. Conclusion: Biometrical data of healthy German eyes, stratified by age, gender and refractive status, enabled cross-comparison of all parameters, providing an important reference database for future patient-based research and specific in-depth investigations of biometric data in epidemiological research. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT01173614 July 28, 2010

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The objective of this work is the evaluation of the impact on health care of the systematic use of health related quality of life (HRQL) measures. A systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials were performed. A novel method was developed for the interpretation of scores that was based on Item Response Theory and it was applied to Visual Function Index VF-14, a perceived visual function measure for cataract patients. In a before-after trial, the visual function of 833 consecutive cataract patients attending 19 ophthalmologists in hospital and primary care based practices was routinely assessed. The results suggest that the feed back on HRQL and perceived health to health professionals might improve some aspects of medical care process, but not its outcome. / El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el impacto en la atención médica del uso sistemático de instrumentos de medida de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). Para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de ensayos clínicos. Se desarrolló un método para la interpretación de las puntuaciones basado en Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem y se aplicó al Índice de Función Visual VF-14, una medida de función visual percibida para pacientes con cataratas. Se diseñó un estudio de intervención antes-después en el que se midió de forma sistemática la función visual de 833 pacientes con cataratas que acudieron de forma consecutiva a las consultas de 19 oftalmólogos en centros hospitalarios y de atención primaria. Los resultados indican que la administración de información sobre CVRS y salud percibida a los profesionales de la salud podría modificar algunos componentes del proceso de la atención sanitaria, pero no su resultado. / L' objectiu del present treball és l'avaluació de l'impacto a l' atenció mèdica de l'us sistemàtic dels instruments de mesura de la qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut (QVRS). Es realitzà una revisió sistemàtica i meta-anàlisi d'assaijos clínics. Es va desenvolupar un mètode per a la interpretació de les puntuacions basat en la Teoria de Resposta a l'Ítem que es va aplicar a l'Índex de Funció Visual VF-14, una mesura de funció visual percebuda per a pacients amb cataractes. Es va dissenyar un estudi d'intervenció abans-després en el que es mesurà de forma sistemàtica la funció visual de 833 pacients amb cataractes atesos de forma consecutiva a les consultas de 19 oftalmòlegs de centres hospitalaris i d'atenció primària. Els resultats indiquen que l'administració d'información sobre QVRS i salut percebuda als professionals de la salut pot modificar alguns components del procés de l' atenció sanitària, pero no el seu resultat.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released millions of barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, impacting economically and ecologically important fishes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the oil have been shown to cause developmental impairments in early life stage fishes, such as morphological and behavioral changes related to eye formation and visual processing following PAH exposure. Prior research reported reduced eye growth in open water, pelagic species, as well as reduced photoreceptor-specific transcription factors associated with eye development following exposure to crude oil. Though changes in transcriptomic-level pathways associated with vision and visual processing have been reported, it has yet to be determined how these changes relate to physiological or behavioral-level effects in fish. Therefore, the present studies evaluated the effect of weathered crude oil on eye development and visual function in mahi-mahi, red drum, sheepshead minnow, and zebrafish larvae. Fish were assessed through several visually-mediated behavioral assays, analyzed histologically and immunohistologically, along with subsequent transcriptomic analyses and associated gene expression changes. Larvae exposed to crude oil experienced significantly reduced abilities to exhibit optomotor or optokinetic responses relative to controls, with associated reductions in retinal development. Furthermore, genes associated with eye development and phototransduction were downregulated, with subsequent decreases in the immunofluorescence of neurological connections within the retina and a choroid-specific increase in apoptotic activity. We related oil-induced transcriptomic-level effects to morphological, physiological, and behavioral-level impairments in larval teleost fishes.

En 2017, il n'est plus nécessaire de se rappeler un numéro de téléphone par cœur, de patienter gentiment pour goûter les fruits et légumes de saison ou d'attendre quelqu’un à la gare avec impatience sans avoir eu de ses nouvelles : les émotions sont d'avantage liées à des moyens de communication bien plus immédiats. Le rythme naturel du temps qui passe dans nos vies semble s’apparenter pour l'homme (et pour la femme) du nouveau millénaire, davantage à une accélération effrénée et constante, une course contre le temps, dans l'illusion d'un monde instantané, hyper-rapide, super efficace : un monde « smart ». De cette manière, plutôt que d'écouter et de respecter le rythme naturel de notre respiration, de notre corps, nous choisissons à chaque instant de courir toujours plus vite, dans l'illusion omnipotente de gagner la course contre le temps, l'infaillible gardien de notre existence. Nous exprimons le désir d'être constamment connecté, créant l'illusion de l'hyper-présence. L'évolution technologique a radicalement transformé notre style de vie, notre manière de communiquer, notre propre expérience humaine et émotive. Si d'un côté la révolution technologique à laquelle nous appartenons, et dont nous continuons à en être les acteurs a permis la transformation globale des processus de communication de masse, celle-ci a en même temps permis l'émergence de nouvelles fragilités et la manifestation évidente de psychopathologies en relation à Internet. C’est à partir de la consultation de plus de 240 articles scientifiques internationaux et avec les données fournies sur la prévalence de ces nouvelles formes d’addiction en Asie (le continent technologiquement plus avancé et concerné à ce sujet), que le comité scientifique APA (American Psychiatric Association – Société Américaine de Psychiatrie) a décidé d’introduire l’Internet Gaming Disorder dans la dernière version du DSM, en Mai 2013. Le domaine de l’addiction à Internet est une frontière extrêmement emmêlée et complexe qui représente un nœud névralgique des discussions d'une partie de la communauté scientifique internationale. Voraces et habiles consommatrices des nouvelles technologies, les nouvelles générations sont particulièrement exposées au risque de développer ces nouvelles formes de dépendance. Il est nécessaire que la communauté scientifique internationale s'interroge sur de nouvelles stratégies d'intervention pour pouvoir intercepter et accueillir ces formes de malaise juvénile, qu’elle sache les définir pour les identifier et les soigner grâce à des protocoles d'intervention pour répondre de manière toujours plus efficace aux besoins réels des ces jeunes consommateurs. D'où l’intérêt de développer des projets de recherche portant sur ce sujet. Cette thèse, décrit donc un problème en émergence et la proposition d’une approche thérapeutique possible face à ces nouvelles formes d’addiction avec les arts thérapies, plus précisément avec la dramathérapie. Le cadre expérimental de cette thèse s’articule en deux parties : la première partie correspond à l’étude des répercussions physiologiques notamment sur la variation des compétences visuelles par rapport à un usage abusif ou addictif des écrans. Cette étude, qui constitue la principale expérience psychopédagogique de prévention de cette thèse, a été adressée à 250 adolescents italiens sains. La deuxième partie est une expérience clinique de prise en charge des addictions à Internet, auprès d’un public de 13 adolescents et jeunes adultes atteints du syndrome d’Asperger, addictifs aux jeux vidéo. Un dernier projet de dramathérapie adressé à des adolescents et des jeunes adultes, souffrant d’addiction aux substances constitue l’ouverture du regard clinique face aux comorbidités possibles qui caractérisent la pratique clinique de notre champ d’étude. (...) / In 2017, there is no longer a need to remember a phone number by heart, wait for the right time to taste seasonal fruit or vegetables, or wait for someone at the station without having news briefly before hugging him on the train quay Emotions are more closely related to much more immediate communication flows. The natural rhythm of time flowing in our lives seems to be synonymous for the man (and the woman) of the new millennium of a frantic and constant acceleration against time, in the illusion of a flashy world, super-fast, super-efficient: a smart world. In this way, instead of listening to and respecting the natural rhythm of our breath, our body, we choose at any time to run faster and faster, in the omnipotent illusion of winning the race against time, the unreliable guardian of our existence. We express the desire to be constantly connected, creating the illusion of hyper-presence. Technological development has radically changed our lifestyle, our way of communicating, our human and emotional, individual and collective experience. On the one hand, the technological revolution has allowed the global transformation of the mass communication process and is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and discovery; not to be demonized but to be explored with intelligence and curiosity; it has at the same time led to the emergence of new vulnerabilities and manifestations of Internet-related psychopathological discomfort. It is through the consultation of over 240 international scientific articles and data on the prevalence of these new forms of dependence in Asia (the continent most technologically advanced and involved in this regard), that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) decided to introduce the Internet Gaming Disorder in its latest version of the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) in May 2013. The field of Internet addiction is an extremely tangled and complex border that represents a nerve node discussion in part of the international scientific community. Voracious consumers and clever users of new technologies, that is the new generations, seem to be particularly at risk of developing these dependencies. This is why it is important to develop research projects and it is urgent to propose psycho-educational prevention projects for the adolescent population. This thesis describes an emergency problem and the proposal of a possible approach facing these new addiction forms through arts therapies, more precisely through dramatherapy. The experimental part of this thesis is articulated in two parts: the first one corresponds to the study of physiological repercussion on variations of visual skills related to the use or abuse of screen use.This study, that represents the psycho pedagogical and prevention experience of this thesis, was addressed to 250 Italian sound teenagers. The second part consists of a clinical experience of cure of Internet addiction addressed to 13 video games addicted adolescents and young adults with Asperger syndrome. A further project of dramatherapy addressed to drugs addicted adolescents and young adults represents a clinical perspective in front of possible comorbidities that characterize the clinical practice in our field of study. The dramatherapy approach in the field of prevention and cure of web related addictions is considered regarding two important aspects: the recovery and reclamation of the body and sensory experience (size altered in the virtual experience facing the monitors) and the possibility to expose the person to a gaming experience through a shared transitional space. The body dimension, completely abandoned or altered in the virtual experience, is recovered and exalted through dramatherapy. The therapeutical approach is born, grows and develops in the body. In our view the stage represents the appropriate mediation between the virtual space of the abuse and real space of existence. (...)

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