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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Imagerie tomograpbique d'un volcan à l'aide des muons atmosphériques / Tomographic imaging of volcanoes using atmospheric muons

Béné, Samuel 22 December 2016 (has links)
Les muons atmosphériques sont des particules élémentaires créées lors de l’interaction des rayons cosmiques de haute énergie avec les atomes de la haute atmosphère. Leur capacité à traverser de grandes quantités de matière et leur abondance au niveau du sol permet d’utiliser leur flux comme support à la radiographie de grands objets. Cette technique, la muographie, possède notamment comme sujet d’application possible l’étude de volcans. La collaboration Tomuvol, au sein de laquelle cette thèse s’est déroulée, vise à mettre au point un détecteur et les techniques d’analyse permettant la réalisation d’une telle mesure avec comme sujet d’étude un volcan auvergnat : le Puy de Dôme. Ce manuscrit présente les contributions à ce travail du point de vue instrumental tout d’abord, avec la calibration et l’optimisation des performances des chambres GRPC utilisées pour la mesure. Les performances du détecteur lors des diverses campagnes de prise de données qui se sont déroulées au pied du Puy de Dôme sont également résumées. Dans une deuxième partie, l’accent est porté sur l’analyse physique des données obtenues avec, dans un premier temps, la description des travaux de simulation Monte-Carlo mis en œuvre avec le logiciel GEANT4. Puis, une technique d’estimation du flux transmis de muons atmosphériques à l’aide d’une méthode de type noyaux est présentée, et la carte de densité estimée du Puy de Dôme qui en découle est comparée aux résultats issus de techniques géophysiques. / Atmospheric muons are elementary particles originating from the interaction of high energy cosmic rays with atoms in the upper atmosphere. Their ability to travel through a large amount of matter and their abundance at ground level allows for their flux to be used as a probe for the radiography of big objects. This technique, muography, can in particular be of interest for the study of volcanoes. The Tomuvol collaboration, within which this thesis took place, aims at developing a detector and analysis techniques allowing to perform such a measurment, using a volcano from Auvergne as a case study : the Puy de Dôme. This document describes the author’s contributions to this work, focusing on the intrumentation aspect first, with the calibration and optimisation of the GRPC chambers used to perform the measurment. The performances of the detector during the various campaigns of data acquisition at the base of the Puy de Dôme are also sumed up. A second part is dedicated to the physical analysis of the data with, firstly, the description of the Monte-Carlo simulations that were developed using the GEANT4 software. Then, a kernel-like estimation method of the transmitted flux of atmospheric muons is described, and the density map of the Puy de Dôme thus obtained is compared to results coming from geophysical techniques.
132

Geology, tectonics and post-2001 eruptive activity interpreted from high-spatial resolution satellite imagery : the case study of Merapi and Seremu volcanoes, Indonesia / Géologie, tectonique et activité éruptive post-2001 interprétées à partir de l'imagerie satellite haute résolution : l'étude des volcans Merapi et Seremu, Indonésie

Solikhin, Akhmad 16 March 2015 (has links)
L’intérêt de la télédétection appliquée aux volcans actifs et potentiellement dangereux a été démontré depuis longtemps dans la mesure où cette technique a participé à l’amélioration de la compréhension des processus éruptifs et des aléas volcaniques, amélioration qui permet une réduction des risques volcaniques. Nous avons entrepris plusieurs études volcanologiques reposant sur l’usage d’images de moyenne et haute résolution spatiale, qu’elles soient optiques (IKONOS, Pléiades, GeoEye, Quickbird and SPOT5), radar (ALOS-PALSAR) ou bien thermiques (ASTER et MODIS «hot spot»). Associées à l’analyse de MNTs et de photographies aériennes acquises par un drone, ces études ont consisté à appliquer des techniques de télédétection sur le Semeru et le Merapi, deux des volcans composites les plus actifs et les plus densément peuplés de l’ile de Java en Indonésie. Cette recherche fondée sur la télédétection a permis de mettre en évidence des structures géologiques et tectoniques, d’identifier, de classer et de cartographier des dépôts éruptifs sur les deux volcans et a servi à améliorer l’évaluation des risques à la suite des grandes éruptions de 2002-2003 au Semeru et de 2010 au Merapi. Nous avons également initié une étude afin de comprendre les interactions entre l’activité éruptive et le contexte sismo-tectonique régional en utilisant l’analyse des données MODIS avec la méthode MODVOLC. Nous avons remis à jour la carte géologique du volcan Semeru en y associant des données issues de l’interprétation d’images HSR récentes, des photographies aériennes, l’analyse de MNTs et des observations de terrain, notamment dans le réseau hydrograhique qui convoie des lahars. Nous avons décrit l’histoire éruptive postérieure à 2001 au Semeru en incluant la grande éruption à l’origine des écoulements pyroclastiques (EPs) en 2002-2003 et les éruptions effusives de 2012-2014, qui constituent un phénomène rarement observé sur ce volcan. Le Semeru a produit un volume de 2.5 ± 0.5 106m3 de coulées de lave provenant du cratère sommital entre 2010 et 2014, ce qui peut annoncer, pour la première fois depuis 1967 ou 1941, une modification profonde du style éruptif de ce volcan. Au moment de terminer cette thèse, le dome-coulée situé dans le cratère Jonggring-Seloko continue à croître et les coulées de lave dépassent 2 km de longueur dans la cicatrice majeure en pente raide sur le flanc SE ; leurs fronts pourraient s’effondrer et produire des EPs dont le volume moyen pourrait excéder les valeurs de 3 à 6.5 million de m3 mesurées sur la période 1967-2007. Les écoulements futurs pourront déborder des parois de la cicatrice vers l’aval et se propager vers les vallées des flancs est et sud-ouest. L’épisode éruptif du 26 octobre au 23 novembre 2010 s’est avéré l’événement majeur de l’activité du Merapi depuis 1872. Notre interprétation des images HSR démontre qu’à l’issue des éruptions explosives, le sommet du Merapi a perdu un volume de 10 x 106m3 et la gorge de Gendol orientée SSE a été élargie jusqu’à mesurer 1.3 x 0.3 x 0.2 km. Le nouveau cratère élargi et profond inclut le dome post-2010, qui a été fracturé en 2013, tandis que ses parois verticales instables peuvent être fragilisées par les explosions mineures de 2013 et 2014. Nous avons identifié et cartographié les dépôts pyroclastiques et de lahar de 2010 en appliquant plusieurs méthodes de classification aux images optiques HSR et aux données polarisées de Radar à Synthèse d’Ouverture (RSO). Les résultats démontrent la capacité de l’imagerie satellitaire HSR à capturer l’extension et les impacts de dépôts immédiatement après une grande éruption et avant tout remaniement. Cette technique met en exergue l’utilité de l’imagerie haute résolution et des données radar pour les volcans en activité persistante dont l’accès est souvent rendu impossible. (...) / Remote sensing has long been recognized as a tool for analysis at active and hazardous volcanoes because it can augment our understanding of the processes that underlie volcanic activity so as enable us to apply this understanding to volcanic risk reduction. This thesis presents a volcanological study using High-Spatial Resolution optical images (IKONOS, Pléiades, GeoEye, Quickbird and SPOT5 satellites), radar data (ALOS-PALSAR sensor) and thermal (ASTER satellite and MODIS hot spot) images. In association with DEMs and low-altitude aerial photographs, remote sensing techniques have been applied for tracing the evolution of activity at Semeru and Merapi, two of the most active and densely populated volcanoes in Java, Indonesia. This remotely sensing-based study has unraveled structures, geological features and erupted deposits of both volcanoes and has improved the existing hazard assessment after their most recent eruptions. The thesis also presents the first advance towards deciphering possible interactions between regional tectonic earthquakes and renewed stages of eruptive activity of Merapi and Semeru volcanoes based on the analysis of volcanic hotspots detected by the MODVOLC technique. The geological map of Semeru is updated, including additional data derived from the interpretation of the most recent satellite images, aerial photographs, DEM analysis and fieldwork. The post-2001 eruptive activity at Semeru, including the large PDC-forming eruption in 2002-2003 and uncommon lava flow eruptions in 2010-2014 are investigated. The fact that Semeru has produced several lava flows from the central summit vent between 2010 and 2014 may herald a profound change in eruption style for the first time since at least 1967. At the time of writing, a dome-fed coulée in the Jonggring-Seloko crater continues to grow and lava flows are extending to distances of >2 km down Semeru's SE-scar; their fronts may collapse and produce large-volume pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), perhaps exceeding the average (1967-2007) volume range of 3 to 6.5 million m3. Future dome-collapse PDCs may travel farther down the main SE scar and can spill over its lowermost rims towards the southwest and eastward radiating drainage network. The 26 October-23 November 2010 eruption was the Merapi’s largest event since 1872 (it attained VEI=4). The interpretation of HSR images shows that due to the explosive eruptions, the summit area lost about 10 x 106m3 and the SSE-trending Gendol Breach enlarged to reach 1.3 x 0.3 x 0.2 km in size. The new, enlarged and deep summit crater including the 2010 lava dome is extremely unstable having been weakened by the post-2010 explosive events. This instability is a result of the steep Gendol Breach below the mouth of the crater and the steep and unstable crater walls. The 2010 Merapi pyroclastic and lahar deposits have been identified by applying several classification methods to HSR optical images and dual-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The results show the ability of remotely sensed data to capture the extent and impacts of pristine deposits shortly after emplacement and before any reworking, and highlight the purpose of using high-spatial resolution imagery and SAR data on persistently active volcanoes where access for field survey is often impossible. The 2010 tephra and PDC deposits covered ca. 26 km2 in two catchments of Gendol and Opak Rivers on Merapi’s south flank, i.e. 60-75% of the total PDC deposit area and a total bulk volume of 45 x 106m3. The tephra-fall deposit covered an area of ca. 1300 km2 with a volume range of 18-21 x 106m3. Volumes of these deposits were estimated using the areas determined from remote sensing data and deposit thickness measured in the field. (...) / Penginderaan jauh telah lama dikenal sebagai suatu alat untuk analisis di gunungapi aktif dan berbahaya karena dapat meningkatkan pemahaman kita tentang proses yang mendasari aktivitas gunung berapi sehingga memungkinkan kita untuk menerapkan pemahaman ini dalam pengurangan risiko erupsi gunungapi. Disertasi ini menyajikan studi vulkanologi menggunakan citra satelit optik resolusi tinggi (IKONOS, Pléiades, GeoEye, Quickbird dan SPOT5), data radar (ALOS-PALSAR sensor) dan citra termal (satelit ASTER dan hotspot MODIS). Dalam kaitannya dengan DEM dan foto udara, teknik penginderaan jauh telah diterapkan untuk melihat evolusi aktivitas di Semeru dan Merapi, dua gunung berapi yang paling aktif dengan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi terletak di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Studi berbasis penginderaan jauh ini telah mengkaji struktur, fitur geologi dan material erupsi dari kedua gunungapi tersebut dan telah mempertajam penilaian bahaya yang ada setelah erupsi terkini. Disertasi ini juga menyajikan kemajuan awal dalam menafsirkan kemungkinan interaksi antara gempa tektonik regional dan aktivitas gunungapi Merapi dan Semeru berdasarkan analisis hotspot vulkanik yang terdeteksi oleh MODVOLC. Peta geologi Semeru telah diperbaharui dengan memasukkan data tambahan yang berasal dari interpretasi citra satelit terbaru, foto udara, analisis DEM dan data lapangan. Aktivitas erupsi pasca-2001 di Semeru, termasuk erupsi dengan aliran pirokastik (Pyroclastic Density Current/PDC) besar pada tahun 2002-2003 dan erupsi tidak biasa dengan aliran lava pada 2010-2014, telah dikaji. Fakta bahwa Semeru telah menghasilkan beberapa aliran lava dari kawah di puncak antara tahun 2010 dan 2014, mengindikasikan perubahan besar dalam gaya erupsi untuk pertama kalinya setidaknya sejak 1967. Pada saat penulisan disertasi ini, sebuah kubah lava (Coulée) di kawah Jonggring- Seloko terus tumbuj dan aliran lava yang memanjang hingga jarak >2 km arah tenggara Semeru; ujung lava kemungkinan dapat runtuh dan menghasilkan aliran piroklastik yang mungkin melebihi volume rata-rata (tahun 1967 hingga 2007) dalam kisaran 3-6.5 juta m3. Aliran piroklastik yang akan datang mungkin mengalir sepanjang gawir utama ke arah tenggara dan dapat menyebar melampaui lereng paling bawah ke arah barat daya dan ke arah timur menyebar ke jaringan drainase. Erupsi yang terjadi pada 26 Oktober-23 November 2010 adalah erupsi terbesar Merapi (mencapai VEI 4) sejak 1872. Interpretasi citra resolusi tinggi menunjukkan bahwa daerah puncak kehilangan batuannya sekitar 10 juta m3 akibat erupsi eksplosif. Erupsi juga memperbesar “Gendol Breach” dengan orientasi tenggara menjadi berukuran 1.3x0.3x0.2 km. Kawah puncak yang baru, diperbesar dan dalam, termasuk juga kubah lava tahun 2010 sangat tidak stabil dan telah diperlemah oleh beberapa erupsi eksplosif pasca-2010. Ketidakstabilan ini diakibatkan oleh curamnya Gendol Breach di bawah mulut kawah dan kondisi dinding kawah yang curam dan tidak stabil. Deposit piroklastik dan lahar diidentifikasi dengan menerapkan beberapa metode klasifikasi terhadap citra optik resolusi tinggi dan data dual-polarisasi Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Hasilnya menunjukkan kemampuan data penginderaan jauh untuk merekam jangkauan dan dampak dari deposit murni sesaat setelah pengendapan dan sebelum proses erosi, serta menyoroti tujuan penggunaan citra resolusi tinggi dan data SAR di gunungapi sangat aktif dengan akses untuk survei lapangan sering kali tidak memungkinkan. Endapan tephra dan PDC menutupi area sekitar 26 km2 di dua DAS, Kali Gendol dan Opak, di sisi selatan Merapi, atau 60-75% dari total luas endapan PDC, dan total volume 45 juta m3. Deposit tephra jatuh menutupi area seluas sekitar 1.300 km2 dengan volume 18-21 juta m3. Volume endapan vulkanik ini diestimasi menggunakan informasi luas yang ditentukan dari data penginderaan jauh dan ketebalan yang diukur di lapangan. (...)
133

Origin of Silicic Magmatism at the Katla Volcano, South Iceland / Ursprung för kiselrik magmatism vid vulkanen Katla, södra Island

Svanholm, Caroline January 2021 (has links)
Katla volcano, South Iceland, is a bimodal volcanic system hosting an unusual high number of silicic rocks within a basaltic rift setting. The petrogenesis of silica-rich rocks at Katla is controversial and two end-member hypotheses have been suggested. One model involves closed-system fractional crystallisation from a basaltic parental magma and the other emphasises partial melting of hydrothermally altered basaltic crust. To contribute to this debate, this study provides new δ18O data from a suite of high-silica eruptive rocks with complementary basaltic eruptive material from the Katla caldera complex. Petrographically, the rocks of this study display evidence of partial melting indicated by symplectites in xenoliths as well as variously extensive resorption features. The new δ18O data display a range of the basaltic suite between +4.3 and +8.5‰ (n=15), whereas the few intermediate samples range between +4.1 and +5.9‰ (n=3). The silicic xenoliths available in the study range between -4.9 and -2.3‰ (n=4) while the silicic eruptive material ranges between +2.7 and +6.4‰ (n=30). The dominant part of the high-silica eruptive material (97%) is considered as low-δ18O (≤5.0‰) and plots below typical MORB-type magmas (5.7‰ ±0.3). The wide range of δ18O values of the Katla silicic suite is not possible to explain by closed-system fractional crystallisation and to determine the origin of the high-silica Katla rocks, the new δ18O ratios were utilised in fractional crystallisation (FC) and assimilation and fractional crystallisation (AFC) modelling. The results indicate that a two-stage magma evolution process can explain the origin of the high-silica low-δ18O Katla rocks. The early-stage involves differentiation at deep- to mid-crustal levels by fractionation and assimilation processes involving both high and low δ18O crustal materials, allowing production of intermediate to felsic magmatic compositions. Following this deep differentiation, evolved magmas experience δ18O modification at shallow crustal levels by assimilation of low-δ18O hydrothermally altered crustal material or interaction with low-δ18O waters. Such a two-stage magma evolution process is consistent with geophysical and geobarometric studies of a two-tiered magma plumbing system beneath Katla that supports a mid- to deep-crustal basaltic magma storage system and simultaneous shallow crustal silicic magma storage. / Vulkanen Katla på södra Island är ett bimodalt vulkaniskt system med ovanligt mycket kiselrika bergarter i en basaltisk riftmiljö. De kiselrika bergarterna från Katla har ett kontroversiellt ursprung och två huvudhypoteser har blivit föreslagna. En modell innefattar fraktionerad kristallisation av en basaltisk ursprungsmagma och den andra modellen betonar rollen av partiell smältning av hydrotermiskt altererad basaltisk skorpa. Som en del i denna debatt bidrar denna studie med ny δ18O-data från en serie kiselrikt eruptivt material med komplimenterande basaltiskt eruptivt material från Katlas kalderakomplex. Det studerade materialet i denna studie påvisar tecken på partiell smältning vilket indikeras av symplektiter i xenoliter samt resorptionstecken av olika omfattning. De nya δ18O-värdena för den basaltiska serien varierar mellan +4,3 och +8,5‰ (n=15), medan de få intermediära proverna varierar mellan +4,1 och +5,9‰ (n=3). De kiselrika xenoliterna i denna studie varierar mellan 4,9 och -2,3‰ (n=4) medan det kiselrika eruptiva materialet varierar mellan +2,7 och +6,4‰ (n=30). Den största delen av det kiselrika eruptiva materialet (97%) har låga δ18O-värden (≤5,0‰) som är lägre än typisk basalt från mittoceanryggar (5,7‰ ±0,3). Det breda intervallet av δ18O-värden hos det kiselrika eruptiva materialet är inte möjligt att förklara genom fraktionerad kristallisation och för att undersöka ursprunget användes de nya δ18O-värdena i modeller för fraktionerad kristallisation (FC) samt assimilering och fraktionerad kristallisation (AFC). Resultatet indikerar att en utvecklingsprocess för magman i två steg kan förklara ursprunget av det kiselrika eruptiva materialet med låga δ18O-värden från Katla. Det tidiga skedet involverar differentiering på medeldjupa till djupa nivåer i skorpan genom fraktionerings- och assimilationsprocesser som involverar material från skorpan med både höga och låga δ18O-värden, vilket bidrar till produktion av intermediära till kiselrika magmakompositioner. Efter denna djupa differentieringsprocess genomgår utvecklade magmor en förändring i δ18O-värden högt upp i skorpan genom assimilation av hydrotermiskt altererat material med låga δ18O-värden eller genom interaktion med vatten med låga δ18O-värden. Denna tvåstegsprocess stöds av geofysiska och geobarometriska studier av ett tvådelat magmasystem under Katla vilka talar för ett medeldjupt till djupt basaltiskt magmalagringsutrymme och ett samtida grunt kiselrikt magmalagringsutrymme.
134

A Systematic Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts of Prolonged Episodic Volcano Crises

Peers, Justin 01 May 2019 (has links) (PDF)
Uncertainty surrounding volcanic activity can lead to socio-economic crises with or without an eruption as demonstrated by the post-1978 response to unrest of Long Valley Caldera (LVC), CA. Extensive research in physical sciences provides a foundation on which to assess direct impacts of hazards, but fewer resources have been dedicated towards understanding human responses to volcanic risk. To evaluate natural hazard risk issues at LVC, a multi-hazard, mail-based, household survey was conducted to compare perceptions of volcanic, seismic, and wildfire hazards. Impacts of volcanic activity on housing prices and businesses were examined at the county-level for three volcanoes with a “very high” threat designation from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); LVC, (caldera system), Mount St. Helens, WA (stratovolcano), and Kīlauea, HI (shield volcano). A negative relationship was found between volcanic risk perception and preparedness. Additionally, the perception that housing prices declined after volcano alerts was confirmed by econometric modeling.
135

Silencing the voices of women. A case study on the effects of the "Supporting People" programme on survivors of domestic abuse in a support and housing association.

Clarke, Dawn E. January 2008 (has links)
For centuries women have experienced domestic violence from men they know, as a consequence of which many turn to public services for support. Traditionally, these services have failed to provide adequate support, yet it is through these interactions with the services that abused women's lives are shaped and defined. Service providers therefore need to hear their voices in order to develop effective support services that enable survivors to 'move on' with their lives. A government initiative ¬- the Supporting People Programme (SPP) - has the potential to ensure that housing support providers develop their services in this manner. The main aim of the SPP is to place service users at the 'heart' of the system through user participation. Whilst this is certainly a step in the right direction, my concern is whether this actually happens or whether services adopt a tokenistic approach to user participation that marginalises and silences women survivors. My primary research question, therefore, is: 'What is the impact of the SPP on women survivors of domestic abuse?¿ Using a research design that included document analysis, observation and semi-structured interviews, I argue that the SPP has the potential to improve the lives of survivors and even to ameliorate, if not eradicate, domestic abuse. However, far from achieving this, the SPP through lack of commitment to ensuring that services actually meet the funding requirement of user participation continues to marginalise and silence the voices of women survivors.
136

Application Of ¹⁴C Wiggle-Matching To Support Dendrochronological Analysis In Japan

Nakamura, T., Okuno, M., Kimura, K., Mitsutani, T., Moriwaki, H., Ishizuka, Y., Kim, K. H., Jing, B. L., Minami, M., Takada, H., Oda, H. 06 1900 (has links)
¹⁴C wiggle-matching was applied to two wood samples closely related to geological and archaeological events with associated dendrochronological dates, to demonstrate the accuracy of ¹⁴C dating with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Wiggle-matching on charred wood with bark, excavated from a pyroclastic mud-flow deposited by the huge 10th Century eruption of the Baitoushan Volcano, revealed the eruption age as cal A.D. 935 +8/-5 with 95% confidence. This date is consistent with the eruption age of A.D. 912 to A.D. 972 estimated by dendrochronology on two wooden boards that had clear stratigraphical connections to the B-Tm tephra deposit in Japan, an ash fall layer formed by the eruption of the Baitoushan Volcano. The date is also consistent with an A.D. 937–938 date estimated by the analysis of varved sediments from Lake Ogawarako in Aomori prefecture. The other wooden board collected from the Mawaki archaeological site in Ishikawa prefecture was wiggle-matched as 783 +13/-11 cal B.C. with 95% confidence, which is consistent with the dates of 830 cal B.C. to 759 cal B.C. obtained for seven wooden poles from the same wooden structures as the wooden board. These results are highly encouraging for obtaining accurate dates on wood when dendrochronology cannot be used.
137

Déformation et activité intrusive des volcans boucliers - Du terrain à la modélisation numérique (Piton des Neiges - La Réunion) / Deformation and intrusive activity of basaltic shield volcanoes - From field work to numerical modeling (Piton des Neiges, La Réunion)

Chaput, Marie 18 April 2013 (has links)
Les volcans bouclier basaltiques se déforment sous leur propre poids, tout particulièrement en période d'éruption. À Hawaii, cette déformation co-éruptive est en majeure partie expliquée par un plan de décollement à la base des édifices, dont le glissement serait associé à la force de poussée des intrusions dans les «rift zones» (i.e. concentration de dykes subverticaux dans les zones de faiblesse de l'édifice). Cependant, cette explication n'est pas valable pour beaucoup d'autres volcans basaltiques, où l'existence d'un décollement est peu probable. Nous avons profité de l'incision intense du Piton des Neiges (La Réunion) par l'érosion pour observer la structure interne d'un volcan basaltique, et comprendre, par le terrain et la modélisation numérique, comment la déformation d'un tel édifice s'articule avec son activité magmatique. Notre étude structurale révèle que trois populations d'intrusions perpendiculaires (deux subverticales et une subhorizontale) coexistent, et que les principales zones de faiblesses sont des «sill zones» (i.e. concentrations d'intrusions subhorizontales), Parallèlement, notre étude des déformations, essentiellement cassantes, révèle que deux extensions perpendiculaires dominent dans l'édifice, avec l'apparition de régimes localement décrochants et même compressifs à proximité des sill zones. Les directions de déformations et les directions d'intrusions sont compatibles et coïncident aussi avec la direction d'écoulement des grandes avalanches de débris qui ont affectée le Piton des Neiges au cours de son histoire. À partir de ces données de terrain, nous proposons un modèle de déformation du Piton des Neiges où les intrusions dans l'édifice génèrent des cycles de permutations de contraintes. Le stade ultime de chaque cycle serait la mise en place de sills en régime compressif. En testant numériquement l'effet de telles injections sur la déformation d'un édifice, nous montrons que les sills peuvent être un facteur majeur d'instabilité, capable de conduire à des déstabilisations de flanc telles que les avalanches observées. Notre modèle conceptuel, déduit du terrain et quantifié par la modélisation, constitue ainsi une alternative au modèle de déformation hawaiien, applicable sur des édifices tels que le Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), Tenerife (Canaries) et Fernandina (Galapagos). Notre étude démontre enfin l'intérêt essentiel d'étudier les systèmes anciens pour mieux comprendre les volcans actifs. / Basaltic shield volcanoes deform under their own weight, especially during eruptive periods. In Hawaii, this co-eruptive deformation is mainly explained by slip events on a basal decollement plane, related to the forceful intrusion of magma into “rift zones”(i.e. high concentration of subvertical dikes in weakness areas). However, this explanation is not valid on many other basaltic shields where the existence of basal decollements is unlikely. We used the deep incision of Piton des Neiges volcano (La Réunion) to observe the internalstructure of a basaltic shield.By coupling a field work and a numerical study, we aimed at understand how deformation interacts with magmatic activity on such an edifice. Our structural study reveals that three populations of perpendicular intrusions coexist and that the main weakness areas are “sill zones” (i.e. high concentration of low-­dipping intrusions). In parallel, our study of brittle deformation structures shows that two perpendicular extensional stress fields dominate in the edifice and that strike-­slip and compressional regimes appear near sill zones. The directions of deformation are compatible with the orientations of intrusions and are also consistent with the directions of emplacement of large debris avalanches, which occurred on Piton des Neiges during its evolution. From these field data, we propose a deformation model of Piton des Neiges volcano where magma intrusion in the edifice generates cycles of stress permutations. The ultimate stage of each cycle consists in sill intrusion under a compressional regime. The numerical simulations, testing the influence of such injections on edifice deformation, reveal that sills can be major instability factors, capable of triggering large flank collapses. Our conceptual model, inferred from field work and quantified by numerical models, thus constitutes an alternative to the Hawaiian model of deformation, applicable on edifices like Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), Tenerife (Canary) or Fernandina (Galapagos). Our study finally demonstrates the essential interest of studying old eroded systems to understand active volcanoes.
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Pozdně minojská sídliště opuštěná či zničená následkem santorinské katastrofy. / Late Minoan Settlements Abandoned or Destroyed after the Eruption of Santorini Volcano.

Pavlacký, Matěj January 2012 (has links)
This thesis examines Late Minoan Settlements in Crete that were destroyed or abandoned due to the consequences of the Santorini volcano eruption. A summary of geological history of Crete, Thera and the surrounding area is given in the first part. The next chapter sums up the research in the fields of relative and mainly absolute chronology, of which scientists have not yet been able to provide a convincing calendar date for the eruption of the volcano nor a possible fixed absolute chronology of the general Later Bronze Age not only in the Aegean. The development of the Santorini Volcano eruption in the Late Minoan IA period (LM IA) is described. According to the research, this eruption must have caused earthquakes and tsunamis. The possible impact on the near island of Crete, its inhabitants and settlements, mainly in the coastal area of north-northeast part of the island, is also discussed.
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Mount Meager, a glaciated volcano in a changing cryosphere : hazards and risk challenges / Mount Meager, un volcan glaciaire dans une cryosphère en mutation : dangers et risques

Roberti, Gioachino 24 October 2018 (has links)
Mount Meager est un complexe volcanique glaciaire en British Columbia (Canada). Il est connu pour ses glissements de terrain, dont celui de 2010 étant le plus grand glissement de terrain historique au Canada. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les processus d'instabilités du volcan Mont Meager ainsi que les effets de la déglaciation en cours. Nous avons utilisé une approche pluridisciplinaire, intégrant la cartographie géologique, géomorphologique et structurelle, du terrain et de la télédétection, pour caractériser l'activité glaciaire et les glissements de terrain au Mount Meager. Nous avons utilisé la photogrammétrie Structure from Motion (SfM) et la technologie Lidar pour produire des modèles numériques de terrain, et techniques InSAR pour surveiller le mouvement et la déformation des pentes du volcan. Nous avons appliqué la technique SfM à des photographies aériennes historiques pour documenter les activités des glaciers et des glissements de terrain au Mount Meager. Nous avons discuté un modèle de croissance et d'érosion d'un volcan en période glaciaire et interglaciaire, ainsi que la valeur scientifique et de vulgarisation de la reconstruction topographique 3D. Nous avons décrit les dépôts de glissement de terrain de 2010 à Mount Meager pour interpréter la dynamique de leur mise en place. Le glissement de terrain de 2010 s'est divisé en phases riches en eau et pauvres en eau, ayant des distances d'écoulement différentes et des dépôts distincts. Nous avons analysé des photographies aériennes historiques remontant à 1948, afin de documenter la déformation de la pente avant l'effondrement de 2010. Le glacier situé a proximité du pied de la pente a reculé durant les années précédents la rupture. Cette effondrement a évolué en quatre sous-effondrements, impliquant toute la séquence volcanique et le socle. Nous avons estimé 6 × 106 m3 d'eau dans la pente, ce qui a permis la séparation de la phase frontale riche en eau. Le volume total d'effondrement est 53 ± 3.8 × 106 m3. Nous avons identifié 27 grands (>5×105 m2) flancs instables au Mount Meager et calculé a ~1.3 km3 de récession des glaciers depuis 1987. Le flanc ouest de Plinth Peak et de la vallée de Devastation Creek se sont déplacés de -34±10 mm -36±10 mm, respectivement, dans un période de 24 jours pendant l'été 2016. L’effondrement de ces flancs pourrait avoir un impact important sur les infrastructures et les communautés en aval du volcan. La décompression résultant de l'édifice volcanique après l'effondrement du flanc ouest de Plinth Peak affecterait le champ de contrainte à une profondeur de 6 km et jusqu'à 4 MPa. Cette décompression soudaine pourrait mener des éruptions hydrothermales et magmatiques. Un important glissement de terrain pourrait donc avoir joué un rôle dans le déclenchement de l'éruption de 2360 cal BP. / Mount Meager is a glacier-clad volcanic complex in British Columbia, Canada. It is known for its landslides, of which the 2010 is the largest Canadian historical landslide. In this thesis we investigated slope instability processes at Mount Meager volcano and the effects of ongoing deglaciation. We used a variety of methods including field and remote, geological, geomorphological and structural mapping to characterize glacial and landslide activity at Mount Meager. We used Structure from Motion photogrammetry (SfM) and Lidar to produce digital surface models and InSAR to monitor slope deformation. We applied SfM to historic photography to document glacier and landslide activity at Mount Meager. We discussed a model of growth and erosion of a volcano in glacial and interglacial periods, and the scientific and dissemination value of historic 3D topographic reconstruction. We described the 2010 Mount Meager landslide deposit to interpret emplacement dynamics and kinematics. The 2010 landslide separated in water-rich and water-poor phases that had different runout and distinct deposits. We analyzed historic airphotos to constrain the slope deformation prior to the 2010 collapse. The glacier near the toe of the slope retreated in the failure lead up, the collapse evolved in four subfailures involving the whole volcanic sequence and some basement rocks. We estimated 6 × 106 m3 of water in the slope, that allowed the separation of the frontal water-rich phase. The total failure volume was 53 ± 3.8 × 106 m3. We identified 27 large (>5×105 m2) unstable slopes at Mount Meager and calculated ~1.3 km3 of ice loss since 1987. The west flank of Plinth peak and Devastation Creek valley moved up to -34±10 mm and -36±10 mm, respectively, over a 24-day period during the summer of 2016. The failure of these slopes could impact infrastructures and communities downstream of the volcano. The resulting decompression on the volcanic edifice after the failure of Plinth peak would affect the stress field to a depth of 6 km and up to 4 MPa. This sudden decompression could lead to hydrothermal or magmatic eruptions.
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Eruption cycles and magmatic processes at a reawakening volcano, Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Turner, Michael Bruce January 2008 (has links)
Realistic probabilistic hazard forecasts for re-awakening volcanoes rely on making an accurate estimation of their past eruption frequency and magnitude for a period long enough to view systematic changes or evolution. Adding an in-depth knowledge of the local underlying magmatic or tectonic driving processes allows development of even more robust eruption forecasting models. Holocene tephra records preserved within lacustrine sediments and soils on and surrounding the andesitic stratovolcano of Mt. Taranaki (Egmont Volcano), New Zealand, were used to 1) compile an eruption catalogue that minimises bias to carry out frequency analysis, and 2) identify magmatic processes responsible for variations in activity of this intermittently awakening volcano. A new, highly detailed eruption history for Mt. Taranaki was compiled from sediment sequences containing Holocene tephra layers preserved beneath Lakes Umutekai and Rotokare, NE and SE of the volcano’s summit, respectively, with age control provided by radiocarbon dating. To combine the two partly concurrent tephra records both geochemistry (on titanomagnetite) and statistical measures of event concurrence were applied. Similarly, correlation was made to proximal pyroclastic sequences in all sectors around the 2518 m-high edifice. This record was used to examine geochemical variations (through titanomagnetite and bulk chemistry) at Mt. Taranaki in unprecedented sampling detail. To develop an unbiased sampling of eruption event frequency, a technique was developed to distinguish explosive, pumice-forming eruptions from dome-forming events recorded in medial ash as fine-grade ash layers. Recognising that exsolution lamellae in titanomagnetite result from oxidation processes within lava domes or plugs, their presence within ash deposits was used to distinguish falls elutriated from blockand- ash flows. These deposits are focused in particular catchments and are hence difficult to sample comprehensively. Excluding these events from temporal eruption records, the remaining, widespread pumice layers of sub-plinian eruptions at a single site of Lake Umutekai presented the lowest-bias sampling of the overall event frequency. The annual eruption frequency of Mt. Taranaki was found to be strongly cyclic with a 1500-2000 year periodicity. Titanomagnetite, glass and whole-rock chemistry of eruptives from Mt. Taranaki’s Holocene history all display distinctive compositional cycles that correspond precisely with the event frequency curve for this volcano. Furthermore, the largest known eruptions from the volcano involve the most strongly evolved magmas of their cycle and occur during the eruptive-frequency minimum, preceding the longest repose intervals known. Petrological evidence reveals a two-stage system of magma differentiation and assembly operating at Mt. Taranaki. Each of the identified 1500-2000 year cycles represent isolated magma batches that evolved at depth at the base of the crust before periodically feeding a mid-upper crustal magma storage system.

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