Background: The role of nutrients in mental health has recently been recognized and investigated. Vitamin D has been known to play a role in a wide range of diseases, such as bone, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Recently, its role in cognitive function and mental health has been reported. Vitamin D receptor and hydroxylases have been mapped throughout the brain, suggesting a role for vitamin D in brain tissue. An inverse association between vitamin D and depression was observed in European epidemiologic studies. There is a paucity of data on the association between vitamin D concentrations and depression in the U.S. population. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between serum vitamin D concentrations and depression in a large, nationally representative sample survey, the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 (NHANES III). Methods: The study sample included 7970 adults, ages 15-39 years, who completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for depression and had vitamin D concentrations measured. SAS and SUDAAN statistical software packages were used in data analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of having depression in vitamin D deficient persons in relation to vitamin D sufficient persons, after taking several confounding variables into consideration. Significance was set at α < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in women than in men (24 % vs. 15%), higher in African-Americans than in whites (60% vs. 10%), higher in people living in metropolitan rather than in rural areas (25% vs. 14%), and higher in subjects below the poverty threshold than in higher income subjects (29% vs. 14%). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased as BMI increased. The diagnostic variables for depression did not show an association with vitamin D deficiency after adjusting for several confounding factors. However, subjects having a depressive episode at the time of the interview, were significantly more likely to exhibit vitamin D deficiencies (OR = 1.85; P = 0.0210). Conclusions: This is the first large epidemiologic study on the association between vitamin D and depression in a US representative sample survey. A significant positive association was found between subjects having an episode of depression and vitamin D deficiency. However, a causal relationship could not be established due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Further studies need to investigate the mechanistic and causal relation between vitamin D and depression.

Background: The role of nutrients in mental health has recently been recognized and investigated. Vitamin D has been known to play a role in a wide range of diseases, such as bone, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Recently, its role in cognitive function and mental health has been reported. Vitamin D receptor and hydroxylases have been mapped throughout the brain, suggesting a role for vitamin D in brain tissue. An inverse association between vitamin D and depression was observed in European epidemiologic studies. There is a paucity of data on the association between vitamin D concentrations and depression in the U.S. population. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between serum vitamin D concentrations and depression in a large, nationally representative sample survey, the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 (NHANES III). Methods: The study sample included 7970 adults, ages 15-39 years, who completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for depression and had vitamin D concentrations measured. SAS and SUDAAN statistical software packages were used in data analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of having depression in vitamin D deficient persons in relation to vitamin D sufficient persons, after taking several confounding variables into consideration. Significance was set at α < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in women than in men (24 % vs. 15%), higher in African-Americans than in whites (60% vs. 10%), higher in people living in metropolitan rather than in rural areas (25% vs. 14%), and higher in subjects below the poverty threshold than in higher income subjects (29% vs. 14%). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increased as BMI increased. The diagnostic variables for depression did not show an association with vitamin D deficiency after adjusting for several confounding factors. However, subjects having a depressive episode at the time of the interview, were significantly more likely to exhibit vitamin D deficiencies (OR = 1.85; P = 0.0210). Conclusions: This is the first large epidemiologic study on the association between vitamin D and depression in a US representative sample survey. A significant positive association was found between subjects having an episode of depression and vitamin D deficiency. However, a causal relationship could not be established due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Further studies need to investigate the mechanistic and causal relation between vitamin D and depression.

Akademisk avhandling--Karolinska institutet. Stockholm. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Bibliography: p. 35-36.

Thesis (M.F.C.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2010. / Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 59 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The possible advantages of vitamin D supplementation on various cardiometabolic conditions have been examined over the past few years. Vitamin D supplementation has possibly shown effects on each of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome i.e.: obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain whether or not vitamin D supplementation has any effect on any of the components of the metabolic syndrome. We searched the (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails (Central), Medline, Science direct, ISI Web of knowledge and Scopus during 2010 (repeated search in 2012). We found four randomized controlled trials that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three hundred and seventy three patients were included in these four randomized controlled trails comparing vitamin D supplementation with placebo. Duration of treatment was a minimum of 4 weeks, through to a maximum of on-year. The different trials looked at various components of the metabolic syndrome as outcomes. The results were not consistent amongst the trials and the results could not be combined in a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in study design and outcomes measured. The current systematic review highlights the shortcomings in the published data and we recommend further trials be undertaken before vitamin D supplementation can be recommended as beneficial for patients with the metabolic syndrome. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlike voordele van vitamien D-aanvullings op verskillende kardiometaboliese toestande is oor die afgelope paar jaar ondersoek. Daar is aangetoon dat vitamien Daanvullings uitwerkings het op elk van die individuele komponente van die metaboliese sindroom naamlik vetsug, hipertensie, dislipidemie en glukose-intoleransie. Die doel van hierdie sistematiese oorsig was om vas te stel of vitamien D-aanvullings enige uitwerking het op enige van die komponente van die metaboliese sindroom of nie. Ons het gedurende 2010 soektogte uitgevoer op die Cochrane Sentrale register van gekontroleerde proewe (Central), Medline, Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge en Scopus (soektog is in 2012 herhaal). Ons het vier verewekansigde gekontroleerde proewe wat aan ons insluiting- en uitsluitingskriteria voldoen het, opgespoor. Driehonderd drie en sewentig pasiënte is by die vier proewe ingesluit. Al vier proewe het vitamien D-aanvullings met plasebo vergelyk. Die duur van behandeling het van 4 weke tot een jaar gestrek. Die verskillende proewe het gekyk na verskillende komponente van die metaboliese sindroom as uitkomste. Die resultate van die onderskeie proewe was nie konsekwent nie. Die huidige sistematiese oorsig belig die tekortkominge in die gepubliseerde data en ons beveel aan dat verdere proewe onderneem word om vas te stel of dit nuttig is om vitamien D aanvullings vir pasiënte met die metaboliese sindroom aan te beveel, en of dit dalk skadelik kan wees.

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Introdução - A concentração sérica de vitamina D pode variar em indivíduos de diferentes grupos etários e de diversas regiões geográficas e pode ser influenciada pela exposição solar, estação do ano, bem como pelos valores de IMC e paratormônio (PTH). A classificação utilizada para definir concentração sérica adequada de vitamina D refere valores de 25(OH)D acima de 30 ng/mL. Porém, essa classificação pode estar inapropriada para a população brasileira, devido às particularidades climáticas e alimentares. Objetivo - Verificar as concentrações séricas médias de 25(OH)D e PTH e sua relação com IMC, exposição solar e estação do ano e identificar os valores de corte da 25(OH)D associados à elevação do paratormônio (PTH) em adultos e idosos de amostra representativa da população do município de São Paulo. Métodos - Para esta dissertação foi desenvolvido um artigo original. O artigo original descreve o estudo transversal realizado com indivíduos do estudo ISA-Capital, estudo multicêntrico e de base populacional, onde foram investigados 589 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, dos grupos etários: 20 a 59 (adultos) e 60 e mais (idosos). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue, para dosagens de 25(OH)D e PTH. Os indivíduos que aceitaram participar da coleta de sangue, também responderam um questionário sobre exposição solar. A análise estatística incluiu a curva ROC, testes t de Student, correlação e ANOVA. Os cálculos foram realizados pelo software SPSS versão 17.0. e p 0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados - No artigo original observou-se idade média de 54,83 (19,21) anos, sendo 61,3 por cento do sexo feminino e 38,7 por cento do sexo masculino. A concentração sérica média de 25(OH)D foi 50,02 (22,69) ng/mL, já entre os grupos foi de 47,48 (23,03) (adultos) e 52,68 (22,06) ng/mL (idosos) havendo diferença significativa entre eles (p=0,005). Observou-se variação sazonal da concentração sérica de 25(OH)D e correlação positiva entre 25(OH)D e IMC (r = 0,114, p = 0,006). O novo valor de corte 55.8 ng/mL, determinado pela análise da curva ROC, encontrou 67,6 por cento dos indivíduos insuficientes de 25(OH)D e entre os grupos 72,1 por cento (adultos) e 62,8 por cento (idosos). Conclusão - Os resultados demonstram a presença de variação sazonal nas concentrações séricas de 25(OH)D no municipio de São Paulo. O ponto de corte proposto para nossa população indicou elevada prevalência de insuficiência de vitamina D. Portanto, se faz necessário políticas públicas de prevenção de insuficiência de vitamina D visando os efeitos benéficos na saúde e qualidade de vida desta população. / Introduction - The serum concentration of vitamin D may vary in individuals of different age groups and geographic regions and may be influenced by sun exposure, season and by BMI and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The classification widely used as a cut-off for appropriate vitamin D status refers serum 25 (OH) D above 30 ng/mL. However, this classification may be inappropriate for the Brazilian population, due to the particular food and the climate of our population. Objective - To determine the mean serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH and correlate them with BMI, sunlight exposure and season and to identify the cutoff values of 25 (OH) D associated with elevation in PTH. Methods For this dissertation, one original article were developed. Original article describe cross-sectional study performed with subjects from the ISA Capital, multicenter population-based. We investigated 589 individuals were of both sexes, age groups: 20-59 (adults) and 60 (elderly). Blood samples for laboratory measurements of 25(OH)D and PTH were collected. Individuals, who agreed to participate in blood collection, also answered a questionnaire on sunlight exposure. Statistical analysis included ROC curve, Student t test, correlation tests, ANOVA. The calculations were performed by the software SPSS version 17.0. and p 0.05 was considered significant. Results - In the original article, the mean age of participants was 54.83 (19.21) years, 61.3 per cent female and 38.7 per cent were male. The mean serum 25 (OH) D was 50.02 (22.69) ng/mL, between the groups was 47.48 (23.03) (adults) and 52.68 (22.06) ng/ mL (elderly) and significant difference between them (p = 0.005). A seasonal variation in serum 25 (OH) D was observed and positive correlation between 25(OH)D and BMI (r = 0.114, p = 0.006). The new cutoff value 55.8 ng / mL, determined by ROC curve analysis found 67.6 per cent of subjects insufficient 25 (OH) D and between groups 72.1 per cent (adults) and 62.8 per cent (elderly). Conclusion - The results demonstrate the presence of seasonal variation in serum 25 (OH) D in the municipality of Sao Paulo. The cutoff point proposed for our population showed a high prevalence of insufficient vitamin D. Therefore, public policy is needed to prevent vitamin D insufficiency in order to beneficial effects on health and quality of life in this population.

Vitamin D is an important immunomodulator. Epidemiological studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency impairs the immune functions and participates in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D supplementation has shown significant changes on circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers in different clinical conditions. However, the effect of single large-dose of vitamin D3 in immune system in elderly people remains unclear. We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the possible benefic effect of single oral dose of 300.000 IU of vitamin D3 on inflammatory markers in elderly post-menopausal women. A total of 40 women aged over 60 years were selected to receive 300.000 IU of cholecalciferol (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) at baseline. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were similar in both group at baseline [16.4 ng/ml (± 3.8) in vitamin D group and 15 ng/ml (± 3.7) in placebo groups, p = 0.23]. Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 were measured by ELISA at baseline, and 30, 60 and 90 days after intervention. In the vitamin D group, we found a significant median percent decline in levels of IL-6 (30.8%, p = 0.006) and TNF-α (48.6%, p < 0.0001), associated with a significant median percent increase in levels of IL-10 (68.4%, p < 0.0001) after 90 days. We concluded that a single oral dose of 300.000 IU of cholecalciferol, in the short time, is able to improve the cytokines profile in elderly women with vitamin D deficiency. / A vitamina D é um importante imunomodulador. Estudos epidemiológicos têm demonstrado que a deficiência de vitamina D prejudica as funções imunológicas e participa na patogênese de doenças infecciosas e autoimunes. A suplementação de vitamina D tem demonstrado significativas alterações nas concentrações circulantes de marcadores inflamatórios em diferentes condições clínicas. No entanto, o efeito de dose única e elevada de vitamina D3 no sistema imune de pessoas idosas, permanece obscuro. Nós realizamos um ensaio clínico, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo para avaliar o possível efeito benéfico de uma dose oral única de 300.000 UI de vitamina D3 em marcadores inflamatórios em mulheres idosas na pós-menopausa. Um total de 40 mulheres com idade superior a 60 anos foram selecionados para receber 300.000 UI de colecalciferol (n = 20) ou placebo (n = 20) no início do estudo. As dosagens de 25-hidroxivitamina D séricas [25(OH)D] foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos no início do estudo [16,4 ng/ml (± 3,8) no grupo vitamina D e 15 ng/ml (± 3,7) no grupo placebo, p = 0,23]. Os níveis séricos de IL-6, TNF-α e IL-10 foram medidos por ELISA no início do estudo e 30, 60 e 90 dias após a intervenção. No grupo da vitamina D, verificou-se uma diminuição significativa na percentagem média dos níveis de IL-6 (30.8 %, p = 0.006) e TNF-α (48.6 %, p < 0.0001), associada com um aumento percentual médio significativo nos níveis de IL-10 (68.4 %, p < 0.0001) após 90 dias. Concluímos que uma dose oral única de 300.000 UI de colecalciferol, em um curto espaço de tempo, é capaz de melhorar o perfil das citocinas em mulheres idosas com deficiência de vitamina D.

Bakgrund: Vitamin D är en solskensvitamin eftersom den bildas naturligt i kroppen när huden exponeras av solen. Vitamin D består av två fettlösliga former ergokalciferol (D2) och kolekalciferol (D3. Vitamin D är ett grundläggande komplement för att bevara en god hälsa och prestation. Syfte: Att undersöka vitamin D påverkan på fysisk prestation hos uthållighetsidrottare. Metod: Artikelsökningar på PubMed och Sport Discus gjordes 30/3 - 2/4 för att undersöka syftet med studien. Sammanlagt inkluderades 6 studier som undersökte vitamin D påverkan på fysisk prestation hos uthållighetsidrottare. Två kvalitetsbedömningar gjordes av studier för att undersöka om de uppfyller grundläggande kvalitetskrav. Resultat: Studierna genomförde fysiska tester och innehöll olika typ av uthållighetsidrottare, såsom löpare, cyklister, simmare, roddare, elitidrottare. Effekter av vitamin D på fysisk prestation var bland annat förbättrad muskelåterhämtning, muskelstyrka, snabbhet och syreupptagning. Konklusion: Vitamin D har positiva effekter på fysisk prestation hos kvinnliga och manliga uthållighetsidrottare. / Background: Vitamin D is a sunshine vitamin because it is formed naturally in the body when the skin is exposed to the sun. Vitamin D consists of two fat-soluble forms, ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3). Vitamin D is a basic supplement for maintaining good health and performance. Purpose: To investigate the impact of vitamin D on the physical performance of endurance athletes. Method: Article searches were made in PubMed and Sport Discus 30/3-2/4 to investigate the purpose of the study. Totally 6 studies were included that have investigated the impact of vitamin D on the physical performance of endurance athletes. Two quality assessments were made on the studies to investigate whether they meet basic qualification requirements. Result: The studies performed physical tests and included different types of endurance athletes such as runners, cyclists, swimmers, rowers, elite athletes. Effects of vitamin D on physical performance included improved muscle recovery, muscle strength, speed, and oxygen uptake. Conclusion: Vitamin D has positive effects on physical performance in female and male endurance athletes.

<p>Vitamin D ima antiproliferativno, proapoptotsko i prodiferencijaciono dejstvo. Dokazi o dejstvu na ćelije adenokarcinoma prostate su malobrojni i nekonzistentni. Cilj ispitivanja je određivanje stepena povezanosti između nivoa vitamina D, stadijuma adenokarcinoma prostate, prostata specifičnog antigena, Gleason grade i progresije oboljenja. Ispitivanje je prospektivno, sprovedeno na 120 ispitanika (90 pacijenata sa dijagnostikovanim karcinomom prostate i 30 kontrolnih, zdravih subjekata). Pacijenti sa dijagnostikovanim adenokarcinomom prostate podeljeni su prema stadijumu bolesti u dve grupe: lokalizovano (pT2cN0M0, prostata specifični antigen &le; 20 ng/ml, Gleason 2-7) i metastatsko oboljenje (pT3-4, N1, M 0,1(a,b,c), prostata specifični antigen &ge; 20 ng/ml, Gleason &ge; 8), dok su prema ordiniranoj terapiji podeljeni u tri grupe: pacijenti koji su hemijski kastrirani, hirur&scaron;ki kastrirani i grupa kod koje je urađena radikalna prostatektomija. Uzorci za analizu nivoa vitamina D i prostata specifičnog antigen uzeti pre ordinirane terapije a nakon toga posle 6 i 12 meseci. Kako ne postoje definisane vrednosti unosa vitamina D i kalcijuma za ispitivano podneblje formirani smo Upitnik kojim smo evaluirali dnevni unos kod 90 zdravih subjekata mu&scaron;kog pola starijih od 50 godina koji nisu učestvovali u ispitivanju. Da bismo uočili ispitanike koji su hranom ili životnim navikama drastično uticali na vrednost vitamina D isti Upitnik su ispunili svi ispitanici uključeni u ispitivanje. Ustanovljena je očuvana godi&scaron;nja oscilacija vitamina D kod ispitanika te smo statističkim modelom korigovali ovu varijablu. Rezultati pokazuju da grupa obolelih nema apsolutno niske vrednosti vitamina D i da su vrednosti kod obolelih niže u odnosu na kontrolne subjekte (64.12 nmol/l vs. 74.45 nmol/l). Nije uočena razlika u nivou vitamina D kod pacijenata sa lokalizovanim i metastatskim oboljenjem (62.90 nmol/l vs. 64,65 nmol/l). Odnos između prostata specifičnog antigena i vitamina D posmatran tokom perioda ispitivanja pokazuje da je kod obolelih pacijenata koji su hemijski ili hirur&scaron;ki kastrirani i kod pacijenata kod kojih je urađena radikalna prostektomija postoji pozitivna korelacija pre ordinirane terapije u sve tri grupe, nakon ordinirane terapije možemo uočiti inverznu korelaciju. Konrolna grupa ispitanika pokazuje stalnu pozitivnu korelaciju između nivoa vitamina D i prostata specifičnog antigena. Pacijenti kod kojih je do&scaron;lo do progresije imaju niže vrednosti nivoa vitamina D u odnosu na pacijente kod kojih nije do&scaron;lo do progresije. Nije ustanovljena korelacija između vremenskog intervala do progresije oboljenja i nivoa vitamina D.</p> / <p>Vitamin D has antiproliferative, proapoptotic and prodifferentiational actions. There is a limited number of studies asessing influence of vitamin D on prostate cancer. Results of those available studies are inconsistent. This study hypothesizes with correlation of vitamin D, prostate cancer stage, prostate specific antigen, Gleason grade, stage, and disease progression. This prospective study included 120 subjects (90 subjects with diagnosed prostate cancer and 30 healthy, age adjusted controls). Patients with diagnosed prostate cancer formed two groups by criterion of disease advancement: localized (&le;pT2cN0M0, prostate specific antigen &le; 20 ng/ml, Gleason 2-7) and metastatic (&ge;pT3-4, N1, M 0,1(a,b,c), prostate specific antigen &ge; 20 ng/ml, Gleason &ge; 8. According to applied therapy subjects were devided in three groups: surgicaly castrated, medicamentous castrated and radical prostatectomy treated. Samples were obtained before therapy and after 6 and 12 months. As no defined value for vitamin D and calcium intake could be found we formed Questionnaire for vitamin D and calcium intake. Data were obtained from 90 healthy, age adjusted subjects, not included in this study. All subjects included in this study filed the Questionnarie and subjects with unusual vitamin D and calcium intake were excluded. Annual oscilation of vitamin D was observed, so we applied statistical model that excluded this variable. Subjects with diagnosed prostate cancer didn&#39;t have absolutely low vitamin D level. This level was lower in group of subjects whith diagnosed prostate cancer comparing to controls (64.12 nmol/l vs. 74.45 nmol/l). No differences in vitamin D level was observed in groups of patients with localised and metastatic disease (62.90 nmol/l vs. 64,65 nmol/l).<br />Correlation of vitamin D and prostate specific antigen during 12 months period showed that castrated subjects and subjects in radical prostatectomy group showed possitive correlation before surgical treatment and inverse, negative correlation, after treatment. Control group showed possitive correlation of vitamin D and prostate specific antigen in all three measurements. Subjects with progression have significantly lower vitamin D level comparing to subjects without progression. No correlation between time to progression and vitamin D have been observed.</p>