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The psychosocial well-being of survivors of armed conflicts, forced displacement, and/or natural disasters is becoming more and more an integral component of holistic humanitarian response. Yet many organisations rely on broad, generalised manuals or guidelines which do not take into account the unique characteristics of societies and target populations. This paper describes the author’s research with disaster survivors in Java, Indonesia, and refugee in Sweden, aiming to characterise the process of recovery, adaptation and integration through beneficiaries’ own words. The author looks at how theory can be applied, such as whether a hierarchy of needs can be universally relevant, how the host Swedish society affects refugees’ experiences, which so-called “states of being” subjects experience, and how religion and cultural differences like individualism and collectivism influence one’s ability to regain psychosocial well-being. The author used both in-depth interviews and quantitative questionnaires to obtain data. Results showed an incredible level of resilience and positivity among all groups, though Indonesians reported family, spirituality and the community as major helping factors, while many refugees in Sweden pointed to their own individual determination and will to succeed. Many Indonesians identified economic livelihood as the biggest remaining gap, while refugees in Sweden spoke of language skills, educational qualifications and employment as keys to success and integration. Many challenges and gaps remain, especially for newly arrived refugees facing an increasingly difficult job market and fewer opportunities.

Lowry's controversial and enigmatic book has spawned diverse critical analyses geared toward arriving at a single understanding of the novel; however, what too many of these works fail to take into account is the eclectic nature of Lowry's techniques as well as his themes. Hence, though we usually get a very clear picture of one approach to the book in these individual exercises in explication, when we turn once again to the story itself, we are apt to be a bit confused as to exactly how the design that they offer governs the unity of the book. Therefore, in order to glean the author's intent, one must take a more comprehensive, a rhetorical, view of the piece.For future reference, chapter one -- "A Review of Criticism" -summarizes and evaluates book reviews and critical studies done on Under the Volcano, the critical studies being organized into source, theme and technique analyses, respectively,Chapter two, "Rhetorical Analysis Defined," considers the critical theories of Edward Corbett, Mark Schorer and Wayne Booth to adumbrate the notion that a rhetorical analysis addresses the writer's intent, his work and thee work's impact upon its aud4ence to evaluate the effectiveness of a piece of literature. As an illustration, Lowry's essay "Garden of Etla" is explicated rhetorically here.In chapter three, "A Rhetorical Analysis of Under the Volcano," a chapter-by-chapter, detailed approach to the novel is used in order to illuminate the techniques which promote and define Lowry's themes. The techniques include those that establish stream of consciousness (interior monologues and dialogues), those that determine its direction (syntax, time and space montage, and mechanical devices) and those that add depth and dimension (figures of speech, puns and distorted English).The last chapter, "Malcolm Lowry's 'Design-Governing Postures, ," examines unifying structures which range the entire book and which thereby impose order on it. These designs include Lowry's use of the traditional unities, leitmotifs, parodies, symbolic structures, formal arrangements and "cyclic" themes.Critics of the novel contend that though enjoying isolated moments of direction and lucidness, Under the Volcano fails to convey it purpose effectively because the themes are nebulous and because the techniques segment rather than solidify the story. By explicating the book rhetorically, however, one learns to understand and appreciate the techniques that Lowry employs to amplify the fragmentation endured by the Consul, the people closest to him and, in fact, the entire world around him. Indeed, Lowry offers up a cogent cautionary vision of a twentieth-century world disintegrating because it lacks that force singularly capable of unifying it -- love.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (University of Texas Digital Repository, viewed on June 4, 2010). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Includes map in pocket. Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-185). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Sur les volcans on enregistre fréquemment des accélérations du nombre cumulé de séismes et parfois du déplacement de la surface dans les heures, les jours ou les semaines précédant les éruptions. Expliquer une accélération du déplacement de surface par l'utilisation de modèles élastiques linéaires pour les édifices implique d'introduire une accélération de la pressurisation du réservoir et de la base du conduit magmatique avec des temps caractéristiques courts, ce qui est peu réaliste. Une autre voie de recherche consiste à considérer qu'une éruption est due à la rupture du réservoir magmatique, et que cette rupture n'est pas instantanée - elle peut être précédée par une phase d'endommagement progressif de l'édifice, pendant laquelle de petites ruptures ont lieu dans l'édifice. Ces ruptures provoquent l'affaiblissement des modules élastiques de l'édifice. Nous avons examiné l'effet que peut avoir l'affaiblissement des modules élastiques sur le déplacement de surface, ainsi que sur la pression dans le réservoir et le débit de magma entrant. Pour cela nous avons d'abord recherché une loi d'endommagement qui permette d'ajuster les déplacements de surface enregistrés en utilisant le nombre cumulé de séismes. La loi trouvée est une loi puissance d'un paramètre d'endommagement incrémental, qui est le rapport entre la longueur de rupture incrémentale caractéristique et la longueur à rompre pour obtenir une éruption. Cette loi fait intervenir, à l'exposant, le nombre cumulé de séismes.Ce modèle permet d'expliquer des vitesses et des accélérations du déplacement aussi bien faibles que fortes, selon la valeur prise par le paramètre d'endommagement, ainsi que la bifurcation entre un état stable de l'édifice, et un état instable qui mène à l'éruption. L'affaiblissement de l'édifice induit une diminution de la surpression et une accélération du déplacement de surface, la surpression diminuant plus lentement que les modules élastiques du fait de l'approvisionnement du réservoir en magma.Ce modèle peut expliquer une large gamme de comportements pré-éruptifs et éruptifs dans les volcans. Il permet d'ajuster simplement aussi bien les accélérations du déplacement de surface enregistré par les stations GPS sommitales du Piton de la Fournaise pour l'éruption du 30/03/2007, que les déplacements croissants de façon stationnaire du volcan Grimsvötn (Islande), entre 2005 et 2011. Il peut aussi être utilisé pour comprendre les comportements éruptifs plus complexes, comme dans le cas de l'éruption de 2010 du Mérapi (Indonésie). La valeur de la constante de temps du système d'approvisionnement contrôle le décalage temporel entre le maximum de l'endommagement (fin de la crise sismique volcano-tectonique) et le maximum de la déformation ou du flux de magma et donc la dynamique du processus. Une analyse préliminaire montre que le rapport entre les constantes de temps d'affaiblissement de la résistance et de la pression est un facteur de contrôle de la dynamique du processus pré-éruptif et éruptif.L'endommagement d'un édifice volcanique ne peut continuer indéfiniment, cela interdirait le stockage de magma dans l'édifice à long terme. L'édifice volcanique connait donc nécessairement des phases de consolidation. Une première approche d'étude de la consolidation reposant sur l'utilisation d'un critère basé sur les variations relatives de volume a été investiguée. Les résultats montrent cependant qu'une telle approche n'est pas suffisante pour expliquer la nécessaire augmentation des modules élastiques, et que les processus de consolidation chimique sans variation de volume doivent avoir une importance fondamentale dans l'existence de cycles éruptifs. Pour étudier ces processus, il faut disposer d'une observable géophysique indépendante du déplacement de surface - nous proposons d'utiliser l'anisotropie de propagation des ondes de cisaillement dans l'édifice volcanique. Ces variations de résistance de l'édifice peuvent contrôler la pression en profondeur. / On volcanoes accelerations of the cumulated number of earthquakes and sometimes of the surface displacement occur in the hours, days and weeks preceding the eruptions. Explaining an acceleration of surface displacement using an elastic model for the volcanic edifice implies an acceleration of the pressure increase in the magma reservoir and in the mantle, at the base of the magma conduit, at short timescales, that is not realistic. Another direction for research consists in considering that an eruption is due to the rupture of the magma reservoir, and that this rupture is not instantaneous - it can be preceded by progressive damage of the edifice, during which low-magnitude earthquakes occur. These ruptures provoke the progressive weakening of the edifice elastic moduli. In this work we have inverstigated the effect of this weakening on the surface displacements, on the reservoir pressure and on the magma flow. We have first searched for a damage law allowing fitting the measured surface displacements by using the cumulated number of recorded earthquakes. The law allowing this fit is a power-law of the incremental damage parameter, with the cumulated number of earthquakes at the exponent. This incremental damage parameter is the ratio between the characteristic incremental rupture length and the length to be ruptured for the eruption.This model allows us to explain weak and strong rates and accelerations of the surface displacement, with the value of the damage parameter. Bifurcation that occurs between a stable state of the edifice and an instable state leading to an eruption is also explained. The weakening of the edifice induces simultaneously a diminution of the reservoir overpressure and an acceleration of the surface displacement, overpressure decreasing more slowly than the elastic moduli, due to the magma feeding of the reservoir.This type of model can explain a wide range of pre-eruptive and eruptive behaviours on volcanoes. It allows the fitting of surface displacement accelerations recorded at the GPS summit stations of Piton de la Fournaise volcano for the March 30th, 2007 eruption, and explains the steady increase of the surface displacement recorded at the summit of Grimsvötn volcano (Iceland), between 2005 and 2011. It may be used for understanding the complex eruptive behaviours, comprising multiple episodes, as in the case of the October-November 2010 eruption of the Merapi volcano (Indonesia). The value of the characteristic time of the feeding system controls the time delay between the maximum of damage (end of the volcano-tectonic seismic crisis) and the maximum of the surface displacement or magma flow. A preliminary analysis shows that the ratio between the weakening characteristic times of the edifice strength and reservoir pressure participate to the control of the pre-eruptive and eruptive process dynamics.Damage of the volcanic edifice can not continue indefinitely, otherwise long-term magma storage would be impossible in the volcanic edifice. The volcanic edifice therefore necessarily experiments periods of strenghtening. A first approach for studying this strengthening relying on a criterion based on the volume relative variation of the edifice has been investigated. Results show that this approach is not sufficient to explain the necessary increase of the elastic moduli. Chemical strenghtening processes without volume changes should have a fundamental role in the existence of eruptive cycles. For improving our knowledge of these processes, we need a further geophysical observable, independent on the surface displacements - we propose to use shear-wave anisotropy in the volcanic edifice.We finally show that the surface dynamics imposed by strength changes of the edifice can influence the dynamics of the deep processes, and consider the possibility of a retroaction of the edifice strength changes on the deep source processes.

abstract: The dynamic Earth involves feedbacks between the solid crust and both natural and anthropogenic fluid flows. Fluid-rock interactions drive many Earth phenomena, including volcanic unrest, seismic activities, and hydrological responses. Mitigating the hazards associated with these activities requires fundamental understanding of the underlying physical processes. Therefore, geophysical monitoring in combination with modeling provides valuable tools, suitable for hazard mitigation and risk management efforts. Magmatic activities and induced seismicity linked to fluid injection are two natural and anthropogenic processes discussed in this dissertation. Successful forecasting of the timing, style, and intensity of a volcanic eruption is made possible by improved understanding of the volcano life cycle as well as building quantitative models incorporating the processes that govern rock melting, melt ascending, magma storage, eruption initiation, and interaction between magma and surrounding host rocks at different spatial extent and time scale. One key part of such models is the shallow magma chamber, which is generally directly linked to volcano’s eruptive behaviors. However, its actual shape, size, and temporal evolution are often not entirely known. To address this issue, I use space-based geodetic data with high spatiotemporal resolution to measure surface deformation at Kilauea volcano. The obtained maps of InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) deformation time series are exploited with two novel modeling schemes to investigate Kilauea’s shallow magmatic system. Both models can explain the same observation, leading to a new compartment model of magma chamber. Such models significantly advance the understanding of the physical processes associated with Kilauea’s summit plumbing system with potential applications for volcanoes around the world. The unprecedented increase in the number of earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States since 2008 is attributed to massive deep subsurface injection of saltwater. The elevated chance of moderate-large damaging earthquakes stemming from increased seismicity rate causes broad societal concerns among industry, regulators, and the public. Thus, quantifying the time-dependent seismic hazard associated with the fluid injection is of great importance. To this end, I investigate the large-scale seismic, hydrogeologic, and injection data in northern Texas for period of 2007-2015 and in northern-central Oklahoma for period of 1995-2017. An effective induced earthquake forecasting model is developed, considering a complex relationship between injection operations and consequent seismicity. I find that the timing and magnitude of regional induced earthquakes are fully controlled by the process of fluid diffusion in a poroelastic medium and thus can be successfully forecasted. The obtained time-dependent seismic hazard model is spatiotemporally heterogeneous and decreasing injection rates does not immediately reduce the probability of an earthquake. The presented framework can be used for operational induced earthquake forecasting. Information about the associated fundamental processes, inducing conditions, and probabilistic seismic hazards has broad benefits to the society. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2018

Les coulées de laves sont les produits volcaniques les plus représentatifs des éruptions effusives. Elles sont formées quand le magma est extrudé et se répand à la surface de la Terre. Quand la lave arrive en surface, elle perd de la chaleur et refroidit. Le refroidissement affecte directement les propriétés rhéologiques de la lave, jusqu’à arrêter son écoulement. Les paramètres rhéologiques qui contrôlent la dynamique des coulées de laves sont la viscosité et le seuil de plasticité, qui dépendent eux-mêmes de la composition chimique, de la cristallinité et de la teneur en bulles. Il existe de nombreux modèles d’estimation de la rhéologie, la plupart développés pour les coulées de lave basaltiques et quelque uns pour les coulées de lave andésitiques. Les coulées de laves peuvent grandement affecter les régions peuplées, les infrastructures et l’environnement. Un moyen de prévoir les futurs dégâts est de développer des modèles numériques pour prévoir la propagation des coulées de laves sur des topographies volcaniques réelles. Cette méthode difficile combine la topographie, la rhéologie, la perte de chaleur et la dynamique de l’écoulement pour simuler l’emplacement d’une coulée de lave précise. Le code numérique VolcFlow, qui est basé sur une approche moyennée verticale, est capable de reproduire les caractéristiques principales des dépôts comme la morphologie, la longueur et l’épaisseur. Dans cette étude sont proposés trois modèles implémentés dans VolcFlow et ayant pour but de simuler des coulées de laves. Le premier est isotherme, le deuxième inclut le refroidissement et les variations rhéologiques associées, et le troisième prend en considération la déformation de la croûte à la surface de la coulée et son effet sur l’emplacement de la coulée. Afin de vérifier la validité des différentes approches, les modèles sont testés sur quatre cas d’étude : deux coulées de lave de composition basaltique (expérience de basalte fondu de Syracuse lava Project et la coulée de lave d’août novembre 2015 du Piton de la Fournaise, France) et deux de compositions andésitique (la coulée de lave du 4-5 décembre 2015 du Tungurahua et trois coulées de lave du Reventador, Equateur). Les résultats des simulations montrent que le modèle isotherme peut reproduire les coulées même s’il ne prend pas en compte les variations de rhéologie et le refroidissement. Le modèle incluant la cristallisation, induite par le refroidissement de la lave au cours de son écoulement, et les variations rhéologiques associées donne de très bons résultats mais est très sensible aux paramètres d’entrée, en particulier à la viscosité, elle-même très dépendante de la composition chimique et de la température. Enfin, le modèle prenant en compte le refroidissement et les variations de rhéologie par une loi synthétique sigmoïde montre une bonne cohérence dans tous les cas simulés, sauf pour le Piton de la Fournaise. Le modèle visant à simuler la formation d’une croûte à la surface de la lave et sa percée par l’écoulement sous-jacent amène uniquement à l’épaississement de la croûte. Le mécanisme de percée n’est pas reproduit avec VolcFlow. / Lava flows are the most representative volcanic products of effusive eruptions and are formed whenthe magma is extruded and flows on the surface. When lava flows reach the surface they lose heat and cool.Cooling affects directly the rheology of the lava up to a point where it cannot flow anymore. Rheologicalparameters that control the dynamics of lava flows are the viscosity and the yield strength which in turndepends on the chemical composition, crystallinity and bubble content. There exist numerous models forthe rheology estimation, mostly developed for basaltic lava flows and few for andesitic ones.Lava flows can highly affect populated areas, infrastructures and environment. A way to forecastthe future damages is to developed numerical codes of the lava propagation on real volcanic topography.This challenging method combines the topography, the rheology, the heat loss, and flow dynamics tosimulate the emplacement of a particular lava flow. The numerical code VolcFlow which is based on thedepth-averaged approach is able to reproduce the main physical characteristics of the deposits likemorphology, length and thickness. Here 3 models are proposed for their implementation in VolcFlow withthe aim to simulate lava flows. One model is isothermal, the second includes cooling and the associatedrheological variations, and the third takes into account the crust formation and its effect on the flowemplacement. To check the validity of the different approaches, the models were tested with four studycases, two with basaltic compositions (molten basalt experiment of the Syracuse lava Project and the August-November, 2015 lava flow from Piton de la Fournaise, France) and two with andesitic compositions (theDecember 4th-5th lava flow from Tungurahua, Ecuador, and three lava flows from El Reventador,Ecuador). Results of the simulations shows that the isothermal model can reproduce the flows even if itdoes not consider the cooling and rheology variation. The model that includes rheological laws as functionof crystallization induced by cooling down flow can give very good results but is very sensitive to the inputdata, in particular to the fluid viscosity that is very dependent on chemical composition and temperature.Finally, the model that includes cooling and synthetic sigmoid rheological law shows good coherence for allthe cases except at Piton de la Fournaise. The model that aims to simulate the formation of a crust on thelava flow surface, lava flowing underneath and break-out mechanisms leads to the thickening of the crust.Hence, break-out mechanism is not reproduced with VolcFlow.

La multiplication du nombre de réseaux sismiques fait exploser le nombre de données sismologiques. Manuellement, leur traitement est long et fastidieux, d'où la nécessité d'automatiser la détection, la classification et la localisation des événements pour aider les observatoires qui surveillent continuellement la sismicité, mais aussi, dans un intérêt plus scientifique, rechercher et caractériser les phénomènes. La thèse se décompose en 2 axes majeurs : (1) la détection / localisation des séismes, avec le logiciel Waveloc. On a amélioré les outils pré-existants, ajouté de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour une analyse plus détaillée de la sismicité et validé le code avec les données du Piton de la Fournaise ; (2) la classification des séismes. Après calcul des attributs décrivant au mieux les signaux, on a démontré l'efficacité de 2 méthodes d'apprentissage supervisé (régression logistique et SVM) pour le Piton de la Fournaise et soulevé les difficultés pour un cas plus complexe (le Kawah Ijen). / For some time now the quantity of available seismological data has kept increasing. Manually, their processing is long and tedious. Then, the automation of the detection, location and classification of seismic events has become necessary and aims to help the local observatories and to search and characterize some rarer or not well-known phenomena. The work is divided into 2 main directions : (1) the detection and location of seismic events with the Waveloc software (we improved the pre-existing tools, added some new functions for a more detailed analysis of the seimicity and applied the code to data from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano) ; (2) their classification (after computing the seismic attributes, we proved the efficiency and reliability of 2 supervised learning methods - logistic regression and SVM - for the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, underlined the difficulties for a more complex case - the Kawah Ijen volcano - and tried to apply new strategies).

abstract: Both volcanism and impact cratering produce ejecta and associated deposits incorporating a molten rock component. While the heat sources are different (exogenous vs. endogenous), the end results are landforms with similar morphologies including ponds and flows of impact melt and lava around the central crater. Ejecta from both impact and volcanic craters can also include a high percentage of melted rock. Using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle Camera (LROC NAC) images, crucial details of these landforms are finally revealed, suggesting a much more dynamic Moon than is generally appreciated. Impact melt ponds and flows at craters as small as several hundred meters in diameter provide empirical evidence of abundant melting during the impact cratering process (much more than was previously thought), and this melt is mobile on the lunar surface for a significant time before solidifying. Enhanced melt deposit occurrences in the lunar highlands (compared to the mare) suggest that porosity, target composition, and pre-existing topography influence melt production and distribution. Comparatively deep impact craters formed in young melt deposits connote a relatively rapid evolution of materials on the lunar surface. On the other end of the spectrum, volcanic eruptions have produced the vast, plains-style mare basalts. However, little was previously known about the details of small-area eruptions and proximal volcanic deposits due to a lack of resolution. High-resolution images reveal key insights into small volcanic cones (0.5-3 km in diameter) that resemble terrestrial cinder cones. The cones comprise inter-layered materials, spatter deposits, and lava flow breaches. The widespread occurrence of the cones in most nearside mare suggests that basaltic eruptions occur from multiple sources in each basin and/or that rootless eruptions are relatively common. Morphologies of small-area volcanic deposits indicate diversity in eruption behavior of lunar basaltic eruptions driven by magmatic volatiles. Finally, models of polar volatile behavior during impact-heating suggest that chemical alteration of minerals in the presence of liquid water is one possible outcome that was previously not thought possible on the Moon. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2016